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Claret JL, Di-Liegro M, Namias A, Assogba B, Makoundou P, Koffi A, Pennetier C, Weill M, Milesi P, Labbé P. Despite structural identity, ace-1 heterogenous duplication resistance alleles are quite diverse in Anopheles mosquitoes. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:179-191. [PMID: 38280976 PMCID: PMC10997782 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been the target of intense insecticide treatment since the mid-20th century to try and control malaria. A substitution in the ace-1 locus has been rapidly selected for, allowing resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Since then, two types of duplication of the ace-1 locus have been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations: homogeneous duplications that are composed of several resistance copies, or heterogeneous duplications that contain both resistance and susceptible copies. The substitution induces a trade-off between resistance in the presence of insecticides and disadvantages in their absence: the heterogeneous duplications allow the fixation of the intermediate heterozygote phenotype. So far, a single heterogeneous duplication has been described in An. gambiae s.l. populations (in contrast with the multiple duplicated alleles found in Culex pipiens mosquitoes). We used a new approach, combining long and short-read sequencing with Sanger sequencing to precisely identify and describe at least nine different heterogeneous duplications, in two populations of An. gambiae s.l. We show that these alleles share the same structure as the previously identified heterogeneous and homogeneous duplications, namely 203-kb tandem amplifications with conserved breakpoints. Our study sheds new light on the origin and maintenance of these alleles in An. gambiae s.l. populations, and their role in mosquito adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Namias
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Assogba
- Medical Research Council, Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Alphonsine Koffi
- National Institute of Public Health/Pierre Richet Institute, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Mylène Weill
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Milesi
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, 75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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Kariñho-Betancourt E, Carlson D, Hollister J, Fischer A, Greiner S, Johnson MTJ. The evolution of multi-gene families and metabolic pathways in the evening primroses (Oenothera: Onagraceae): A comparative transcriptomics approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269307. [PMID: 35749399 PMCID: PMC9231714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Oenothera has played an important role in the study of plant evolution of genomes and plant defense and reproduction. Here, we build on the 1kp transcriptomic dataset by creating 44 new transcriptomes and analyzing a total of 63 transcriptomes to present a large-scale comparative study across 29 Oenothera species. Our dataset included 30.4 million reads per individual and 2.3 million transcripts on average. We used this transcriptome resource to examine genome-wide evolutionary patterns and functional diversification by searching for orthologous genes and performed gene family evolution analysis. We found wide heterogeneity in gene family evolution across the genus, with section Oenothera exhibiting the most pronounced evolutionary changes. Overall, more significant gene family expansions occurred than contractions. We also analyzed the molecular evolution of phenolic metabolism by retrieving proteins annotated for phenolic enzymatic complexes. We identified 1,568 phenolic genes arranged into 83 multigene families that varied widely across the genus. All taxa experienced rapid phenolic evolution (fast rate of genomic turnover) involving 33 gene families, which exhibited large expansions, gaining about 2-fold more genes than they lost. Upstream enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumaroyl: CoA ligase (4CL) accounted for most of the significant expansions and contractions. Our results suggest that adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes have contributed to Oenothera diversification and rapid gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kariñho-Betancourt
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (EKB); (MTJJ)
| | - David Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessie Hollister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Axel Fischer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephan Greiner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (EKB); (MTJJ)
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Fodjo BK, Kropf A, Gonse Zoh M, Gba Sadia C, France-Paraudie Kouadio A, Guibéhi Benjamin K, Seidou Mouhamadou C. Impact of sublethal pyrethroid exposure on resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes’ fitness. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17074.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence of insecticide resistance spreading among wild mosquito populations, which is widely believed to compromise vector control once it reaches a threshold that enables mosquitoes to survive exposure to long lasting treated bed-net (LLIN) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, very little is known about the long-term impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission, which makes the consequence of insecticide resistance spreading difficult to predict. Methods: To gain more clarity, we have assessed five life-history traits of a resistant Anopheles gambiae laboratory strain that was repeatedly exposed to a LLIN and compared with individuals issued from the same strain but exposed to an untreated bed-net. Results: Out of the five measured life-history traits, four were significantly affected by exposure to insecticides. Indeed, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric test revealed a significant (i) drop in blood feeding mean rates (P=0.000000494), (ii) increase in 24-hours post-exposure (P= 0.000008559) and (iii) end of gonotrophic cycle mortality (P =0.0005749), and (iv) drop in egg laying rate (P=0.000107) when mosquitoes were exposed. Conclusion: Our study shows that in a context of widespread of resistance to insecticides, current pyrethroid-based vector control tools can still confer protection against malaria
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Fodjo BK, Kropf A, Gonse Zoh M, Gba Sadia C, France-Paraudie Kouadio A, Guibéhi Benjamin K, Seidou Mouhamadou C. Impact of sublethal pyrethroid exposure on resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes’ fitness. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17074.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence of insecticide resistance spreading among wild mosquito populations, which is widely believed to compromise vector control once it reaches a threshold that enables mosquitoes to survive exposure to long lasting treated bed-net (LLIN) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, very little is known about the long-term impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission, which makes the consequence of insecticide resistance spreading difficult to predict. Methods: To gain more clarity, we have assessed four life-history traits of a resistant Anopheles gambiae laboratory strain that was repeatedly exposed to a LLIN and compared with individuals issued from the same strain but exposed to an untreated bed-net. Results: The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test did not show any significant impact of gonotrophic cycle on the five traits. However, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric test revealed a significant (i) drop in blood feeding mean rates (D = 0.800; P< 0.0001), (ii) increase in 24-hours post-exposure (D = 0.600; P< 0.001) and (iii) end of gonotrophic cycle mortality (D = 0.611; P <0.006), and (iv) drop in egg laying rate (D = 0.730, P< 0.0001) when mosquitoes were exposed. Surprisingly, there was rather an upward trend in the number of L3 larvae/female mosquito for the exposed group comparing to the unexposed one, although the difference was not significant (D = 0.417, P> 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that in a context of widespread of resistance to insecticides, current pyrethroid-based vector control tools can still confer protection against malaria.
