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Di Leo V, Bernardino Gomes TM, Vincent AE. Interactions of mitochondrial and skeletal muscle biology in mitochondrial myopathy. Biochem J 2023; 480:1767-1789. [PMID: 37965929 PMCID: PMC10657187 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle fibres occurs with both healthy aging and a range of neuromuscular diseases. The impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle and the way muscle fibres adapt to this dysfunction is important to understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, interactions between mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle biology, in mitochondrial myopathy, likely have important implications for normal muscle function and physiology. In this review, we will try to give an overview of what is known to date about these interactions including metabolic remodelling, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial turnover, cellular processes and muscle cell structure and function. Each of these topics is at a different stage of understanding, with some being well researched and understood, and others in their infancy. Furthermore, some of what we know comes from disease models. Whilst some findings are confirmed in humans, where this is not yet the case, we must be cautious in interpreting findings in the context of human muscle and disease. Here, our goal is to discuss what is known, highlight what is unknown and give a perspective on the future direction of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Leo
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, U.K
| | - Tiago M. Bernardino Gomes
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, U.K
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, U.K
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, U.K
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, U.K
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2
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Rocha MC, Rosa HS, Grady JP, Blakely EL, He L, Romain N, Haller RG, Newman J, McFarland R, Ng YS, Gorman GS, Schaefer AM, Tuppen HA, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM. Pathological mechanisms underlying single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions. Ann Neurol 2019; 83:115-130. [PMID: 29283441 PMCID: PMC5893934 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single, large-scale deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a common cause of mitochondrial disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the genetic defect and molecular phenotype to improve understanding of pathogenic mechanisms associated with single, large-scale mtDNA deletions in skeletal muscle. METHODS We investigated 23 muscle biopsies taken from adult patients (6 males/17 females with a mean age of 43 years) with characterized single, large-scale mtDNA deletions. Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in skeletal muscle biopsies was quantified by immunoreactivity levels for complex I and complex IV proteins. Single muscle fibers with varying degrees of deficiency were selected from 6 patient biopsies for determination of mtDNA deletion level and copy number by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We have defined 3 "classes" of single, large-scale deletion with distinct patterns of mitochondrial deficiency, determined by the size and location of the deletion. Single fiber analyses showed that fibers with greater respiratory chain deficiency harbored higher levels of mtDNA deletion with an increase in total mtDNA copy number. For the first time, we have demonstrated that threshold levels for complex I and complex IV deficiency differ based on deletion class. INTERPRETATION Combining genetic and immunofluorescent assays, we conclude that thresholds for complex I and complex IV deficiency are modulated by the deletion of complex-specific protein-encoding genes. Furthermore, removal of mt-tRNA genes impacts specific complexes only at high deletion levels, when complex-specific protein-encoding genes remain. These novel findings provide valuable insight into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with these mutations. Ann Neurol 2018;83:115-130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Rocha
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Rosa
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John P Grady
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Blakely
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,National Health Service Highly Specialised Mitochondrial Diagnostic Laboratory, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,National Health Service Highly Specialised Mitochondrial Diagnostic Laboratory, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Romain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine of Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Ronald G Haller
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine of Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Jane Newman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Schaefer
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A Tuppen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,National Health Service Highly Specialised Mitochondrial Diagnostic Laboratory, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Combined defects in oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid β-oxidation in mitochondrial disease. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20150295. [PMID: 26839416 PMCID: PMC4793296 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria provide the main source of energy to eukaryotic cells, oxidizing fats and sugars to generate ATP. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are two metabolic pathways which are central to this process. Defects in these pathways can result in diseases of the brain, skeletal muscle, heart and liver, affecting approximately 1 in 5000 live births. There are no effective therapies for these disorders, with quality of life severely reduced for most patients. The pathology underlying many aspects of these diseases is not well understood; for example, it is not clear why some patients with primary FAO deficiencies exhibit secondary OXPHOS defects. However, recent findings suggest that physical interactions exist between FAO and OXPHOS proteins, and that these interactions are critical for both FAO and OXPHOS function. Here, we review our current understanding of the interactions between FAO and OXPHOS proteins and how defects in these two metabolic pathways contribute to mitochondrial disease pathogenesis.
