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Beyene GM, Azale T, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA. Depression remains a neglected public health problem among pregnant women in Northwest Ethiopia. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:132. [PMID: 34253249 PMCID: PMC8273995 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal depression is highly prevalent but a neglected public health problem in low income countries. It has serious effects on the general health of women, birth outcomes and child health. However, there has been limited substantial evidence on the prevalence and predictors of antenatal depression in Ethiopia. This lack of evidence potentiates the consequences of the problem and can limit the attention to intervention. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and potential predictors of antenatal depression at Debre Tabor and Woreta towns, Northeast Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was employed on 548 pregnant women recruited by a cluster sampling method. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire (LTE-Q), the Oslo-3 Social Support Scale (OSSS-3), Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Scale and Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST) were also used to measure stressful events, social support, intimate partner violence (IPV) and hazardous alcohol use respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with antenatal depression. RESULTS The prevalence of antenatal depression was found to be 24.45% (95% CI: 21.20, 28.30%). Being single (AOR =3.32, 95% CI = 1.36, 8.09); fear of pregnancy complication (AOR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.53,9.62); history of chronic illness (AOR = 8.14, 95% CI = 2.14, 30.91); unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.36,6.55); history of stillbirth (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI = 1.23, 10.29),one or more negative life events (AOR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.71, 9.66) and intimate partner violence (AOR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.65, 9.26) were factors significantly associated with antenatal depression. CONCLUSION Nearly a quarter of pregnant women suffer from depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Being single; fear of pregnancy complication; history of chronic illness; unplanned pregnancy; history of stillbirth; one or more negative life events and intimate partner violence were important predictors of antenatal depression in this study. Health care workers should consider addressing these risk factors during a routine antenatal care. Also, integrating early screening, detection, and treatment of antenatal depression into routine antenatal care is warranted to improve the quality of life of pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Mihretie Beyene
- Department of psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Awoke Ayele
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Beyene GM, Azale T, Gelaye KA, Ayele TA. The effect of antenatal depression on birth weight among newborns in South Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a population-based prospective cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 79:121. [PMID: 34225799 PMCID: PMC8256480 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background There is a high prevalence of antenatal depression and low birth weight (LBW) (< 2.5 kg) in Ethiopia. Prior evidence revealed that the association between antenatal depression and LBW in high- and low-income countries is conflicting. The effect of antenatal depression on birth weight is under-researched in Ethiopia. We aimed to examine the independent effect of antenatal depression on newborn birth weight in an urban community in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A total of 970 pregnant women were screened for antenatal depression in their second and third trimester of pregnancy through the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). A logistic regression model was used to adjust confounders and determine associations between antenatal depression and low birth weight. Information was collected on the birth weight of newborns and mother’s socio-demographic, anthropometric, obstetric, clinical, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. Results The cumulative incidence of LBW was found to be 27.76%. The cumulative incidence of LBW in those born from depressed pregnant women was 40% as compared to 21% in none depressed. While considering all other variables constant, mothers who had antenatal depression were 2.51 (COR = 2.51 (95 CI: 1.87, 3.37)) more likely to have a child with low birth weight. After adjusting for potential confounders, antenatal depression in the second and third trimester of pregnancy (AOR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.31, 2.81)) remained significantly associated with LBW. Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) ≤21, lack of ANC follow up, and preterm births were also associated with LBW. Conclusion This study showed that antenatal depression during the second and third trimester of pregnancy is associated with LBW of newborns and replicates results found in high-income countries. Linking early screening, detection, and treatment of antenatal depression into routine antenatal care could be essential to improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Mihretie Beyene
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Awoke Ayele
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Endler NS, Flett GL, Macrodimitris SD, Corace KM, Kocovski NL. Separation, self‐disclosure, and social evaluation anxiety as facets of trait social anxiety. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the current article, we propose an expansion of the trait anxiety concept to include interpersonal or social facets of trait anxiety involving separation from significant others and disclosing aspects of the self to others, as a supplement to the existing focus on social evaluation anxiety. Participants in three studies completed a modified version of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales that included a measure of trait social evaluation anxiety, as well as new measures of trait separation anxiety and trait self‐disclosure anxiety (i.e., three measures of trait social anxiety). Results showed that the social evaluation, separation, and self‐disclosure trait anxiety scales have strong psychometric properties and that they represent distinct but related components of trait anxiety. With respect to validity, the facets of trait social anxiety were predictive of related variables including self‐concealment, anxiety sensitivity, and trait worry. The theoretical and practical implications of a multifaceted approach to trait social anxiety are discussed in terms of an expanded multidimensional interaction model of anxiety. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Tortora R, Imperatore N, Ciacci C, Zingone F, Capone P, Siniscalchi M, Pellegrini L, Stefano GD, Caporaso N, Rispo A. High prevalence of post-partum depression in women with coeliac disease. World J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4:9-15. [DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v4.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the prevalence of post-partum depression (PPD) in coeliac disease (CD).