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Major KM, Weston DP, Lydy MJ, Huff Hartz KE, Wellborn GA, Manny AR, Poynton HC. The G119S ace-1 mutation confers adaptive organophosphate resistance in a nontarget amphipod. Evol Appl 2020; 13:620-635. [PMID: 32211056 PMCID: PMC7086107 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) insecticides are widely used in the United States and share the same mode of toxic action. Both classes are frequently documented in aquatic ecosystems, sometimes at levels that exceed aquatic life benchmarks. We previously identified a population of the nontarget amphipod, Hyalella azteca, thriving in an agricultural creek with high sediment levels of the OP chlorpyrifos, suggesting the population may have acquired genetic resistance to the pesticide. In the present study, we surveyed 17 populations of H. azteca in California to screen for phenotypic resistance to chlorpyrifos as well as genetic signatures of resistance in the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) gene. We found no phenotypic chlorpyrifos resistance in populations from areas with little or no pesticide use. However, there was ~3- to 1,000-fold resistance in H. azteca populations from agricultural and/or urban areas, with resistance levels in agriculture being far higher than urban areas due to greater ongoing use of OP and CM pesticides. In every case of resistance in H. azteca, we identified a glycine-to-serine amino acid substitution (G119S) that has been shown to confer OP and CM resistance in mosquitoes and has been associated with resistance in other insects. We found that the G119S mutation was always present in a heterozygous state. Further, we provide tentative evidence of an ace-1 gene duplication in H. azteca that may play a role in chlorpyrifos resistance in some populations. The detection of a genetically based, adaptive OP and CM resistance in some of the same populations of H. azteca previously shown to harbor a genetically based adaptive pyrethroid resistance indicates that these nontarget amphipod populations have become resistant to many of the insecticides now in common use. The terrestrial application of pesticides has provided strong selective pressures to drive evolution in a nontarget, aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M. Major
- School for the EnvironmentUniversity of MassachusettsBostonMassachusetts
- Present address:
Department of Environmental and Molecular ToxicologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Donald P. Weston
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Michael J. Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic SciencesDepartment of ZoologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois
| | - Kara E. Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic SciencesDepartment of ZoologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois
| | | | - Austin R. Manny
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Helen C. Poynton
- School for the EnvironmentUniversity of MassachusettsBostonMassachusetts
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Lopes RP, Lima JBP, Martins AJ. Insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 in Brazil: a review. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:591. [PMID: 31852489 PMCID: PMC6921570 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is a successful invasive species broadly distributed in subtropical regions, including Brazil. It is an extremely annoying mosquito due to its nocturnal biting behavior, in high-density populations and it is a potential bridge between sylvatic arbovirus from birds to man in urban territories. Herein, we present a review concerning the methods of chemical control employed against Cx. quinquefasciatus in Brazil since the 1950’s and insecticide resistance data registered in the literature. As there is no specific national programme for Cx. quinquefasciatus control in Brazil, the selection of insecticide resistance is likely due in part to the well-designed chemical campaigns against Aedes aegypti and the elevated employment of insecticides by households and private companies. There are very few publications about insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus from Brazil when compared to Ae. aegypti. Nevertheless, resistance to organophosphates, carbamate, DDT, pyrethroids and biolarvicides has been registered in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from distinct localities of the country. Concerning physiological mechanisms selected for resistance, distinct patterns of esterases, as well as mutations in the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) genes, have been identified in natural populations. Given environmental changes and socioeconomical issues in the cities, in recent years we have been experiencing an increase in the number of disease cases caused by arboviruses, which may involve Cx. quinquefasciatus participation as a key vector. It is urgent to better understand the efficiency and susceptibility status to insecticides, as well as the genetic background of known resistant mechanisms already present in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations for an effective and rapid chemical control when eventually required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pereira Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rane RV, Pearce SL, Li F, Coppin C, Schiffer M, Shirriffs J, Sgrò CM, Griffin PC, Zhang G, Lee SF, Hoffmann AA, Oakeshott JG. Genomic changes associated with adaptation to arid environments in cactophilic Drosophila species. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:52. [PMID: 30651071 PMCID: PMC6335815 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights into the genetic capacities of species to adapt to future climate change can be gained by using comparative genomic and transcriptomic data to reconstruct the genetic changes associated with such adaptations in the past. Here we investigate the genetic changes associated with adaptation to arid environments, specifically climatic extremes and new cactus hosts, through such an analysis of five repleta group Drosophila species. RESULTS We find disproportionately high rates of gene gains in internal branches in the species' phylogeny where cactus use and subsequently cactus specialisation and high heat and desiccation tolerance evolved. The terminal branch leading to the most heat and desiccation resistant species, Drosophila aldrichi, also shows disproportionately high rates of both gene gains and positive selection. Several Gene Ontology terms related to metabolism were enriched in gene gain events in lineages where cactus use was evolving, while some regulatory and developmental genes were strongly selected in the Drosophila aldrichi branch. Transcriptomic analysis of flies subjected to sublethal heat shocks showed many more downregulation responses to the stress in a heat sensitive versus heat resistant species, confirming the existence of widespread regulatory as well as structural changes in the species' differing adaptations. Gene Ontology terms related to metabolism were enriched in the differentially expressed genes in the resistant species while terms related to stress response were over-represented in the sensitive one. CONCLUSION Adaptations to new cactus hosts and hot desiccating environments were associated with periods of accelerated evolutionary change in diverse biochemistries. The hundreds of genes involved suggest adaptations of this sort would be difficult to achieve in the timeframes projected for anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V. Rane
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, GPO Box 1700, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | | | - Fang Li
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chris Coppin
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, GPO Box 1700, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Michele Schiffer
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Jennifer Shirriffs
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800 Australia
| | - Philippa C. Griffin
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Goujie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, København, Denmark
| | - Siu F. Lee
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, GPO Box 1700, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Australia
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8
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Assogba BS, Alout H, Koffi A, Penetier C, Djogbénou LS, Makoundou P, Weill M, Labbé P. Adaptive deletion in resistance gene duplications in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1245-1256. [PMID: 30151037 PMCID: PMC6099818 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While gene copy-number variations play major roles in long-term evolution, their early dynamics remains largely unknown. However, examples of their role in short-term adaptation are accumulating: identical repetitions of a locus (homogeneous duplications) can provide a quantitative advantage, while the association of differing alleles (heterogeneous duplications) allows carrying two functions simultaneously. Such duplications often result from rearrangements of sometimes relatively large chromosome fragments, and even when adaptive, they can be associated with deleterious side effects that should, however, be reduced by subsequent evolution. Here, we took advantage of the unique model provided by the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.l. to investigate the early evolution of several duplications, heterogeneous and homogeneous, segregating in natural populations from West Africa. These duplications encompass ~200 kb and 11 genes, including the adaptive insecticide resistance ace-1 locus. Through the survey of several populations from three countries over 3-4 years, we showed that an internal deletion of all coamplified genes except ace-1 is currently spreading in West Africa and introgressing from An. gambiae s.s. to An. coluzzii. Both observations provide evidences of its selection, most likely due to reducing the gene-dosage disturbances caused by the excessive copies of the nonadaptive genes. Our study thus provides a unique example of the early adaptive trajectory of duplications and underlines the role of the environmental conditions (insecticide treatment practices and species ecology). It also emphasizes the striking diversity of adaptive responses in these mosquitoes and reveals a worrisome process of resistance/cost trade-off evolution that could impact the control of malaria vectors in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît S. Assogba
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Disease Control and Elimination DepartmentMedical Research Council, Unit The GambiaBanjulThe Gambia
- Institut Régional de Santé PubliqueUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBenin
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesLaboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en MicrobiologieUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBénin
| | - Haoues Alout
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Alphonsine Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP)BouakéCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Cédric Penetier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)UMR MIVEGECMontpellierFrance
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé PubliqueUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBenin
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesLaboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en MicrobiologieUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBénin
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐UM‐IRD‐EPHE)Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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9