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Enns GM, Hoppel CL, DeArmond SJ, Schelley S, Bass N, Weisiger K, Horoupian D, Packman S. Relationship of primary mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction to fiber type abnormalities in skeletal muscle. Clin Genet 2005; 68:337-48. [PMID: 16143021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the size and relative proportion of type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers can occur in a number of conditions, including structural myopathies, neuropathies, and various syndromes. In most cases, the pathogenesis of such fiber type changes is unknown and the etiology is heterogeneous. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain analysis was performed in 10 children aged 3 weeks to 5 years with abnormalities in muscle fiber type, size, and proportion. Five children were classified as having definite, four as probable, and one as possible mitochondrial disease. Type 1 fiber predominance was the most common histological finding (six of 10). On light microscopy, four cases had subtle concomitants of a mitochondriopathy, including mildly increased glycogen, lipid, and/or succinate dehydrogenase staining, and one case had more prominent evidence of underlying mitochondrial disease with marked subsarcolemmal staining. Most cases (nine of 10) had abnormal mitochondrial morphology on electron microscopy. All were found to have mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) abnormalities and met diagnostic criteria for mitochondrial disease. We did not ascertain any patients who had isolated fiber type abnormalities and normal respiratory chain analysis during the period of study. We conclude that mitochondrial ETC disorders may represent an etiology of at least a subset of muscle fiber type abnormalities. To establish an etiologic diagnosis and to determine the frequency of such changes in mitochondrial disease, we suggest analysis of ETC function in individuals with fiber type changes in skeletal muscle, even in the absence of light histological features suggestive of mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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Arpa J, Cruz-Martínez A, Campos Y, Gutiérrez-Molina M, García-Rio F, Pérez-Conde C, Martín MA, Rubio JC, Del Hoyo P, Arpa-Fernández A, Arenas J. Prevalence and progression of mitochondrial diseases: a study of 50 patients. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28:690-5. [PMID: 14639582 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report 50 patients with various clinical phenotypes of mitochondrial disease studied over the past 10 years in a large urban area (Madrid Health Area 5). The clinical phenotypes showed a large variety of abnormalities in molecular biology and biochemistry. The prevalence of mitochondrial diseases was found to be 5.7 per 100,000 in the population over 14 years of age. Clinical and electrophysiological assessment reveal signs of neuropathy in 10 patients. Electromyographic findings consistent with myopathy were obtained in 37 cases. Six patients died of medical complications. Disease phenotype influenced survival to some degree (P < 0.01). Age of onset and gender were not associated with differences in survival. Mitochondrial disease is thus far more common than expected and a common cause of chronic morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arpa
- Department of Neurology, La Paz Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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Thyagarajan D, Byrne E. Mitochondrial disorders of the nervous system: clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic features. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:93-144. [PMID: 12512338 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Thyagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Gargus JJ, Boyle K, Bocian M, Roe DS, Vianey-Saban C, Roe CR. Respiratory complex II defect in siblings associated with a symptomatic secondary block in fatty acid oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2003; 26:659-70. [PMID: 14707514 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000005659.52200.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation pathways have traditionally been considered independent major sources of cellular energy production; however, case reports of patients with specific enzymatic defects in either pathway have suggested the potential for a complex interference between the two. This study documents a new site of interference between the two pathways, a site in respiratory complex II capable of producing clinical signs of a block in fatty acid oxidation and reduced in vitro activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. The initial patient, and later her newborn sibling, had mildly dysmorphic features, lactic acidosis and a defect in mitochondrial respiratory complex II associated with many biochemical features of a block in fatty acid oxidation. Results of in vitro probing of intact fibroblasts from both patients with methyl[2H3]palmitate and L-carnitine revealed greatly increased [2H3]butyrylcarnitine; however, the ratio of dehydrogenase activity with butyryl-CoA with anti-MCAD inactivating antibody (used to reveal SCAD-specific activity) to that with octanoyl-CoA was normal, excluding a selective SCAD or MCAD deficiency. Respiratory complex II was defective in both patients, with an absent thenoyltrifluoroacetone-sensitive succinate Q reductase activity that was partially restored by supplementation with duroquinone. Although secondary, the block in fatty acid oxidation was a major management problem since attempts to provide essential fatty acids precipitated acidotic decompensations. This study reinforces the need to pursue broadly the primary genetic defect within these two pathways, making full use of increasingly available functional and molecular diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gargus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4034, USA.
