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Saedi Y, Batista JR, Britto R, Grady D. Impacts of co-contaminants and dilution on perchlorate biodegradation using various carbon sources. Biodegradation 2023; 34:301-323. [PMID: 36598629 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-10013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the biodegradation of perchlorate in the presence of the co-contaminants nitrate and chlorate using soluble and slow-release carbon sources. In addition, the impact of bio-augmentation and dilution, which results in lower total dissolved salts (TDS) and contaminant levels, is examined. Laboratory microcosms were conducted using actual groundwater and soils from a contaminated aquifer. The results revealed that both soluble and slow-release carbon sources support biodegradation of contaminants in the sequence nitrate > chlorate > perchlorate. Degradation rates, including and excluding lag times, revealed that the overall impact of the presence of co-contaminants depends on degradation kinetics and the relative concentrations of the contaminants. When the lag time caused by the presence of the co-contaminants is considered, the degradation rates for chlorate and perchlorate were two to three times slower. The results also show that dilution causes lower initial contaminant concentrations, and consequently, slower degradation rates, which is not desirable. On the other hand, the dilution resulting from the injection of amendments to support remediation promotes desirably lower salinity levels. However, the salinity associated with the presence of sulfate does not inhibit biodegradation. The naturally occurring bacteria were able to support the degradation of all contaminants. Bio-augmentation was effective only in diluted microcosms. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla identified in the microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Saedi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4015, USA
| | - Jacimaria R Batista
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4015, USA.
| | - Ronnie Britto
- Tetra Tech Inc, 720 Coleherne Road, Collierville, TN, 38017, USA
| | - Dana Grady
- Tetra Tech Inc, 720 Coleherne Road, Collierville, TN, 38017, USA
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2
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Dong X, Yu K, Jia X, Zhang Y, Peng X. Perchlorate reduction kinetics and genome-resolved metagenomics identify metabolic interactions in acclimated saline lake perchlorate-reducing consortia. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 227:119343. [PMID: 36371918 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a widely detected environmental contaminant in surface and underground water, that seriously impacts human health by inhibiting the uptake of thyroidal radioiodine. Perchlorate reduction due to saline lake microorganisms is not as well understood as that in marine environments. In this study, we enriched a perchlorate-reducing microbial consortium collected from saline lake sediments and found that the perchlorate reduction kinetics of the enriched consortium fit the Michaelis-Menten kinetics well, with a maximum specific substrate reduction rate (qmax) of 0.596 ± 0.001 mg ClO4-/mg DW/h and half-saturation constant (Ks) of 16.549 ± 0.488 mg ClO4-/L. Furthermore, we used improved metagenome binning to reconstruct high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes from the metagenomes of the microbial consortia, including the perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) Dechloromonas agitata and Wolinella succinogenes, with the genome of W. succinogenes harboring complete functional genes for perchlorate reduction being the first recovered. Given that the electrons were directly transferred to the electronic carrier cytochrome c-553 from the quinone pool, the electron transfer pathway of W. succinogenes was shorter and more efficient than the canonical pattern. This finding provides a theoretical basis for microbial remediation of sites contaminated by high concentrations of perchlorate. Metagenomic binning and metatranscriptomic analyses revealed the gene transcription variation of perchlorate reductase pcr and chlorite dismutase cld by PRB and the synergistic metabolic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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3
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Zhao B, Sun Z, Liu Y. An overview of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149981. [PMID: 34517309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the increasing nitrate pollution in groundwater, in-situ remediation has been widely studied and applied on field-scale as an efficient, economical and less disturbing remediation technology. In this review, we discussed various in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and elaborate on biostimulation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, permeable reactive barrier and combined remediation. This review described principles of each in-situ remediation, application, the latest progress, problems and challenges on field-scale. Factors affecting the efficiency of in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater are also summarized. Finally, this review presented the prospect of in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater. The objective of this review is to examine the state of knowledge on in-situ remediation for nitrate in groundwater and critically evaluate factors which affect the up-scaling of laboratory and bench-scale research to field-scale application. This helps to better understand the control mechanisms of various in-situ remediation for nitrate pollution in groundwater and the design options available for application to the field-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhao
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanxue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Yajie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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4