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Weetman D, Djogbenou LS, Lucas E. Copy number variation (CNV) and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: evolving knowledge or an evolving problem? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 27:82-88. [PMID: 30025639 PMCID: PMC6056009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) in insect genomes is a rich source of potentially adaptive polymorphism which may help overcome the constraints of purifying selection on conserved genes and/or permit elevated transcription. Classic studies of amplified esterases and acetylcholinesterase duplication in Culex pipiens quantified evolutionary dynamics of CNV driven by insecticidal selection. A more complex and potentially medically impactful form of CNV is found in Anopheles gambiae, with both heterogeneous duplications and homogeneous amplifications strongly linked with insecticide resistance. Metabolic gene amplification, revealed by shotgun sequencing, appears common in Aedes aegypti, but poorly understood in other mosquito species. Many methodologies have been used to detect CNV in mosquitoes, but relatively few can detect both duplications and amplifications, and contrasting methods should be combined. Genome scans for CNV have been rare to date in mosquitoes, but offer immense potential to determine the overall role of CNV as a component of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Luc S Djogbenou
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
| | - Eric Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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McKinney GJ, Waples RK, Pascal CE, Seeb LW, Seeb JE. Resolving allele dosage in duplicated loci using genotyping-by-sequencing data: A path forward for population genetic analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:570-579. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J. McKinney
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Ryan K. Waples
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Carita E. Pascal
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Lisa W. Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - James E. Seeb
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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11
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Milesi P, Assogba BS, Atyame CM, Pocquet N, Berthomieu A, Unal S, Makoundou P, Weill M, Labbé P. The evolutionary fate of heterogeneous gene duplications: A precarious overdominant equilibrium between environment, sublethality and complementation. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:493-507. [PMID: 29230902 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplications occur at a high rate. Although most appear detrimental, some homogeneous duplications (identical gene copies) can be selected for beneficial increase in produced proteins. Heterogeneous duplications, which combine divergent alleles of a single locus, are seldom studied due to the paucity of empirical data. We investigated their role in an ongoing adaptive process at the ace-1 locus in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. We assessed the worldwide diversity of the ace-1 alleles (single-copy, susceptible S and insecticide-resistant R, and duplicated D that pair one S and one R copy), analysed their phylogeography and measured their fitness to understand their early dynamics using population genetics models. It provides a coherent and comprehensive evolutionary scenario. We show that D alleles are present in most resistant populations and display a higher diversity than R alleles (27 vs. 4). Most appear to result from independent unequal crossing-overs between local single-copy alleles, suggesting a recurrent process. Most duplicated alleles have a limited geographic distribution, probably resulting from their homozygous sublethality (HS phenotype). In addition, heterozygotes carrying different HS D alleles showed complementation, indicating different recessive lethal mutations. Due to mosaic insecticide control practices, balancing selection (overdominance) plays a key role in the early dynamics of heterogeneous duplicated alleles; it also favours a high local polymorphism of HS D alleles in natural populations (overdominance reinforced by complementation). Overall, our study shows that the evolutionary fate of heterogeneous duplications (and their long-term role) depends on finely balanced selective pressures due to the environment and to their genomic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Milesi
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît S Assogba
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Célestine M Atyame
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Pocquet
- UMR MIVEGEC Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs: écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Berthomieu
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Unal
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- ISEM Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), Montpellier, France
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Milesi P, Weill M, Lenormand T, Labbé P. Heterogeneous gene duplications can be adaptive because they permanently associate overdominant alleles. Evol Lett 2017; 1:169-180. [PMID: 30283647 PMCID: PMC6121789 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplications are widespread in genomes, but their role in contemporary adaptation is not fully understood. Although mostly deleterious, homogeneous duplications that associate identical repeats of a locus often increase the quantity of protein produced, which can be selected in certain environments. However, another type exists: heterogeneous gene duplications, which permanently associate two (or more) alleles of a single locus on the same chromosome. They are far less studied, as only few examples of contemporary heterogeneous duplications are known. Haldane proposed in 1954 that they could be adaptive in situations of heterozygote advantage, or overdominance, but this hypothesis was never tested. To assess its validity, we took advantage of the well-known model of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. We used experimental evolution to estimate the fitnesses associated with homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in different selection regimes. It first showed that balanced antagonist selective pressures frequently induce overdominance, generating stable polymorphic equilibriums. The frequency of equilibrium moreover depends on the magnitude of two antagonistic selective pressures, the survival advantage conferred by the resistant allele versus the selective costs it induces. We then showed that heterogeneous duplications are selected over single-copy alleles in such contexts. They allow the fixation of the heterozygote phenotype, providing an alternative and stable intermediate fitness trade-off. By allowing the rapid fixation of divergent alleles, this immediate advantage could contribute to the rarity of overdominance. More importantly, it also creates new material for long-term genetic innovation, making a crucial but underestimated contribution to the evolution of new genes and gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Milesi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐Université de Montpellier‐IRD‐EPHE)Campus Université de MontpellierPlace Eugène Bataillon34095MontpellierCEDEX 05France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐Université de Montpellier‐IRD‐EPHE)Campus Université de MontpellierPlace Eugène Bataillon34095MontpellierCEDEX 05France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175, CNRS‐Université de Montpellier‐Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier‐EPHE) 1919 route de MendeF‐34293MontpellierCEDEX 05France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS‐Université de Montpellier‐IRD‐EPHE)Campus Université de MontpellierPlace Eugène Bataillon34095MontpellierCEDEX 05France
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Zhang Y, Yang B, Li J, Liu M, Liu Z. Point mutations in acetylcholinesterase 1 associated with chlorpyrifos resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:453-460. [PMID: 28407384 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance frequently results from target-site insensitivity, such as point mutations in acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. From a field-originated population of Nilaparvata lugens, a major rice pest, a resistant population (R9) was obtained by nine-generation continuous selection with chlorpyrifos. From the same field population, a relatively susceptible population (S9) was also constructed through rearing without any insecticides. Compared to the susceptible strain, Sus [medium lethal dose (LC50 ) = 0.012 mg/l], R9 had a resistance ratio (RR) of 253.08-fold, whereas the RR of S9 was only 2.25-fold. Piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate synergized chlorpyrifos in R9 less than three-fold, indicating other important mechanisms for high resistance. The target-site insensitivity was supported by the key property differences of crude AChEs between R9 and S9. Compared to S9, three mutations (G119S, F331C and I332L) were detected in NlAChE1 from individuals of the R9 and field populations, but no mutation was detected in NlAChE2. G119S and F331C could decreased insecticide sensitivities in recombinant NlAChE1, whereas I332L took effect through increasing the influence of F331C on target insensitivity. F331C might be deleterious because of its influence on the catalytic efficiency of NlAChE1, whereas I332L would decrease these adverse effects and maintain the normal functions of AChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Rice Technology Research and Development Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Simplification, Innateness, and the Absorption of Meaning from Context: How Novelty Arises from Gradual Network Evolution. Evol Biol 2017; 44:145-189. [PMID: 28572690 PMCID: PMC5429377 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How does new genetic information arise? Traditional thinking holds that mutation happens by accident and then spreads in the population by either natural selection or random genetic drift. There have been at least two fundamental conceptual problems with imagining an alternative. First, it seemed that the only alternative is a mutation that responds "smartly" to the immediate environment; but in complex multicellulars, it is hard to imagine how this could be implemented. Second, if there were mechanisms of mutation that "knew" what genetic changes would be favored in a given environment, this would have only begged the question of how they acquired that particular knowledge to begin with. This paper offers an alternative that avoids these problems. It holds that mutational mechanisms act on information that is in the genome, based on considerations of simplicity, parsimony, elegance, etc. (which are different than fitness considerations). This simplification process, under the performance pressure exerted by selection, not only leads to the improvement of adaptations but also creates elements that have the capacity to serve in new contexts they were not originally selected for. Novelty, then, arises at the system level from emergent interactions between such elements. Thus, mechanistically driven mutation neither requires Lamarckian transmission nor closes the door on novelty, because the changes it implements interact with one another globally in surprising and beneficial ways. Finally, I argue, for example, that genes used together are fused together; that simplification leads to complexity; and that evolution and learning are conceptually linked.