METHODS: We performed a case-control study evaluating the prevalence of PPD in CD patients on gluten-free diet (GFD) compared to that of healthy subjects experiencing a recent delivery. All participants were interviewed about menstrual features, modality and outcome of delivery and were evaluated for PPD by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).
RESULTS: The study included 70 CD patients on GFD (group A) and 70 controls (group B). PPD was present in 47.1% of CD women and in 14.3% of controls (P < 0.01; OR = 3.3). Mean EPDS score was higher in CD compared to the controls (mean score: group A 9.9 ± 5.9; group B 6.7 ± 3.7; P < 0.01). A significant association was observed between PPD and menstrual disorders in CD (69.7% vs 18.9%; P < 0.001; OR = 3.6).
CONCLUSION: PPD is frequent in CD women on GFD, particularly in those with previous menstrual disorders. We suggest screening for PPD in CD for early detection and treatment of this condition.
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Abstract
Extensive evidence documents that prenatal maternal stress predicts a variety of adverse physical and psychological health outcomes for the mother and baby. However, the importance of the ways that women cope with stress during pregnancy is less clear. We conducted a systematic review of the English-language literature on coping behaviours and coping styles in pregnancy using PsycInfo and PubMed to identify 45 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies involving 16,060 participants published between January 1990 and June 2012. Although results were often inconsistent across studies, the literature provides some evidence that avoidant coping behaviours or styles and poor coping skills in general are associated with postpartum depression, preterm birth and infant development. Variability in study methods including differences in sample characteristics, timing of assessments, outcome variables and measures of coping styles or behaviours may explain the lack of consistent associations. To advance the scientific study of coping in pregnancy, we call attention to the need for a priori hypotheses and greater use of pregnancy-specific, daily process, and skills-based approaches. There is promise in continuing this area of research, particularly in the possible translation of consistent findings to effective interventions, but only if the conceptual basis and methodological quality of research improve.
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Oommen H, Rantanen A, Kaunonen M, Tarkka MT, Salonen AH. Social support provided to Finnish mothers and fathers by nursing professionals in the postnatal ward. Midwifery 2011; 27:754-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Witt WP, DeLeire T, Hagen EW, Wichmann MA, Wisk LE, Spear HA, Cheng ER, Maddox T, Hampton J. The prevalence and determinants of antepartum mental health problems among women in the USA: a nationally representative population-based study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010; 13:425-37. [PMID: 20668895 PMCID: PMC3093935 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-010-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mental health problems disproportionately affect women, particularly during childbearing years. We sought to estimate the prevalence of antepartum mental health problems and determine potential risk factors in a representative USA population. We examined data on 3,051 pregnant women from 11 panels of the 1996-2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Poor antepartum mental health was defined by self report of mental health conditions or symptoms or a mental health rating of "fair" or "poor." Multivariate regression analyses modeled the odds of poor antepartum mental health; 7.8% of women reported poor antepartum mental health. A history of mental health problems increased the odds of poor antepartum mental health by a factor of 8.45 (95% CI, 6.01-11.88). Multivariate analyses were stratified by history of mental health problems. Significant factors among both groups included never being married and self-reported fair/poor health status. This study identifies key risk factors associated with antepartum mental health problems in a nationally representative sample of pregnant women. Women with low social support, in poor health, or with a history of poor mental health are at an increased risk of having antepartum mental health problems. Understanding these risk factors is critical to improve the long-term health of women and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P. Witt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Thomas DeLeire
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Erika W. Hagen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Margarete A. Wichmann
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Lauren E. Wisk
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Hilary A. Spear
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Erika R. Cheng
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Torsheika Maddox
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 610 North Walnut Street, Office 503, Madison, WI 53726, USA
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van Bussel JCH, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Depressive symptomatology in pregnant and postpartum women. An exploratory study of the role of maternal antenatal orientations. Arch Womens Ment Health 2009; 12:155-66. [PMID: 19266251 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-009-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how an expecting woman's view of pregnancy, the child, and motherhood relates to antenatal and postpartum depressive symptomatology. In this study, we investigated the influence of the maternal orientations, as described by Raphael-Leff (Psychological processes of childbearing. The Anna Freud Centre, London, 2005), on the prevalence of depressive symptoms in pregnant and postpartum women. Four hundred three pregnant women participated in a longitudinal study and completed the EPDS and the HADS-D in each pregnancy trimester and between 8 to 12 and 20 to 25 weeks postpartum. In addition, measures of maternal orientation (PPQ), personality (NEO-FFI), coping styles (UCL), adult attachment (RQ), and parental bonding (PBI) were completed antenatally. Bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that Neuroticism and the Regulator orientation are positively associated with the EPDS and HADS-D in both pregnant and postpartum women. These associations decreased in strength but remained significant after controlling for previous responses on the EPDS and HADS-D. Small negative associations were found between the Facilitator orientation and the HADS-D scores during pregnancy and the early postpartum period. However, this association did not hold its statistical significance within the hierarchical multiple regression models. The maternal orientations have a small but significant and independent contribution in the variance of depressive symptomatology in pregnant and postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan C H van Bussel
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Family and Sexuality Studies, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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van Bussel JCH, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Anxiety in pregnant and postpartum women. An exploratory study of the role of maternal orientations. J Affect Disord 2009; 114:232-42. [PMID: 18793805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about why some women are anxious during pregnancy but not in the postpartum period, or vice versa. We aimed to determine the influence of maternal antenatal orientations (Raphael-Leff, J. (2005) Psychological Processes of Childbearing, London, The Anna Freud Centre.) on the prevalence of general anxiety symptoms and specific anxiety in pregnant and postpartum women. METHODS Four hundred and three pregnant women participated in a longitudinal study and completed general (HADS-A) and specific (PRAQ, MSAS) anxiety questionnaires and measures of maternal antenatal orientations, personality traits, cognitive and behavioural coping styles and attachment. RESULTS Higher scores on the neuroticism and regulator orientation scale consistently predicted higher scores on the general and pregnancy related anxiety measures. Also, an interaction effect was found between the regulator scale and the neuroticism scale on the general anxiety symptoms and pregnancy related anxiety. Finally, the facilitator orientation scale and the neuroticism scale, predicted maternal separation anxiety in the postpartum period. CONCLUSION Women differ in the risk factors, the nature and timing of heightened anxiety during the transition to motherhood. The anxieties of women tending to the regulator orientation are pregnancy related, whereas women tending to the facilitator orientation fear the separation from their child in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan C H van Bussel
- Institute of Family and Sexuality Sciences, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Development and validation of a scale to assess social support in the postpartum period. Arch Womens Ment Health 2008; 11:57-65. [PMID: 18317709 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-008-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development, reliability, and validity of a new instrument designed to assess aspects of social support specifically relevant to the postpartum period, the Postpartum Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ), is described. The PSSQ was administered to 126 women at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Results indicate that it has high test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Factor analyses suggest that the scale consists of four factors: partner support, parent support, in-law support, and extended-family and friends support. In addition, the PSSQ scores of depressed and nondepressed women were compared at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Women who met diagnostic criteria for depression at 2 months postpartum reported less partner support than the nondepressed women at each assessment. The instrument appears to be a valid and reliable measure that should be useful in studies examining the role of social support in postpartum adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Myors
- Karen Myors is a Coordinator, Parenting Education Department, Liverpool Health Service, Sydney, Australia. Maree Johnson is a Research Professor, Faculty of Health, University of Western Sydney (Macarthur) and Former Director, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia. Rachel Langdon is a Research Assistant, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maree Johnson
- Karen Myors is a Coordinator, Parenting Education Department, Liverpool Health Service, Sydney, Australia. Maree Johnson is a Research Professor, Faculty of Health, University of Western Sydney (Macarthur) and Former Director, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia. Rachel Langdon is a Research Assistant, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Langdon
- Karen Myors is a Coordinator, Parenting Education Department, Liverpool Health Service, Sydney, Australia. Maree Johnson is a Research Professor, Faculty of Health, University of Western Sydney (Macarthur) and Former Director, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia. Rachel Langdon is a Research Assistant, South Western Sydney Center for Applied Nursing Research, Sydney, Australia
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Köken G, Yilmazer M, Cosar E, Sahin FK, Cevrioglu S, Gecici O. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: relationship with anxiety and depression. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 29:91-5. [PMID: 18655256 DOI: 10.1080/01674820701733697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between either depression or anxiety early in pregnancy, and nausea and vomiting, in a clinical sample. METHODS Anxiety and depression scores of 230 women were investigated by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) were scored by using the Rhode's system. These scores and demographic data were compared and P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A significant correlation between Rhode's score and both anxiety (r=0.388, P < 0.001) and depression score, (r=0.351, P < 0.001) was found. Gestational age showed and inverse correlation with anxiety scores (P=0.019). There was no significant correlation between demographic data and anxiety/depression scores, or Rhode's scores. CONCLUSION There is an association between anxiety and depression early in pregnancyand severity of NVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülengül Köken