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Duffner C, Holzapfel S, Wunderlich A, Einsiedl F, Schloter M, Schulz S. Dechloromonas and close relatives prevail during hydrogenotrophic denitrification in stimulated microcosms with oxic aquifer material. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6081091. [PMID: 33428716 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally occurring nitrate pollution in groundwater is harming the environment and human health. In situ hydrogen addition to stimulate denitrification has been proposed as a remediation strategy. However, observed nitrite accumulation and incomplete denitrification are severe drawbacks that possibly stem from the specific microbial community composition. We set up a microcosm experiment comprising sediment and groundwater from a nitrate polluted oxic oligotrophic aquifer. After the microcosms were sparged with hydrogen gas, samples were taken regularly within 122 h for nitrate and nitrite measurements, community composition analysis via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gene and transcript quantification via qPCR of reductase genes essential for complete denitrification. The highest nitrate reduction rates and greatest increase in bacterial abundance coincided with a 15.3-fold increase in relative abundance of Rhodocyclaceae, specifically six ASVs that are closely related to the genus Dechloromonas. The denitrification reductase genes napA, nirS and clade I nosZ also increased significantly over the observation period. We conclude that taxa of the genus Dechloromonas are the prevailing hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers in this nitrate polluted aquifer and the ability of hydrogenotrophic denitrification under the given conditions is species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Duffner
- Chair of Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Holzapfel
- Chair of Hydrogeology, Technical University Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Wunderlich
- Chair of Hydrogeology, Technical University Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Einsiedl
- Chair of Hydrogeology, Technical University Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Chair of Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Rossmassler K, Snow CD, Taggart D, Brown C, De Long SK. Advancing biomarkers for anaerobic o-xylene biodegradation via metagenomic analysis of a methanogenic consortium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4177-4192. [PMID: 30968165 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying functional biomarker genes and their transcripts provides critical lines of evidence for contaminant biodegradation; however, accurate quantification depends on qPCR primers that contain no, or minimal, mismatches with the target gene. Developing accurate assays has been particularly challenging for genes encoding fumarate-adding enzymes (FAE) due to the high level of genetic diversity in this gene family. In this study, metagenomics applied to a field-derived, o-xylene-degrading methanogenic consortium revealed genes encoding FAE that would not be accurately quantifiable by any previously available PCR assays. Sequencing indicated that a gene similar to the napthylmethylsuccinate synthase gene (nmsA) was most abundant, although benzylsuccinate synthase genes (bssA) also were present along with genes encoding alkylsuccinate synthase (assA). Upregulation of the nmsA-like gene was observed during o-xylene degradation. Protein homology modeling indicated that mutations in the active site, relative to a BssA that acts on toluene, increase binding site volume and accessibility, potentially to accommodate the relatively larger o-xylene. The new nmsA-like gene was also detected at substantial concentrations at field sites with a history of xylene contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rossmassler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Snow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Casey Brown
- Microbial Insights, Inc., Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Susan K De Long
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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6
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Engelbrektson A, Briseno V, Liu Y, Figueroa I, Yee M, Shao GL, Carlson H, Coates JD. Mitigating Sulfidogenesis With Simultaneous Perchlorate and Nitrate Treatments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2305. [PMID: 30337913 PMCID: PMC6180152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfide biogenesis (souring) in oil reservoirs is an extensive and costly problem. Nitrate is currently used as a souring inhibitor but often requires high concentrations and yields inconsistent results. Recently, perchlorate has displayed promise as a more potent inhibitor in lab scale studies. However, combining the two treatments to determine synergy and effectiveness in a dynamic system has never been tested. Nitrate inhibits perchlorate consumption by perchlorate reducing bacteria, suggesting that the combined treatment may allow deeper penetration of the perchlorate into the reservoir matrix. Furthermore, the metabolic intermediates of perchlorate and nitrate reduction (nitrite and chlorite, respectively) are synergistic with the primary electron acceptors for inhibition of sulfate reduction. To assess the possible synergies between nitrate and perchlorate treatments, triplicate glass columns packed with pre-soured marine sediment were flushed with media containing sulfate and an inhibitor treatment [(i) perchlorate; (ii) nitrate; (iii) perchlorate and nitrate; or (iv) none]. Internal geochemistry and microbial community changes were monitored along the length of the columns during six phases of increasing treatment concentrations. In a final phase all treatments were removed. Sulfide production decreased in all treated columns in conjunction with increased inhibitor concentrations relative to the untreated control. Interestingly, the potency of the "mixed" treatment was additive relative to the individual treatments suggesting no interaction. Microbial community analyses indicated community shifts and clustering by treatment. The mixed treatment column community's trajectory closely resembled that of the community found in the perchlorate only treatment, suggesting that perchlorate was the dominant control on the "mixed" community structure. In contrast, the nitrate and untreated column communities had unique trajectories. This study indicates that concurrent nitrate and perchlorate treatment is not more effective than perchlorate treatment alone but is more effective than nitrate treatment. As such, treatment decisions may be based on economic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Engelbrektson