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Assogba BS, Milesi P, Djogbénou LS, Berthomieu A, Makoundou P, Baba-Moussa LS, Fiston-Lavier AS, Belkhir K, Labbé P, Weill M. The ace-1 Locus Is Amplified in All Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: Fitness Consequences of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Duplications. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000618. [PMID: 27918584 PMCID: PMC5137868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene copy-number variations are widespread in natural populations, but investigating their phenotypic consequences requires contemporary duplications under selection. Such duplications have been found at the ace-1 locus (encoding the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides' target) in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (the major malaria vector); recent studies have revealed their intriguing complexity, consistent with the involvement of various numbers and types (susceptible or resistant to insecticide) of copies. We used an integrative approach, from genome to phenotype level, to investigate the influence of duplication architecture and gene-dosage on mosquito fitness. We found that both heterogeneous (i.e., one susceptible and one resistant ace-1 copy) and homogeneous (i.e., identical resistant copies) duplications segregated in field populations. The number of copies in homogeneous duplications was variable and positively correlated with acetylcholinesterase activity and resistance level. Determining the genomic structure of the duplicated region revealed that, in both types of duplication, ace-1 and 11 other genes formed tandem 203kb amplicons. We developed a diagnostic test for duplications, which showed that ace-1 was amplified in all 173 resistant mosquitoes analyzed (field-collected in several African countries), in heterogeneous or homogeneous duplications. Each type was associated with different fitness trade-offs: heterogeneous duplications conferred an intermediate phenotype (lower resistance and fitness costs), whereas homogeneous duplications tended to increase both resistance and fitness cost, in a complex manner. The type of duplication selected seemed thus to depend on the intensity and distribution of selection pressures. This versatility of trade-offs available through gene duplication highlights the importance of large mutation events in adaptation to environmental variation. This impressive adaptability could have a major impact on vector control in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît S. Assogba
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Pascal Milesi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arnaud Berthomieu
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Lamine S. Baba-Moussa
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Anna-Sophie Fiston-Lavier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Khalid Belkhir
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierrick Labbé
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554, CNRS-UM-IRD-EPHE), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
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Synergistic and compensatory effects of two point mutations conferring target-site resistance to fipronil in the insect GABA receptor RDL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32335. [PMID: 27557781 PMCID: PMC4997714 DOI: 10.1038/srep32335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance can arise from a variety of mechanisms, including changes to the target site, but is often associated with substantial fitness costs to insects. Here we describe two resistance-associated target-site mutations that have synergistic and compensatory effects that combine to produce high and persistent levels of resistance to fipronil, an insecticide targeting on γ-aminobytyric acid (GABA) receptors. In Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest of rice crops in many parts of Asia, we have identified a single point mutation (A302S) in the GABA receptor RDL that has been identified previously in other species and which confers low levels of resistance to fipronil (23-fold) in N. lugans. In addition, we have identified a second resistance-associated RDL mutation (R300Q) that, in combination with A302S, is associated with much higher levels of resistance (237-fold). The R300Q mutation has not been detected in the absence of A302S in either laboratory-selected or field populations, presumably due to the high fitness cost associated with this mutation. Significantly, it appears that the A302S mutation is able to compensate for deleterious effects of R300Q mutation on fitness cost. These findings identify a novel resistance mechanism and may have important implications for the spread of insecticide resistance.
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Taskin BG, Dogaroglu T, Kilic S, Dogac E, Taskin V. Seasonal dynamics of insecticide resistance, multiple resistance, and morphometric variation in field populations of Culex pipiens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 129:14-27. [PMID: 27017877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides that impairs nervous transmission has been widely investigated in mosquito populations as insecticides are crucial to effective insect control. The development of insecticide resistance is also of special interest to evolutionary biologists since it represents the opportunity to observe the genetic consequences of a well-characterized alteration in the environment. Although the frequencies of resistance alleles in Culex pipiens populations against different groups of insecticides have been reported, no detailed information is available on the relative change in these allele frequencies over time. In this study, we collected mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex from six locations in three seasons in the Aegean region of Turkey and examined the i) seasonal variations in resistance to four different chemical classes of insecticides, ii) seasonal fluctuations in frequencies of resistance-associated target-site mutations of the three genes (ace-1, kdr, and Rdl), and iii) potential seasonal variations in wing morphometric characters that may be modified in resistant mosquitoes. Our bioassay results indicated the presence of different levels of resistance to all tested insecticides for all three seasons in all locations. The results of the PCR-based molecular analysis revealed low frequencies of mutations in ace-1 and Rdl that are associated with resistance to malathion, bendiocarb, and dieldrin and no obvious seasonal changes. In contrast, we detected high frequencies and striking seasonal changes for two kdr mutations associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. In addition, the evaluation of the field populations from all seasons in terms of the combinations of polymorphisms at four resistance-associated mutations did not reveal the presence of insects that are resistant to all pesticides. Results from the morphological analysis displayed a similar pattern for both wings and did not show a clear separation among the samples from the three different seasons. The results of this study have advanced our knowledge of the potential dynamics of insecticide resistance among populations of the Cx. pipiens complex. The implications of these results to the understanding of the evolution of insecticide resistance and the management of resistance in mosquitoes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Gocmen Taskin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Taylan Dogaroglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Sercan Kilic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ersin Dogac
- Koycegiz Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Vatan Taskin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
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18
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Djogbénou LS, Assogba B, Essandoh J, Constant EAV, Makoutodé M, Akogbéto M, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Estimation of allele-specific Ace-1 duplication in insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes from West Africa. Malar J 2015; 14:507. [PMID: 26682913 PMCID: PMC4683970 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Identification of variation in Ace-1 copy number and G119S mutation genotype from samples of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii across West Africa are important diagnostics of carbamate and organophosphate resistance at population and individual levels. The most widespread and economical method, PCR–RFLP, suffers from an inability to discriminate true heterozygotes from heterozygotes with duplication.
