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Wasunan P, Maneewong C, Daengprok W, Thirabunyanon M. Bioactive Earthworm Peptides Produced by Novel Protease-Producing Bacillus velezensis PM 35 and Its Bioactivities on Liver Cancer Cell Death via Apoptosis, Antioxidant Activity, Protection Against Oxidative Stress, and Immune Cell Activation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892945. [PMID: 36033863 PMCID: PMC9399677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms have long been used as traditional medicine. The purposes of this research were to create bioactive peptides from the unique Amynthas arenulus earthworm (PAAEs) and test their potentials on liver cancer bioprophylactic activity, antioxidant, oxidative stress protection, and immune cell activation. This earthworm had a high protein content ratio, at 55.39%. Besides, PM 35 is one out of 58 bacteria isolated from the earthworm carcasses that exhibited the highest protease and yield protein production which was chosen as the protease-producing bacteria to hydrolyze the protein. The genera were identified by 16S rRNA and 16S–23S rRNA comparison and confirmed as Bacillus velezensis PM 35. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize these hydrolysis parameters, i.e., the enzyme/substrate (E/S) concentration ratio [1%–3% (v/v)] and time (1–3 h) of the hydrolyzing earthworm’s proteins. The optimal hydrolyzing conditions were 3% (v/v) of E/S concentration ratio and 3 h of hydrolysis time, which found protein-hydrolysate yield (24.62%) and degree of hydrolysis (85.45%) as the highest. After being challenged in the gastrointestinal tract-resistant model, these PAAEs (MW <3 and 3–5 kDa) induced liver cancer cell (HepG2) death via apoptotic action modes (cell morphological change and DNA fragmentation). The PAAEs (MW <3 kDa) exhibited significant antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP with IC50 values of 0.94, 0.44, and 6.34 mg/ml, respectively. The PAAEs (MW < 3 kDa) were non-cytotoxic and protected the mouse fibroblast cells (L929) against oxidative stress. These PAAEs (MW < 3 kDa, 0.2 mg/ml) stimulated the B lymphocytes (122.3%), and T lymphocytes (126.7%) proliferation. This research suggests that PAAEs can be used in a variety of applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimphan Wasunan
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chutamas Maneewong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wichittra Daengprok
- Program in Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Agroindustry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Thirabunyanon
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Mongkol Thirabunyanon,
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Subta P, Yodsuwan P, Yongsawas R, In-on A, Warrit N, Panha S, Khongphinitbunjong K, Chantawannakul P, Attasopa K, Disayathanoowat T. Bacterial Communities in Three Parts of Intestinal Tracts of Carpenter Bees ( Xylocopa tenuiscapa). INSECTS 2020; 11:E497. [PMID: 32756386 PMCID: PMC7469164 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated different bacterial communities in three intestinal parts (foregut, midgut and hindgut) of Xylocopatenuiscapa to understand the roles of gut bacteria. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that X. tenuiscapa is closely related to Xylocopa latipes. The 16S rRNA gene in the genomic DNA samples from the gut was examined by illumina (Solexa) and a total of 998 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) clusters were found. Taxonomic classification identified 16 bacterial phyla and unclassified bacteria. The dominant bacteria taxa in the three parts of X. tenuiscapa gut were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In the foregut, Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriaceae were predominantly found. The population in the midgut was similar to that in the foregut, with the addition of Gilliamella, which was also abundant. The most dominant bacteria identified in the hindgut were similar to those in the midgut and Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Gilliamella, Bifidobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae appeared in abundance. Moreover, our results suggest that a community structure of bacteria in different parts of X. tenuiscapa's gut may be an important indicator of carpenter bees' health. This functional study of bacterial communities revealed significant differences among the three intestinal parts and is the first report of the gut bacteria structure in solitary bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phakamas Subta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.Y.); (R.Y.); (P.C.)
| | - Phongsathon Yodsuwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.Y.); (R.Y.); (P.C.)
| | - Rujipas Yongsawas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.Y.); (R.Y.); (P.C.)
| | - Ammarin In-on
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian Campus), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand;
| | - Natapot Warrit
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Somsak Panha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | | | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.Y.); (R.Y.); (P.C.)