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Briseno
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Israel Figueroa
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Megan Yee
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Gong Li Shao
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hans Carlson
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John D Coates
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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7
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Pous N, Balaguer MD, Colprim J, Puig S. Opportunities for groundwater microbial electro-remediation. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 11:119-135. [PMID: 28984425 PMCID: PMC5743827 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater pollution is a serious worldwide concern. Aromatic compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, metals and nutrients among others can be widely found in different aquifers all over the world. However, there is a lack of sustainable technologies able to treat these kinds of compounds. Microbial electro‐remediation, by the means of microbial electrochemical technologies (MET), can become a promising alternative in the near future. MET can be applied for groundwater treatment in situ or ex situ, as well as for monitoring the chemical state or the microbiological activity. This document reviews the current knowledge achieved on microbial electro‐remediation of groundwater and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcís Pous
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolors Balaguer
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Colprim
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Sebastià Puig
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Spain
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8
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Tang Y, Zhong B, Qu B, Feng S, Ding S, Su S, Li Z, Gan Z. Occurrence of perchlorate in groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil from Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:752-757. [PMID: 28440376 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 28 groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and its rhizosphere soil samples were collected from Chengdu, China to detect perchlorate levels and to evaluate the relationships of perchlorate concentrations among these matrices. The perchlorate concentrations in the groundwater, farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil samples ranged from below detection limit to 60.2 μg L-1, from below detection limit to 249 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), from 2.07 to 1010 μg kg-1 wet weight, and from below detection limit to 314 μg kg-1 dw, respectively. Significant correlation was found in the perchlorate levels among the farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil, suggesting that they have common pollution sources, or perchlorate might transfer from farmland soil-rhizosphere soil-plant. However, there is no significant correlation between groundwater and the other three matrices, indicating that infiltration from perchlorate contaminated farmland soil was not the predominant source for groundwater pollution in Chengdu. The perchlorate concentrations in the farmland soil and lettuce samples were significantly higher than those in the rhizosphere soil, primarily due to uptake of perchlorate through the rhizosphere micro-environment by lettuce, or accelerated degradation by rhizospheric microorganisms, which contributed more needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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9
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Avishai L, Siebner H, Dahan O, Ronen Z. Using the natural biodegradation potential of shallow soils for in-situ remediation of deep vadose zone and groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:398-405. [PMID: 27836410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the ability of top soil to degrade perchlorate from infiltrating polluted groundwater under unsaturated conditions. Column experiments designed to simulate typical remediation operation of daily wetting and draining cycles of contaminated water amended with an electron donor. Covering the infiltration area with bentonite ensured anaerobic conditions. The soil remained unsaturated, and redox potential dropped to less than -200mV. Perchlorate was reduced continuously from ∼1150mg/L at the inlet to ∼300mg/L at the outlet in daily cycles. Removal efficiency was between 60 and 84%. No signs of bioclogging were observed during three operation months although occasional iron reduction observed due to excess electron donor. Changes in perchlorate reducing bacteria numbers were inferred from an increased in pcrA gene abundances from ∼105 to 107 copied per gram at the end of the experiment indicating the growth of perchlorate-reducing bacteria. We proposed that the topsoil may serve as a bioreactor to treat high concentrations of perchlorate from the contaminated groundwater. The treated water that infiltrates from the topsoil through the vadose zone could be used to flush perchlorate from the deep vadose zone into the groundwater where it is retrieved again for treatment in the topsoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Avishai
- Department of Environmental Hydrology & Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Hagar Siebner
- Department of Environmental Hydrology & Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Ofer Dahan
- Department of Environmental Hydrology & Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 8499000, Israel.
| | - Zeev Ronen
- Department of Environmental Hydrology & Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 8499000, Israel.