Methods In addition to PCR–RFLP, in this study three different molecular techniques were applied on the same mosquito specimens: TaqMan qPCR, qRTPCR and ddPCR. To group heterozygous individuals recorded from the PCR–RFLP analysis into different assumptive genotypes K-means clustering was applied on the Z-scores of data obtained from both the TaqMan and ddPCR methods. The qRTPCR analysis was used for absolute quantification of copy number variation. Results The results indicate that most heterozygotes are duplicated and that G119S mutation must now be regarded as a complex genotype ranging from primarily single-copy susceptible Glycine homozygotes to balanced and imbalanced heterozygotes, and multiply-amplified resistant Serine allele homozygotes. Whilst qRTPCR-based gene copy analysis suffers from some imprecision, it clearly illustrates differences in copy number among genotype groups identified by TaqMan or ddPCR. Based on TaqMan method properties, and by coupling TaqMan and ddPCR methods simultaneously on the same type of mosquito specimens, it demonstrated that the TaqMan genotype assays associated with the K-means clustering algorithm could provide a useful semi-quantitative estimate method to investigate the level of allele-specific duplication in mosquito populations. Conclusions Ace-1 gene duplication is evidently far more complex in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii than the better-studied mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, which consequently can no longer be considered an appropriate model for prediction of phenotypic consequences. These require urgent further evaluation in Anopheles. To maintain the sustained effectiveness carbamates and organophosphates as alternative products to pyrethroids for malaria vector control, monitoring of duplicated resistant alleles in natural populations is essential to guide the rational use of these insecticides. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1026-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc S Djogbénou
- Institut Regional de Santé Publique de Ouidah/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin. .,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Benoît Assogba
- Institut Regional de Santé Publique de Ouidah/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - John Essandoh
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Edi A V Constant
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Michel Makoutodé
- Institut Regional de Santé Publique de Ouidah/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
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Seear PJ, Rosato E, Goodall-Copestake WP, Barber I. The molecular evolution of spiggin nesting glue in sticklebacks. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4474-88. [PMID: 26173374 PMCID: PMC4989455 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication and subsequent divergence can lead to the evolution of new functions and lineage-specific traits. In sticklebacks, the successive duplication of a mucin gene (MUC19) into a tandemly arrayed, multigene family has enabled the production of copious amounts of 'spiggin', a secreted adhesive protein essential for nest construction. Here, we examine divergence between spiggin genes among three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from ancestral marine and derived freshwater populations, and propose underpinning gene duplication mechanisms. Sanger sequencing revealed substantial diversity among spiggin transcripts, including alternatively spliced variants and interchromosomal spiggin chimeric genes. Comparative analysis of the sequenced transcripts and all other spiggin genes in the public domain support the presence of three main spiggin lineages (spiggin A, spiggin B and spiggin C) with further subdivisions within spiggin B (B1, B2) and spiggin C (C1, C2). Spiggin A had diverged least from the ancestral MUC19, while the spiggin C duplicates had diversified most substantially. In silico translations of the spiggin gene open reading frames predicted that spiggins A and B are secreted as long mucin-like polymers, while spiggins C1 and C2 are secreted as short monomers, with putative antimicrobial properties. We propose that diversification of duplicated spiggin genes has facilitated local adaptation of spiggin to a range of aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Seear
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E Rosato
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - I Barber
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Re-visiting insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae from Côte d'Ivoire: a nation-wide informative survey. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82387. [PMID: 24358177 PMCID: PMC3864995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance constitutes a major threat that may undermine current gain in malaria control in most endemic countries. National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) need as much information as possible on the resistance status of malaria vectors and underlying mechanisms in order to implement the most relevant and efficient control strategy. Bioassays, biochemical and molecular analysis were performed on An. gambiae collected in six sentinel sites in Côte d'Ivoire. The sites were selected on the basis of their bioclimatic status and agricultural practices. An. gambiae populations across sites showed high levels of resistance to organochloride, pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. The kdr and ace-1(R) mutations were detected in almost all sentinel sites with mosquitoes on the coastal and cotton growing areas mostly affected by these mutations. At almost all sites, the levels of detoxifying enzymes (mixed-function oxidases (MFOs), non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs)) in An. gambiae populations were significantly higher than the levels found in the susceptible strain Kisumu. Pre-exposure of mosquitoes to PBO, an inhibitor of MFOs and NSEs, significantly increased mortality rates to pyrethroids and carbamates in mosquitoes but resistance in most cases was not fully synergised by PBO, inferring a residual role of additional mechanisms, including kdr and ace-1 site insensitivity. The large distribution of resistance in Côte d'Ivoire raises an important question of whether to continue to deploy pyrethroid-based long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and insecticide residual spraying (IRS) towards which resistance continues to rise with no guarantee that the level of resistance would not compromise their efficacy. Innovative strategies that combine insecticide and synergists in LLINs or spatially LLIN and an effective non-pyrethroid insecticide for IRS could be in the short term the best practice for the NMCP to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Côte d'Ivoire and other endemic countries facing resistance.
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21
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Kondrashov FA. Gene duplication as a mechanism of genomic adaptation to a changing environment. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:5048-57. [PMID: 22977152 PMCID: PMC3497230 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A subject of extensive study in evolutionary theory has been the issue of how neutral, redundant copies can be maintained in the genome for long periods of time. Concurrently, examples of adaptive gene duplications to various environmental conditions in different species have been described. At this point, it is too early to tell whether or not a substantial fraction of gene copies have initially achieved fixation by positive selection for increased dosage. Nevertheless, enough examples have accumulated in the literature that such a possibility should be considered. Here, I review the recent examples of adaptive gene duplications and make an attempt to draw generalizations on what types of genes may be particularly prone to be selected for under certain environmental conditions. The identification of copy-number variation in ecological field studies of species adapting to stressful or novel environmental conditions may improve our understanding of gene duplications as a mechanism of adaptation and its relevance to the long-term persistence of gene duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor A Kondrashov
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 88 Dr Aiguader, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Katju V. In with the old, in with the new: the promiscuity of the duplication process engenders diverse pathways for novel gene creation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:341932. [PMID: 23008799 PMCID: PMC3449122 DOI: 10.1155/2012/341932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene duplication process has exhibited far greater promiscuity in the creation of paralogs with novel exon-intron structures than anticipated even by Ohno. In this paper I explore the history of the field, from the neo-Darwinian synthesis through Ohno's formulation of the canonical model for the evolution of gene duplicates and culminating in the present genomic era. I delineate the major tenets of Ohno's model and discuss its failure to encapsulate the full complexity of the duplication process as revealed in the era of genomics. I discuss the diverse classes of paralogs originating from both DNA- and RNA-mediated duplication events and their evolutionary potential for assuming radically altered functions, as well as the degree to which they can function unconstrained from the pressure of gene conversion. Lastly, I explore theoretical population-genetic considerations of how the effective population size (N(e)) of a species may influence the probability of emergence of genes with radically altered functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Katju
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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23
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Schmidt JM, Good RT, Appleton B, Sherrard J, Raymant GC, Bogwitz MR, Martin J, Daborn PJ, Goddard ME, Batterham P, Robin C. Copy number variation and transposable elements feature in recent, ongoing adaptation at the Cyp6g1 locus. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000998. [PMID: 20585622 PMCID: PMC2891717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased transcription of the Cyp6g1 gene of Drosophila melanogaster, and consequent resistance to insecticides such as DDT, is a widely cited example of adaptation mediated by cis-regulatory change. A fragment of an Accord transposable element inserted upstream of the Cyp6g1 gene is causally associated with resistance and has spread to high frequencies in populations around the world since the 1940s. Here we report the existence of a natural allelic series at this locus of D. melanogaster, involving copy number variation of Cyp6g1, and two additional transposable element insertions (a P and an HMS-Beagle). We provide evidence that this genetic variation underpins phenotypic variation, as the more derived the allele, the greater the level of DDT resistance. Tracking the spatial and temporal patterns of allele frequency changes indicates that the multiple steps of the allelic series are adaptive. Further, a DDT association study shows that the most resistant allele, Cyp6g1-[BP], is greatly enriched in the top 5% of the phenotypic distribution and accounts for ∼16% of the underlying phenotypic variation in resistance to DDT. In contrast, copy number variation for another candidate resistance gene, Cyp12d1, is not associated with resistance. Thus the Cyp6g1 locus is a major contributor to DDT resistance in field populations, and evolution at this locus features multiple adaptive steps occurring in rapid succession. The study of insecticide resistance has greatly enriched our understanding of the genetic basis of adaptation, because it represents some of the most intense selection pressures acting on any natural population of eukaryote. Thus it can inform us about the limits of natural selection, both in terms of the number and type of mutations that can arise and also in terms of the rate at which these spread throughout populations. Fifty years ago, studies in Drosophila melanogaster indicated that many genes contributed to DDT resistance. Subsequent research into the Hikone-R strain indicated much of the resistance in this particular strain could be attributed to a single gene known as Cyp6g1. Here we show that there have been successive DDT resistance mutations occurring at the Cyp6g1 locus. They include an increase in gene copy number and the insertion of transposable elements into the regulatory regions of the Cyp6g1 gene. These mutations have swept to high frequencies in natural populations since World War II, when insecticides were first used. D. melanogaster is not a pest and has not been targeted by insecticides, and yet profound changes are occurring within its genome in response to man-made chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert T. Good
