Intrathecal interferon in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases

Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver.

Trends in treatment and outcomes of pediatric craniopharyngioma, 1975-2011

BACKGROUND

Craniopharyngioma tumors and their treatment can lead to significant long-term morbidity due to their proximity to vital structures. The optimal treatment has been debated for many years. We aimed to review the long-term outcomes of children treated for craniopharyngioma in our institution over the past decade and describe trends in treatment and outcomes over the past 3 decades.

METHODS

Charts of children with craniopharyngioma treated and followed at The Hospital for Sick Children between 2001 and 2011 were reviewed. Data regarding findings at diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Comparison was made with previously published data from our institution.

RESULTS

Data from 33 patients are included; mean age at treatment, 10.7 ± 4.8 years. In 18 children (55%), the initial surgical approach was tumor cyst decompression with or without adjuvant therapy, compared with only 0-2% in the preceding decades (P < .01). Diabetes insipidus occurred in 55% of children and panhypopituitarism in 58% compared with 88% (P < .01) and 86% (P < .01), respectively, in the previous 10 years. Overall, there was a 36% reduction in the number of children who developed severe obesity compared with the preceding decade. Body mass index at follow-up was associated with body mass index at diagnosis (P = .004) and tumor resection as an initial treatment approach (P = .028).

CONCLUSIONS

A shift in surgical treatment approach away from gross total resection has led to improved endocrine outcomes. This may have beneficial implications for quality of life in survivors.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: results of the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is so rare in developed countries with measles immunization programs that national active surveillance is now needed to capture sufficient number of cases for meaningful analysis of data. Through the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), the SSPE study was able to document a national incidence and determine the epidemiology of affected Canadian children.

METHODS

Between 1997 and 2000, the CPSP surveyed monthly 1978 to 2294 Canadian pediatricians and sub-specialists for SSPE cases. The response rate varied from 82-86% over those years.

RESULTS

Altogether, four SSPE cases were reported to the CPSP: one case before, two during and one after the study period. The incidence of SSPE in Canadian children was 0.06/million children/year. Of the four cases, diagnosed between ages four and 17 years, three children had measles infection in infancy. All children showed a progressive course of dementia, loss of motor skills and epilepsy. Two children were treated with isoprinosine and intraventricular interferon but died in less than three years from disease onset. One child did not have any treatment and died after seven years of illness. One child received intraventricular ribavirin and remains alive, but markedly impaired, nine years following diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

The CPSP has demonstrated that Canadian paediatricians and paediatric neurologists may encounter cases of SSPE. This report highlights the clinical course of affected Canadian children and provides a review of the disease and its management.

Treatment of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with interferon-alpha, ribavirin, and inosiplex

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is an almost universally fatal late complication of measles infection for which there is no established treatment. We report a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis who was bed-bound and ataxic and had a left hemiparesis and frequent myoclonus. He was started on a new regimen consisting of intraventricular interferon-alpha (starting at 100,000 U/m2/day, building up to 1 million U/m2/day), ribavirin (60 mg/kg/day intravenously), and inosiplex (3 g/day) and improved markedly. At 10 weeks, the intraventricular reservoir was removed because of bacterial infection, and he was discharged home on oral ribavirin (1200 mg/kg/day) and inosiplex. He continued to improve as judged by neurologic examination, functional independence measurement, neuropsychometry and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. However, after 10 months, he deteriorated suddenly and died before further intraventricular treatment could be instituted. Further trials are needed to evaluate long-term combination therapy in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Trihexyphenidyl and isoprinosine in the treatment of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Six cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (1 stage I, 3 stage II, 2 stage III) were diagnosed at our institution in the last 10 years. Five patients were treated with isoprinosine and the antiepileptic drug valproic acid. Three patients presented with myoclonic seizures refractory to valproic acid and the usual antiepileptic therapy. They received trihexyphenidyl with good results. We suggest the use of trihexyphenidyl in combination with isoprinosine in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with myoclonic seizures refractory to valproic acid.

Chorioretinitis as a possible very early manifestation of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Ocular changes occur in up to 50% of cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) usually at the same time as other neurological signs. Occasionally, visual symptoms precede other manifestations by a few weeks or months. Fundal changes (most commonly a macular chorioretinitis) are the most frequent ocular manifestation of SSPE. Inclusion bodies occur in the retina of patients with chorioretinitis and SSPE and it is believed that the lesions are due to actual viral invasion. We report a case of SSPE in which an atypical chorioretinitis preceded the onset of the typical clinical features of the disease by almost two years. Our case is unusual because of the long interval between the visual symptoms and the onset of other features of SSPE. We wish to emphasise the importance of thinking of SSPE in cases of chorioretinitis which are atypical or occur in young patients. Although treatment of SSPE thus far has been mostly disappointing, earlier diagnosis may offer the hope of better results.

CSF oligoclonal banding pattern changes in a long-surviving SSPE patient treated with alpha-IFN

Oligoclonal bands are a constant, non-modifiable feature of CSF examination in SSPE. We studied CSF oligoclonal IgG banding pattern in a long-surviving SSPE patient treated with serial courses of intrathecal alpha-IFN. alpha-IFN administration did not significantly modify the clinical status of the patient. Oligoclonal IgG banding pattern varied during the 58 month-long treatment. Oligoclonal bands disappeared at the end of the first course only to reappear during the third course, 2 years later, with a different electrophoretic pattern. We conclude that oligoclonal bands may transiently disappear from the CSF of long-surviving SSPE patients. Although alpha-IFN treatment induces no clinical improvement, it might affect the quality of Ig production.