| | - Korrawat Attasopa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.S.); (P.Y.); (R.Y.); (P.C.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Zhang J, Wang PC, Fang L, Zhang QA, Yan CS, Chen JY. Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Mushroom Residues and their Effect on Tomato Plant Growth Promotion. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:57-65. [DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is a major essential macronutrient for plant growth, and most of the phosphorus in soil remains in insoluble form. Highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can be used to increase phosphorus in the plant rhizosphere. In this study, 13 isolates were obtained from waste mushroom residues, which were composed of cotton seed hulls, corn cob, biogas residues, and wood flour. NBRIP solid medium was used for isolation according to the dissolved phosphorus halo. Eight isolates produced indole acetic acid (61.5%), and six isolates produced siderophores (46.2%). Three highest phosphate-dissolving bacterial isolates, namely, M01, M04, and M11, were evaluated for their beneficial effects on the early growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. Wanza 15). Strains M01, M04, and M11 significantly increased the shoot dry weight by 30.5%, 32.6%, and 26.2%, and root dry weight by 27.1%, 33.1%, and 25.6%, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and phylogenetic positions, strains M01 and M04 belonged to the genus Acinetobacter, and strain M11 belonged to the genus Ochrobactrum. The findings suggest that waste mushroom residues are a potential resource of plant growth-promoting bacteria exhibiting satisfactory phosphate-solubilizing for sustainable agriculture.
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Cultivation-dependent assessment, diversity, and ecology of haloalkaliphilic bacteria in arid saline systems of southern Tunisia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:648141. [PMID: 24324969 PMCID: PMC3842069 DOI: 10.1155/2013/648141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haloalkaliphiles are polyextremophiles adapted to grow at high salt concentrations and alkaline pH values. In this work, we isolated 122 haloalkaliphilic bacteria upon enrichments of 23 samples from 5 distinct saline systems of southern Tunisia, growing optimally in media with 10% salt and at pH 10. The collection was classified into 44 groups based on the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes allowed the identification of 13 genera and 20 distinct species. Three gram-positive isolates showing between 95 and 96% of 16S rRNA sequence homology with Bacillus saliphilus could represent new species or genus. Beside the difference in bacterial diversity between the studied sites, several species ecological niches correlations were demonstrated such as Oceanobacillus in salt crust, Nesterenkonia in sand, and Salinicoccus in the rhizosphere of the desert plant Salicornia. The collection was further evaluated for the production of extracellular enzymes. Activity tests showed that gram-positive bacteria were mostly active, particularly for protease, lipase, DNase, and amylase production. Our overall results demonstrate the huge phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of haloalkaliphiles in saline systems of southern Tunisia which represent a valuable source of new lineages and metabolites.
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León M, Yaryura PM, Montecchia MS, Hernández AI, Correa OS, Pucheu NL, Kerber NL, García AF. Antifungal activity of selected indigenous pseudomonas and bacillus from the soybean rhizosphere. Int J Microbiol 2009; 2009:572049. [PMID: 20016811 PMCID: PMC2789335 DOI: 10.1155/2009/572049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to isolate and select indigenous soil Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria capable of developing multiple mechanisms of action related to the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi affecting soybean crops. The screening procedure consisted of antagonism tests against a panel of phytopathogenic fungi, taxonomic identification, detection by PCR of several genes related to antifungal activity, in vitro detection of the antifungal products, and root colonization assays. Two isolates, identified and designated as Pseudomonas fluorescens BNM296 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BNM340, were selected for further studies. These isolates protected plants against the damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum and were able to increase the seedling emergence rate after inoculation of soybean seeds with each bacterium. Also, the shoot nitrogen content was higher in plants when seeds were inoculated with BNM296. The polyphasic approach of this work allowed us to select two indigenous bacterial strains that promoted the early development of soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. León
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. M. Yaryura
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. S. Montecchia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. I. Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O. S. Correa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. L. Pucheu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. L. Kerber