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Appleton
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayne Sherrard
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greta C. Raymant
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R. Bogwitz
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jon Martin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Daborn
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mike E. Goddard
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries, Bioscience Research Division, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Robin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi AA, Adja MA, Tia E, Kouassi PK, Koné M, Chandre F. Distribution of ace-1R and resistance to carbamates and organophosphates in Anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from Côte d'Ivoire. Malar J 2010; 9:167. [PMID: 20553593 PMCID: PMC2908637 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. is a critical issue for malaria vector control based on the use of insecticide-treated nets. Carbamates and organophosphates insecticides are regarded as alternatives or supplements to pyrethroids used in nets treatment. It is, therefore, essential to investigate on the susceptibility of pyrethroid resistant populations of An. gambiae s.s. to these alternative products. Methods In September 2004, a cross sectional survey was conducted in six localities in Côte d'Ivoire: Toumbokro, Yamoussoukro, Toumodi in the Southern Guinea savannah, Tiassalé in semi-deciduous forest, then Nieky and Abidjan in evergreen forest area. An. gambiae populations from these localities were previously reported to be highly resistant to pyrethroids insecticides. Anopheline larvae were collected from the field and reared to adults. Resistance/susceptibility to carbamates (0.4% carbosulfan, 0.1% propoxur) and organophosphates (0.4% chlorpyrifos-methyl, 1% fenitrothion) was assessed using WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes. Then, PCR assays were run to determine the molecular forms (M) and (S), as well as phenotypes for insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) due to G119S mutation. Results Bioassays showed carbamates (carbosulfan and propoxur) resistance in all tested populations of An. gambiae s.s. In addition, two out of the six tested populations (Toumodi and Tiassalé) were also resistant to organophosphates (mortality rates ranged from 29.5% to 93.3%). The M-form was predominant in tested samples (91.8%). M and S molecular forms were sympatric at two localities but no M/S hybrids were detected. The highest proportion of S-form (7.9% of An. gambiae identified) was in sample from Toumbokro, in the southern Guinea savannah. The G119S mutation was found in both M and S molecular forms with frequency from 30.9 to 35.2%. Conclusion This study revealed a wide distribution of insensitive acetylcholinesterase due to the G119S mutation in both M and S molecular forms of the populations of An. gambiae s.s. tested. The low cross-resistance between carbamates and organophosphates highly suggests involvement of other resistance mechanisms such as metabolic detoxification or F290V mutation.
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Mykles DL, Ghalambor CK, Stillman JH, Tomanek L. Grand Challenges in Comparative Physiology: Integration Across Disciplines and Across Levels of Biological Organization. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:6-16. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Djogbénou L, Labbé P, Chandre F, Pasteur N, Weill M. Ace-1 duplication in Anopheles gambiae: a challenge for malaria control. Malar J 2009; 8:70. [PMID: 19374767 PMCID: PMC2679766 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is a rapid and recent evolutionary phenomenon with serious economic and public health implications. In the mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s., main vector of malaria, resistance to organophosphates and carbamates is mainly due to a single amino-acid substitution in acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1). This mutation entails a large fitness cost. However, a resistant duplicated allele of the gene encoding AChE1 (ace-1), potentially associated to a lower fitness cost, recently appeared in An. gambiae. Methods Using molecular phenotype data collected from natural populations from West Africa, the frequency of this duplicated allele was investigated by statistical inference. This method is based on the departure from Hardy-Weinberg phenotypic frequency equilibrium caused by the presence of this new allele. Results The duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, reaches a frequency up to 0.65 in Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso, and is potentially present in Benin. A previous study showed that Ag-ace-1D, present in both M and S molecular forms in different West Africa countries, was generated by a single genetic event. This single origin and its present distribution suggest that this new allele is currently spreading. Conclusion The spread of this less costly resistance allele could represent a major threat to public health, as it may impede An. gambiae control strategies, and thus increases the risk of malaria outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Djogbénou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 016, Cotonou, Benin.
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Dabiré KR, Diabaté A, Namontougou M, Djogbenou L, Kengne P, Simard F, Bass C, Baldet T. Distribution of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1R) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Burkina Faso (West Africa). Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:396-403. [PMID: 19254231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate through countrywide sampling at 20 localities across the three different agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso, the distribution of the acetylcholinesterase insensitive mutation ace-1(R), which confers resistance to organophosphates (OP) and carbamates (CM) insecticides in An. gambiae s.l. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor aerosol spraying from August to October 2006. Specimens were identified to species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and characterized for the ace-1(R) mutation using a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism diagnostic. RESULTS Collected mosquitoes were a mixture of An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis across the Sudan (98.3%vs. 1.7%), Sudan-sahelian (78.6%vs. 21.4%) and the Sahel (91.5%vs. 8.5%) ecotypes. The An. gambiae S-form predominated in the Sudan sites from the West (69%vs. 31% for the M form) but was not found in the Sahel (100% M form). The ace-1(R) mutation was dispersed throughout the Sudan and Sudan-sahelian localities at moderate frequency (<50%) but was absent in the Sahel. It was far more prevalent in S form than M form mosquitoes (0.32 for the S form vs. 0.036 for the M form). No An. arabiensis was detected carrying the mutation. The geographic distribution of ace-1(R) in the Sudan and Sudan-sahelian correlated with the cotton growing areas dispersed throughout the two climatic zones. CONCLUSIONS These results have special significance as OP and CM insecticides have been proposed as alternatives or additions to pyrethroids which are currently used exclusively in many vector control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Labbé P, Berticat C, Berthomieu A, Unal S, Bernard C, Weill M, Lenormand T. Forty years of erratic insecticide resistance evolution in the mosquito Culex pipiens. PLoS Genet 2008; 3:e205. [PMID: 18020711 PMCID: PMC2077897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One view of adaptation is that it proceeds by the slow and steady accumulation of beneficial mutations with small effects. It is difficult to test this model, since in most cases the genetic basis of adaptation can only be studied a posteriori with traits that have evolved for a long period of time through an unknown sequence of steps. In this paper, we show how ace-1, a gene involved in resistance to organophosphorous insecticide in the mosquito Culex pipiens, has evolved during 40 years of an insecticide control program. Initially, a major resistance allele with strong deleterious side effects spread through the population. Later, a duplication combining a susceptible and a resistance ace-1 allele began to spread but did not replace the original resistance allele, as it is sublethal when homozygous. Last, a second duplication, (also sublethal when homozygous) began to spread because heterozygotes for the two duplications do not exhibit deleterious pleiotropic effects. Double overdominance now maintains these four alleles across treated and nontreated areas. Thus, ace-1 evolution does not proceed via the steady accumulation of beneficial mutations. Instead, resistance evolution has been an erratic combination of mutation, positive selection, and the rearrangement of existing variation leading to complex genetic architecture. Adaptation is not always a straightforward process, and often results from natural selection tinkering with available variation. We present in this study just such a tortuous natural selection pathway, which allows the mosquito Culex pipiens to resist organophosphorous insecticides. In the Montpellier area, following the use of insecticide to control mosquito populations, a high-resistance allele of the insecticide target enzyme appeared. But this allele also displayed strong deleterious side effects. Recently, several duplicated haplotypes began to spread in natural population that put in tandem a susceptible and a resistant allele. We show that the duplicated haplotypes actually display reduced side effects compared to the resistant allele when in the heterozygous state, but also new and strong costs in the homozygote. This pattern leads to an unexpected equilibrium between four different alleles across treated and nontreated areas. The story of resistance in C. pipiens is indeed far from a slow progression toward a “perfect” adaptation. Rather, selection for resistance to insecticide is a long process of trial and error leading to an uncommon genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Labbé
- Equipe Génétique de l'Adaptation, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.