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Rustin P, Rötig A. Inborn errors of complex II--unusual human mitochondrial diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1553:117-22. [PMID: 11803021 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(01)00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The succinate dehydrogenase consists of only four subunits, all nuclearly encoded, and is part of both the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle. Mutations in the four genes encoding the subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain succinate dehydrogenase have been recently reported in human and shown to be associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Although a comparatively rare deficiency in human, molecularly defined succinate dehydrogenase deficiency has already been found to cause encephalomyopathy in childhood, optic atrophy or tumor in adulthood. Because none of the typical housekeeping genes encoding this respiratory chain complex is known to present tissue-specific isoforms, the tissue-specific involvement represents a quite intriguing question, which is mostly addressed in this review. A differential impairment of electron flow through the respiratory chain, handling of oxygen, and/or metabolic blockade possibly associated with defects in the different subunits that can be advocated to account for tissue-specific involvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rustin
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant (INSERM U-393), Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, F-75743 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
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9
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Abstract
The EMG interference pattern, built up of single motor unit action potentials, may be analyzed subjectively, or objectively by computer aided, quantitative methods, like counting of zero-crossings, counting of spikes, amplitude measurements, integration of the area under the curve, decomposition techniques, power spectrum analysis and turn/amplitude analysis. Since the shape of the interference pattern of healthy muscles is dependent on age, sex, force, muscle, temperature, fatigue, fitness level, recording site and surrounding tissue, electrode type, sensitivity, filters, sampling frequency and threshold level, all methods of analyzing the IP have to be standardized. Quantitative methods of analyzing the EMG interference pattern may be used for monitoring botulinum toxin therapy of dystonia and spasticity, quantifying spontaneous activity, assessment of chronic muscle pain, neuro-urological and proctological function, and diagnosing neuromuscular disorders. For diagnostic purposes, the methods favored are those that use needle electrodes and do not require measurement or monitoring of muscle force. The most well-evaluated methods are those using turn/amplitude analysis, like the cloud methods and the peak-ratio analysis. Peak-ratio analysis has the advantage that reference limits are easy to obtain and that its utility is well established and confirmed by several investigations. Overall, automatic methods of EMG interference pattern analysis are powerful tools for diagnostic and non-diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Finsterer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Research in Neuromuscular Disorders, Postfach 348, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Pinard JM, Marsac C, Barkaoui E, Desguerre I, Birch-Machin M, Reinert P, Ponsot G. [Leigh syndrome and leukodystrophy due to partial succinate dehydrogenase deficiency: regression with riboflavin]. Arch Pediatr 1999; 6:421-6. [PMID: 10230482 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(99)80224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficiency is rare. Clinical manifestations can appear in infancy with a marked impairment of psychomotor development with pyramidal signs and extrapyramidal rigidity. CASE REPORT A 10-month-old boy developed severe neurological features, evoking a Leigh syndrome; magnetic resonance imaging showed features of leukodystrophy. A deficiency in the complex II respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase [SDH]) was shown. The course was remarkable by the regression of neurological impairment under treatment by riboflavin. The delay of psychomotor development, mainly involving language, was moderate at the age of 5 years. CONCLUSION The relatively good prognosis of this patient, despite severe initial neurological impairment, may be due to the partial enzyme deficiency and/or riboflavin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pinard
- Service de réanimation et neurologie pédiatrique, hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France
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Wohllk N, Thomas PM, Huang E, Cote GJ. A human succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase CII-3 subunit gene ending in a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat is located within the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) gene. Mol Genet Metab 1998; 65:187-90. [PMID: 9851882 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1998.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning of two variant genes encoding the CII-3 subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex II. One gene is located within intron 10 of the human sulfonylurea receptor gene. The 3' boundary of this gene ends in a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat. The second gene CII-3b is expressed at a low level and contains a 102-bp internal deletion compared to CII-3 cDNA. These genes should prove valuable in the characterization of Complex II disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wohllk
- Section of Endocrinology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Argov Z, Chavin JM, Kalman B, Alder H, DiMauro S, Bank W, Tahmoush AJ. Biochemical and genetic studies in a family with mitochondrial myopathy. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1219-24. [PMID: 9324076 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199710)20:10<1219::aid-mus2>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a family with severe exercise intolerance, progressive proximal weakness, and lactic acidemia. Fifteen of 24 family members in five generations were affected. Since the affected males do not have offspring at this time, the family pedigree is consistent with either maternal or autosomal dominant inheritance. Muscle histochemistry showed ragged-red fibers and electron microscopy showed globular mitochondrial inclusions. Biochemical analysis showed reduced muscle activities of mitochondrial NADH-cytochrome c reductase (1 of 2 patients), succinate-cytochrome c reductase (2 patients), and cytochrome c oxidase (2 patients). For 1 patient, sequence analysis of 44% of the muscle mitochondrial DNA including all 22 transfer RNA regions showed no point mutation with pathogenic significance. Southern blot analysis showed no deletion. Six affected members of the family were treated with methylprednisolone (0.25 mg/kg) for 3 months. Muscle strength, serum lactate, and energy metabolism at rest (measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) significantly improved with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Trijbels JM, Ruitenbeek W, Sengers RC, Janssen AJ, van Oost BA. Benign mitochondrial encephalomyopathy in a patient with complex I deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 1996; 19:149-52. [PMID: 8739952 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Trijbels
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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