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. F. García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Daffonchio D, Raddadi N, Merabishvili M, Cherif A, Carmagnola L, Brusetti L, Rizzi A, Chanishvili N, Visca P, Sharp R, Borin S. Strategy for identification of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains closely related to Bacillus anthracis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1295-301. [PMID: 16461679 PMCID: PMC1392923 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1295-1301.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus strains that are genetically closely related to B. anthracis can display anthrax-like virulence traits (A. R. Hoffmaster et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:8449-8454, 2004). Hence, approaches that rapidly identify these "near neighbors" are of great interest for the study of B. anthracis virulence mechanisms, as well as to prevent the use of such strains for B. anthracis-based bioweapon development. Here, a strategy is proposed for the identification of near neighbors of B. anthracis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (ITS) containing tRNA genes, characteristic of B. anthracis. By using restriction site insertion-PCR (RSI-PCR) the presence of two SNP typical of B. anthracis was screened in 126 B. cereus group strains of different origin. Two B. cereus strains and one B. thuringiensis strain showed RSI-PCR profiles identical to that of B. anthracis. The sequencing of the entire ITS containing tRNA genes revealed two of the strains to be identical to B. anthracis. The strict relationship with B. anthracis was confirmed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of four other independent loci: cerA, plcR, AC-390, and SG-749. The relationship to B. anthracis of the three strains described by MLST was comparable and even higher to that of four B. cereus strains associated with periodontitis in humans and previously reported as the closest known strains to B. anthracis. SNP in ITS containing tRNA genes combined with RSI-PCR provide a very efficient tool for the identification of strains closely related to B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Daffonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Osorio CR, Collins MD, Romalde JL, Toranzo AE. Variation in 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions in Photobacterium damselae: a mosaic-like structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:636-45. [PMID: 15691912 PMCID: PMC546723 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.2.636-645.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypically, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and P. damselae subsp. damselae are easily distinguished. However, their 16S rRNA gene sequences are identical, and attempts to discriminate these two subspecies by molecular tools are hampered by their high level of DNA-DNA similarity. The 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were sequenced in two strains of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and two strains of P. damselae subsp. damselae to determine the level of molecular diversity in this DNA region. A total of 17 different ITS variants, ranging from 803 to 296 bp were found, some of which were subspecies or strain specific. The largest ITS contained four tRNA genes (tDNAs) coding for tRNA(Glu(UUC)), tRNA(Lys(UUU)), tRNA(Val(UAC)), and tRNA(Ala(GGC)). Five amplicons contained tRNA(Glu(UUC)) combined with two additional tRNA genes, including tRNA(Lys(UUU)), tRNA(Val(UAC)), or tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Five amplicons contained tRNA(Ile(GAU)) and tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Two amplicons contained tRNA(Glu(UUC)) and tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Two different isoacceptor tRNA(Ala) genes (GGC and UGC anticodons) were found. The five smallest amplicons contained no tRNA genes. The tRNA-gene combinations tRNA(Glu(UUC))-tRNA(Val(UAC))-tRNA(Ala(UGC)) and tRNA(Glu(UUC))-tRNA(Ala(UGC)) have not been previously reported in bacterial ITS regions. The number of copies of the ribosomal operon (rrn) in the P. damselae chromosome ranged from at least 9 to 12. For ITS variants coexisting in two strains of different subspecies or in strains of the same subspecies, nucleotide substitution percentages ranged from 0 to 2%. The main source of variation between ITS variants was due to different combinations of DNA sequence blocks, constituting a mosaic-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Osorio
- Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía e Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Daffonchio D, Cherif A, Brusetti L, Rizzi A, Mora D, Boudabous A, Borin S. Nature of polymorphisms in 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer fingerprinting of Bacillus and related genera. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5128-37. [PMID: 12957895 PMCID: PMC194986 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5128-5137.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) between the 16S and 23S rRNA genetic loci are frequently used in PCR fingerprinting to discriminate bacterial strains at the species and intraspecies levels. We investigated the molecular nature of polymorphisms in ITS-PCR fingerprinting of low-G+C-content spore-forming bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, and Paenibacillus: We found that besides the polymorphisms in the homoduplex fragments amplified by PCR, heteroduplex products formed during PCR between amplicons from different ribosomal operons, with or without tRNA genes in the ITS, contribute to the interstrain variability in ITS-PCR fingerprinting patterns obtained in polyacrylamide-based gel matrices. The heteroduplex nature of the discriminating bands was demonstrated by fragment separation in denaturing polyacrylamide gels, by capillary electrophoresis, and by cloning, sequencing, and recombination of purified short and tRNA gene-containing long ITS. We also found that heteroduplex product formation is enhanced by increasing the number of PCR cycles. Homoduplex-heteroduplex polymorphisms (HHP) in a conserved region, such as the 16S and 23S rRNA gene ITS, allowed discrimination of closely related strains and species undistinguishable by other methods, indicating that ITS-HHP analysis is an easy and reproducible additional tool for strain typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Daffonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Cherif A, Borin S, Rizzi A, Ouzari H, Boudabous A, Daffonchio D. Bacillus anthracis diverges from related clades of the Bacillus cereus group in 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic transcribed spacers containing tRNA genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:33-40. [PMID: 12513974 PMCID: PMC152393 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.33-40.