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Djogbénou L, Chandre F, Berthomieu A, Dabiré R, Koffi A, Alout H, Weill M. Evidence of introgression of the ace-1(R) mutation and of the ace-1 duplication in West African Anopheles gambiae s. s. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2172. [PMID: 18478097 PMCID: PMC2377098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of inter-specific hybridisation is of particular importance in mosquito disease vectors for predicting the evolution of insecticide resistance. Two molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s., currently recognized as S and M taxa, are considered to be incipient sibling species. Hybrid scarcity in the field was suggested that differentiation of M and S taxa is maintained by limited or absent gene flow. However, recent studies have revealed shared polymorphisms within the M and S forms, and a better understanding of the occurrence of gene flow is needed. One such shared polymorphism is the G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene (which is responsible for insecticide resistance); this mutation has been described in both the M and S forms of A. gambiae s.s. METHODS AND RESULTS To establish whether the G119S mutation has arisen independently in each form or by genetic introgression, we analysed coding and non-coding sequences of ace-1 alleles in M and S mosquitoes from representative field populations. Our data revealed many polymorphic sites shared by S and M forms, but no diversity was associated with the G119S mutation. These results indicate that the G119S mutation was a unique event and that genetic introgression explains the observed distribution of the G119S mutation within the two forms. However, it was impossible to determine from our data whether the mutation occurred first in the S form or in the M form. Unexpectedly, sequence analysis of some resistant individuals revealed a duplication of the ace-1 gene that was observed in both A. gambiae s.s. M and S forms. Again, the distribution of this duplication in the two forms most likely occurred through introgression. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the need for more research to understand the forces driving the evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and to regularly monitor resistance in mosquito populations of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Djogbénou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Cotonou, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Arnaud Berthomieu
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Equipe Génétique de l'Adaptation, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch Dabiré
- Institut Régional des Sciences de Santé, Laboratoire d'Entomologie et de Parasitologie, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alphonsine Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR)/Institut National de Santé Publique, Abidjan, Côte d̀Ivoire
| | - Haoues Alout
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Equipe Génétique de l'Adaptation, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Equipe Génétique de l'Adaptation, Montpellier, France
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Consuegra S, Johnston IA. Effect of natural selection on the duplicated lysyl oxidase gene in Atlantic salmon. Genetica 2008; 134:325-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bergthorsson U, Andersson DI, Roth JR. Ohno's dilemma: evolution of new genes under continuous selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17004-9. [PMID: 17942681 PMCID: PMC2040452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707158104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New genes with novel functions arise by duplication and divergence, but the process poses a problem. After duplication, an extra gene copy must rise to sufficiently high frequency in the population and remain free of common inactivating lesions long enough to acquire the rare mutations that provide a new selectable function. Maintaining a duplicated gene by selection for the original function would restrict the freedom to diverge. (We refer to this problem as Ohno's dilemma). A model is described by which selection continuously favors both maintenance of the duplicate copy and divergence of that copy from the parent gene. Before duplication, the original gene has a trace side activity (the innovation) in addition to its original function. When an altered ecological niche makes the minor innovation valuable, selection favors increases in its level (the amplification), which is most frequently conferred by increased dosage of the parent gene. Selection for the amplified minor function maintains the extra copies and raises the frequency of the amplification in the population. The same selection favors mutational improvement of any of the extra copies, which are not constrained to maintain their original function (the divergence). The rate of mutations (per genome) that improve the new function is increased by the multiplicity of target copies within a genome. Improvement of some copies relaxes selection on others and allows their loss by mutation (becoming pseudogenes). Ultimately one of the extra copies is able to provide all of the new activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulfar Bergthorsson
- *Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - John R. Roth
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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RAYMOND BEN, SAYYED ALIH, HAILS ROSIES, WRIGHT DENISJ. Exploiting pathogens and their impact on fitness costs to manage the evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. J Appl Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Labbe P, Lenormand T, Raymond M. On the worldwide spread of an insecticide resistance gene: a role for local selection. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:1471-84. [PMID: 16313460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation occurs by gene replacement (or transient balanced polymorphism). Replacement may be caused by selection (local or global) and/or genetic drift among alleles. In addition, historical events may blur the respective effects of selection and drift during the course of replacement. We address the relative importance of these processes in the evolution of insecticide resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens. The resistance allele, Ester2, has a broad geographic distribution compared to the other resistance alleles. To distinguish between the different processes explaining this distribution, we reviewed the literature and analysed updated data from the Montpellier area of southern France. Overall, our data indicate that Ester2 prevails over other Ester resistance alleles in moderately treated areas. Such conditions are common and favour the hypothesis of selection acting at a local level. This places an emphasis on the importance of ecological conditions during the evolution of resistance. Finally, we highlight that historical events have contributed to its spread in some areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Labbe
- Team Genetics of Adaptation, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR CNRS 5554), Université de Montpellier II (C.C. 065), Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Raymond B, Sayyed AH, Wright DJ. Genes and environment interact to determine the fitness costs of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:1519-24. [PMID: 16011928 PMCID: PMC1559826 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes which provide resistance to novel challenges such as pesticides, toxins or pathogens often impose fitness costs on individuals with a resistant phenotype. Studies of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and its insecticidal Cry toxins indicate that fitness costs may be variable and cryptic. Using two field populations (Karak and Serd4) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, we tested the hypothesis that the costs associated with resistance to the B. thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac would be evident when insects were grown under poor environmental conditions, namely limited or poor quality resources. On a poor quality resource, a cultivar of Brassica oleracea var. capitata with varietal resistance to P. xylostella, only one resistant population, Karak, showed reduced fitness. Conversely, when we limited a high quality resource, Brassica pekinensis, by imposing larval competition, only resistant Serd4 insects had reduced survival at high larval densities. Furthermore, Cry1Ac resistance in Serd4 insects declined when reared at high larval densities while resistance at low densities fluctuated but did not decline significantly. These results confirm the hypothesis that resistance costs can appear under stressful conditions and demonstrate that the fitness cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis can depend on the particular interaction between genes and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Raymond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park campus, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK.