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10
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Zhu Y, Gao N, Chu W, Wang S, Xu J. Bacterial reduction of highly concentrated perchlorate: Kinetics and influence of co-existing electron acceptors, temperature, pH and electron donors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:188-194. [PMID: 26807938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate reduction kinetics and effects of various environmental conditions on removal of perchlorate from synthetic water were investigated to seek high-strength perchlorate removal using mixed perchlorate reducing bacteria. Results demonstrated that perchlorate (50-1500 mg L(-1)) could be degraded rapidly within 28 h under the optimal conditions. The maximum specific perchlorate reduction rate (qmax) and half saturation constant (Ks) were 0.92 mg-perchlorate (mg-dry weight)(-1) h(-1) and 157.7 mg L(-1), respectively. In the ClO4(-)-NO3(-) systems obvious but recoverable lags were caused in perchlorate reduction and the lag time increased with the ratio of nitrate to perchlorate concentration increasing from 0.5 to 3. While in the ClO4(-)-SO4(2-) systems inhibitions didn't occur until the ratio of sulfate to perchlorate concentration exceeded 10. The optimum temperature and pH value were 35 °C and 6.85, respectively. The optimal acetate-to-perchlorate ratio that could consume all perchlorate and acetate simultaneously was about 2. Dechloromonas, one of the most prominent perchlorate reducing bacteria, was identified as the dominant bacterium in the acclimated culture (69.33% of the whole clones). The study demonstrated that the perchlorate-acclimated mixed microorganisms can readily and efficiently realize reduction of highly concentrated perchlorate in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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11
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Guan X, Xie Y, Wang J, Wang J, Liu F. Electron donors and co-contaminants affect microbial community composition and activity in perchlorate degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6057-6067. [PMID: 25382499 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although microbial reduction of perchlorate (ClO4(-)) is a promising and effective method, our knowledge on the changes in microbial communities during ClO4(-) degradation is limited, especially when different electron donors are supplied and/or other contaminants are present. Here, we examined the effects of acetate and hydrogen as electron donors and nitrate and ammonium as co-contaminants on ClO4(-) degradation by anaerobic microcosms using six treatments. The process of degradation was divided into the lag stage (SI) and the accelerated stage (SII). Quantitative PCR was used to quantify four genes: pcrA (encoding perchlorate reductase), cld (encoding chlorite dismutase), nirS (encoding copper and cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase), and 16S rRNA. While the degradation of ClO4(-) with acetate, nitrate, and ammonia system (PNA) was the fastest with the highest abundance of the four genes, it was the slowest in the autotrophic system (HYP). The pcrA gene accumulated in SI and played a key role in initiating the accelerated degradation of ClO4(-) when its abundance reached a peak. Degradation in SII was primarily maintained by the cld gene. Acetate inhibited the growth of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB), but its effect was weakened by nitrate (NO3(-)), which promoted the growth of PRB in SI, and therefore, accelerated the ClO4(-) degradation rate. In addition, ammonia (NH4(+)), as nitrogen sources, accelerated the growth of PRB. The bacterial communities' structure and diversity were significantly affected by electron donors and co-contaminants. Under heterotrophic conditions, both ammonia and nitrate promoted Azospira as the most dominant genera, a fact that might significantly influence the rate of ClO4(-) natural attenuation by degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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12
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Sheu YT, Chen SC, Chien CC, Chen CC, Kao CM. Application of a long-lasting colloidal substrate with pH and hydrogen sulfide control capabilities to remediate TCE-contaminated groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 284:222-232. [PMID: 25463237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A long-lasting emulsified colloidal substrate (LECS) was developed for continuous carbon and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) release to remediate trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater under reductive dechlorinating conditions. The developed LECS contained nZVI, vegetable oil, surfactants (Simple Green™ and lecithin), molasses, lactate, and minerals. An emulsification study was performed to evaluate the globule droplet size and stability of LECS. The results show that a stable oil-in-water emulsion with uniformly small droplets (0.7 μm) was produced, which could continuously release the primary substrates. The emulsified solution could serve as the dispensing agent, and nZVI particles (with diameter 100-200 nm) were distributed in the emulsion evenly without aggregation. Microcosm results showed that the LECS caused a rapid increase in the total organic carbon concentration (up to 488 mg/L), and reductive dechlorination of TCE was significantly enhanced. Up to 99% of TCE (with initial concentration of 7.4 mg/L) was removed after 130 days of operation. Acidification was prevented by the production of hydroxide ion by the oxidation of nZVI. The formation of iron sulfide reduced the odor from produced hydrogen sulfide. Microbial analyses reveal that dechlorinating bacteria existed in soils, which might contribute to TCE dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Sheu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S C Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - C C Chien
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - C C Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C M Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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13
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Xie D, Yu H, Li C, Ren Y, Wei C, Feng C. Competitive microbial reduction of perchlorate and nitrate with a cathode directly serving as the electron donor. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Höhener P, Ponsin V. In situ vadose zone bioremediation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 27:1-7. [PMID: 24863890 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of the vadose zone with various pollutants is a world-wide problem, and often technical or economic constraints impose remediation without excavation. In situ bioremediation in the vadose zone by bioventing has become a standard remediation technology for light spilled petroleum products. In this review, focus is given on new in situ bioremediation strategies in the vadose zone targeting a variety of other pollutants such as perchlorate, nitrate, uranium, chromium, halogenated solvents, explosives and pesticides. The techniques for biostimulation of either oxidative or reductive degradation pathways are presented, and biotransformations to immobile pollutants are discussed in cases of non-degradable pollutants. Furthermore, research on natural attenuation in the vadose zone is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Marseille, France.