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2002] [Accepted: 09/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mung bean nuclease treatment of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) amplified from several strains of the six species of the Bacillus cereus group showed that B. anthracis Davis TE702 and B. mycoides G2 have other intermediate fragments in addition to the 220- and 550-bp homoduplex fragments typical of the B. cereus group. Long and intermediate homoduplex ITS fragments from strains Davis TE702 and G2 and from another 19 strains of the six species were sequenced. Two main types of ITS were found, either with two tRNA genes (tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Ala)) or without any at all. Strain Davis TE702 harbors an additional ITS with a single tRNA gene, a hybrid between the tRNA(Ile) and tRNA(Ala) genes, suggesting that a recombination event rather than a deletion generated the single tDNA-containing ITS. Strain G2 showed an additional ITS of intermediate length with no tDNA and no similarity to other known sequences. Neighbor-joining analysis of tDNA-containing long ITS indicated that B. cereus and B. thuringiensis represent a single clade. Three signature sequences discriminated B. anthracis from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, indicating that the anthrax agent started evolving separately from the related clades of the B. cereus group. B. mycoides and B. weienstephanensis were very closely related, while B. pseudomycoides appeared the most distant species.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillus anthracis/classification
- Bacillus anthracis/genetics
- Bacillus cereus/classification
- Bacillus cereus/genetics
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Ala/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Ile/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameur Cherif
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Jensen GB, Larsen P, Jacobsen BL, Madsen B, Smidt L, Andrup L. Bacillus thuringiensis in fecal samples from greenhouse workers after exposure to B. thuringiensis-based pesticides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4900-5. [PMID: 12324337 PMCID: PMC126423 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.10.4900-4905.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study of occupational exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis, 20 exposed greenhouse workers were examined for Bacillus cereus-like bacteria in fecal samples and on biomonitoring filters. Bacteria with the following characteristics were isolated from eight individuals: intracellular crystalline inclusions characteristic of B. thuringiensis, genes for and production of B. cereus enterotoxins, and positivity for cry11 as determined by PCR. DNA fingerprints of the fecal isolates were identical to those of strains isolated from the commercial products used. Work processes (i.e., spraying) correlated with the presence of B. thuringiensis in the fecal samples (10(2) to 10(3) CFU/g of feces). However, no gastrointestinal symptoms correlated with the presence of B. thuringiensis in the fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert B Jensen
- Department of Chemical Working Environments, National Institute of Occupational Health, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Daffonchio D, Cherif A, Borin S. Homoduplex and heteroduplex polymorphisms of the amplified ribosomal 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers describe genetic relationships in the "Bacillus cereus group". Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:5460-8. [PMID: 11097928 PMCID: PMC92482 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.12.5460-5468.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus weihenstephanensis are closely related in phenotype and genotype, and their genetic relationship is still open to debate. The present work uses amplified 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers (ITS) to discriminate between the strains and species and to describe the genetic relationships within the "B. cereus group," advantage being taken of homoduplex-heteroduplex polymorphisms (HHP) resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. One hundred forty-one strains belonging to the six species were investigated, and 73 ITS-HHP pattern types were distinguished by MDE, a polyacrylamide matrix specifically designed to resolve heteroduplex and single-strand conformation polymorphisms. The discriminating bands were confirmed as ITS by Southern hybridization, and the homoduplex or heteroduplex nature was identified by single-stranded DNA mung bean nuclease digestion. Several of the ITS-HHP types corresponded to specific phenotypes such as B. anthracis or serotypes of B. thuringiensis. Unweighted pair group method arithmetic average cluster analysis revealed two main groups. One included B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. pseudomycoides. The second included B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis appeared as a lineage of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Daffonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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