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Bourguet D, Guillemaud T, Chevillon C, Raymond M. FITNESS COSTS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN NATURAL BREEDING SITES OF THE MOSQUITO CULEX PIPIENS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Weill M, Duron O, Labbé P, Berthomieu A, Raymond M. La résistance du moustique Culex pipiens aux insecticides. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:1190-2. [PMID: 14691742 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200319121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Katju V, Lynch M. The Structure and Early Evolution of Recently Arisen Gene Duplicates in theCaenorhabditis elegansGenome. Genetics 2003; 165:1793-803. [PMID: 14704166 PMCID: PMC1462873 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/165.4.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe significance of gene duplication in provisioning raw materials for the evolution of genomic diversity is widely recognized, but the early evolutionary dynamics of duplicate genes remain obscure. To elucidate the structural characteristics of newly arisen gene duplicates at infancy and their subsequent evolutionary properties, we analyzed gene pairs with ≤10% divergence at synonymous sites within the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Structural heterogeneity between duplicate copies is present very early in their evolutionary history and is maintained over longer evolutionary timescales, suggesting that duplications across gene boundaries in conjunction with shuffling events have at least as much potential to contribute to long-term evolution as do fully redundant (complete) duplicates. The median duplication span of 1.4 kb falls short of the average gene length in C. elegans (2.5 kb), suggesting that partial gene duplications are frequent. Most gene duplicates reside close to the parent copy at inception, often as tandem inverted loci, and appear to disperse in the genome as they age, as a result of reduced survivorship of duplicates located in proximity to the ancestral copy. We propose that illegitimate recombination events leading to inverted duplications play a disproportionately large role in gene duplication within this genome in comparison with other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Katju
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Guillemaud T, Guillemaud T, Brun A, Anthony N, Sauge MH, Boll R, Delorme R, Fournier D, Lapchin L, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F. Incidence of insecticide resistance alleles in sexually-reproducing populations of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from southern France. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 93:289-297. [PMID: 12908914 DOI: 10.1079/ber2003241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensive chemical treatments have led to the development of a number of insecticide resistance mechanisms in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Some of these mechanisms are known to be associated with negative pleiotropic effects (resistance costs). Molecular and biochemical methods were used to determine the genotypes or phenotypes associated with four insecticide resistance mechanisms in single aphids from sexually-reproducing populations in southern France. The mechanisms considered were E4 and FE4 carboxylesterase overproduction, modified acetycholinesterase, and kdr and rdl resistance-associated mutations. A new method for determining individual kdr genotypes is presented. Almost all resistant individuals overproduced FE4 carboxylesterase, whereas modified acetylcholinesterase was rare. Both the kdr and rdl resistance mutations were present at high frequencies in French sexually-reproducing populations. The frequencies of insecticide resistance genes were compared before and after sexual reproduction in one peach orchard at Avignon to evaluate the potential impact of selection on the persistence of resistance alleles in the over-wintering phase. The frequencies of the kdr and rdl mutations varied significantly between autumn and spring sampling periods. The frequency of the kdr mutation increased, probably due to pyrethroid treatments at the end of the winter. Conversely, the frequency of the rdl mutation decreased significantly during winter, probably because of a fitness cost associated with this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guillemaud
- Equipe 'Biologie et Gestion des Populations d'insectes' UMR 1112 INRA Antibes 06606 France
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Kondrashov FA, Rogozin IB, Wolf YI, Koonin EV. Selection in the evolution of gene duplications. Genome Biol 2002; 3:RESEARCH0008. [PMID: 11864370 PMCID: PMC65685 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-research0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2001] [Revised: 12/03/2001] [Accepted: 01/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene duplications have a major role in the evolution of new biological functions. Theoretical studies often assume that a duplication per se is selectively neutral and that, following a duplication, one of the gene copies is freed from purifying (stabilizing) selection, which creates the potential for evolution of a new function. RESULTS In search of systematic evidence of accelerated evolution after duplication, we used data from 26 bacterial, six archaeal, and seven eukaryotic genomes to compare the mode and strength of selection acting on recently duplicated genes (paralogs) and on similarly diverged, unduplicated orthologous genes in different species. We find that the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (Kn/Ks) in most paralogous pairs is <<1 and that paralogs typically evolve at similar rates, without significant asymmetry, indicating that both paralogs produced by a duplication are subject to purifying selection. This selection is, however, substantially weaker than the purifying selection affecting unduplicated orthologs that have diverged to the same extent as the analyzed paralogs. Most of the recently duplicated genes appear to be involved in various forms of environmental response; in particular, many of them encode membrane and secreted proteins. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis indicate that recently duplicated paralogs evolve faster than orthologs with the same level of divergence and similar functions, but apparently do not experience a phase of neutral evolution. We hypothesize that gene duplications that persist in an evolving lineage are beneficial from the time of their origin, due primarily to a protein dosage effect in response to variable environmental conditions; duplications are likely to give rise to new functions at a later phase of their evolution once a higher level of divergence is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor A Kondrashov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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Gazave E, Chevillon C, Lenormand T, Marquine M, Raymond M. Dissecting the cost of insecticide resistance genes during the overwintering period of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:441-8. [PMID: 11737292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In several insects, there appears to be a high fitness cost associated with insecticide resistance genes during the overwintering period. In order to understand when and how this cost operates, all mosquitoes entering a natural cave for overwintering were regularly sampled, and their resistance genes at two loci (Ester and Ace.1) were individually identified. During the main period of entry (October and November), susceptible mosquitoes were first observed, followed by resistant ones, this trend being similar for both loci. This observation is best explained by a migration phenomenon, northern and more susceptible populations starting to overwinter first, followed by southern and more resistant ones. During the remaining part of the winter (December-March), mosquitoes entering the cave were still caught and they probably corresponded to individuals leaving a former overwintering site in search of a more suitable one. A lower overall frequency of resistant phenotypes was found in the second part of the winter at Ester, suggesting that a large fitness cost (42%) had operated. A decreasing frequency of resistant phenotypes was also found at Ace.1, indicating a large survival cost of resistant mosquitoes (7% for the homozygote Ace.1R) in their former overwintering site. These results are discussed in the light of the local evolution of these resistance genes in southern France.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gazave
- Genetics of Adaptation, Laboratoire Génétique et Environment, Institut der Sciences de I'Evolution (UMR CNRS 5554), Université de Montpellier II (c. c. 065) F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Lenormand T, Bourguet D, Guillemaud T, Raymond M. Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Nature 1999; 400:861-4. [PMID: 10476962 DOI: 10.1038/23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of pesticide resistance provides some of the most striking examples of darwinian evolution occurring over a human life span. Identification of resistance alleles opens an outstanding framework in which to study the evolution of adaptive mutations from the beginning of pesticide application, the evolution of interactions between alleles (dominance) or between loci (epistasis). Here we show that resistance alleles can also be used as markers to dissect population processes at a microevolutionary scale. We have focused on the antagonistic roles of selection and migration involved in the dynamics of local adaptation with reference to allelic frequencies at two resistance loci in the mosquito Culex pipiens. We find that their frequencies follow an annual cycle of large amplitude (25%), and we precisely unravel the seasonal variation of migration and selection underlying this cycle. Our results provide a firm basis on which to devise an insecticide treatment strategy that will better control the evolution of resistance genes and the growth of mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenormand
- Laboratoire Génétique et Environment, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR 5554), Université Montpellier II, France.
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Otto SP, Bourguet D. Balanced Polymorphisms and the Evolution of Dominance. Am Nat 1999; 153:561-574. [DOI: 10.1086/303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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