| | - Violaine Ponsin
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Marseille, France; French Environment and Energy Management Agency, 20 avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, Angers Cedex 01, France
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Xiao Y, Roberts DJ. Kinetics analysis of a salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacterium: effects of sodium, magnesium, and nitrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8666-8673. [PMID: 23789987 DOI: 10.1021/es400835t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacteria can be used to regenerate ion-exchange brines or resins exhausted with perchlorate. A salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing Marinobacter vinifirmus strain P4B1 was recently purified. This study determined the effects of Na(+) and Mg(2+) concentrations on the perchlorate reduction rate of P4B1. The results showed that strain P4B1 could utilize perchlorate and grow in the presence of 1.8% to 10.2% NaCl. Lower NaCl concentrations allowed faster perchlorate reduction. The addition of Mg(2+) to the culture showed significant effects on perchlorate reduction when perchlorate was the sole electron acceptor. A molar Mg(2+)/Na(+) ratio of ∼0.11 optimized perchlorate degradation and cell growth. When perchlorate and nitrate were both present, nitrate reduction did not start significantly until perchlorate was below 100 mg/L. Tests with washed cell suspensions indicated that strain P4B1 had both perchlorate and nitrate reduction enzymes. When the culture was exposed to both perchlorate and nitrate, the nitrate reduction enzyme activity was low. The maximum specific substrate utilization rate (Vm) and the half saturation coefficient (KS) for P4B1 (30 g/L NaCl) determined in this study were 0.049 ± 0.003 mg ClO4(-)/mg VSS-h and 18 ± 4 mg ClO4(-)/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyuan Xiao
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia (Okanagan), 4261 EME Building, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Nadaraja AV, Veetil PGP, Vidyadharan A, Bhaskaran K. Kinetics of chlorite dismutase in a perchlorate degrading reactor sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:2353-2359. [PMID: 24350491 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.770557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of chlorite dismutase (CD), the terminal enzyme involved in the perchlorate (ClO4(-)) reduction pathway, in a ClO4(-)-degrading bioreactor are reported in this study. Enzyme activity was determined from dissolved oxygen released during disproportionation of chlorite (ClO2(-)). CD activity was in the range 29.8-36.4 U/mg dry weight sludge, and kinetic constants Vmax and K(m) of the enzyme were 37.83 U/mg dry weight and 0.28 mM, respectively. Among reactor operational conditions, enzyme activity was observed at pH 4.0-9.0, with an optimum at pH 6.0. Redox potential in the range -50 to +120mV and NaCl up to 3.5 g/L had no significant effect on CD activity. However, co-occurring pollutants such as ammonium at 10 ppm, nitrite at 50 ppm and EDTA at 100 microM reduced CD activity substantially. The present study highlights ideal bioreactor conditions to avoid ClO2(-) toxicity, while indicating the buffering potential of a mixed microbial system against inhibiting factors to maintain stable CD activity in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
| | | | - Athira Vidyadharan
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
| | - Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-19, India
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Vijaya Nadaraja A, Gangadharan Puthiya Veetil P, Bhaskaran K. Perchlorate reduction by an isolated Serratia marcescens strain under high salt and extreme pH. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 339:117-21. [PMID: 23216164 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An isolated Serratia marcescens strain exhibited growth-coupled perchlorate (ClO4 -) reduction under anoxic conditions. Perchlorate was reduced completely with stoichiometric chloride buildup and equimolar acetate consumption. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of pcrA and cld genes coding for key enzymes involved in the ClO4 - degradation pathway. The isolate degraded ClO4 - under high salt (up to 15% NaCl) and a wide range of pH (4.0-9.0), as well as simultaneously reduced nitrate and ClO4 -.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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