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Figueiredo B, Field T, Diego M, Hernandez‐Reif M, Deeds O, Ascencio A. Partner relationships during the transition to parenthood. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/02646830701873057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Humphreys L, Cappelli M, Aronovitch E, Allanson J, Hunter AGW. The Role of Women's Relationships With Their Partners in Their Adjustment Following Prenatal Genetic Testing1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jesse DE, Dolbier CL, Blanchard A. Barriers to seeking help and treatment suggestions for prenatal depressive symptoms: focus groups with rural low-income women. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2008; 29:3-19. [PMID: 18214775 DOI: 10.1080/01612840701748664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interviews were conducted with 21 pregnant or recently pregnant African American and Caucasian low-income women living in a rural southeastern community to elicit perceived barriers to seeking help for depressive symptoms in pregnancy and ways to overcome these barriers, as well as intervention suggestions. Participants identified themes regarding barriers to seeking help. These were: (1) lack of trust, (2) judgment/stigma, (3) dissatisfaction with the health care system, and (4) not wanting help. Themes identified regarding overcoming barriers were: (1) facilitating trust and (2) offering support and help. These and other findings point to the importance of integrating women's ideas into culturally sensitive interventions for women with depressive symptoms or depression in pregnancy that can be provided by a psychiatric nurse-practitioner or other mental health provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elizabeth Jesse
- School of Nursing, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA.
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Alami KM, Kadri N, Berrada S. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth in a Moroccan sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9:343-6. [PMID: 17033739 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-006-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of depression among 100 women followed from the first trimester of pregnancy to 9 months after delivery. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Paykel Life Events Inventory were used. Seventeen per cent of the subjects experienced depression during postpartum, 19.2% started their episode during pregnancy. Psychosocial variables were positively correlated to depression during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mchichi Alami
- Ibn Rushd University Psychiatric Centre, Casablanca, Morocco
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Lteif Y, Kesrouani A, Richa S. Symptômes dépressifs pendant la grossesse : prévalence et facteurs de risque. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 34:262-9. [PMID: 16012387 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence of depression during pregnancy and its associated risk factors in Lebanese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective randomized study was conducted on a sample of 79 women consulting the gynecology outpatient department of Hotel-Dieu de France in Beirut, Lebanon who completed the Beck depression inventory as well as a 45 multiple choice questionnaire covering known risk factors implicated in depression during pregnancy. RESULTS The 79 women of our sample were mostly over 20 years old, had a high educational level, and were almost all in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. The prevalence of depression was 13.9%, without a significant difference between the different trimesters. Risk factors implicated were: personal or familial history of depression (OR = 8.1 and 4.9 respectively), a history of anti-depressive medication (OR = 12.4) and oral contraceptives (OR = 4.9), mood disorders associated with menstruation (OR = 8), major financial problems (OR = 10.5), medical complications associated with pregnancy (OR = 6.9), unwanted pregnancy (OR = 6.4), lack of support from the husband (OR=10.4), and poor quality of sexual relationship (OR = 13.3). CONCLUSION Our results were comparable to those in the literature. Depression during pregnancy is a common problem in Lebanon, which should be treated and diagnosed early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lteif
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Beyrouth, Liban.
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McMahon C, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, Tennant C. Psychological factors associated with persistent postnatal depression: past and current relationships, defence styles and the mediating role of insecure attachment style. J Affect Disord 2005; 84:15-24. [PMID: 15620381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study prospectively investigated the factors underlying the maintenance and persistence of postnatal depression beyond the first year after birth. METHOD One hundred primiparous women who were admitted to a parentcraft hospital for a week were assessed after discharge at 4 and 12 months postpartum. Various measures of mood, interpersonal relationships and defence styles were administered at 4 months and the relation between these measures and clinically elevated symptoms of depression at 12 months was examined. RESULTS At 12 months, 30% of all mothers and 60% of those diagnosed depressed at 4 months continued to report clinically significant levels of depressive symptomatology. The strongest predictor of depression at 12 months was severity of symptoms at 4 months, and women from a non-English speaking background were significantly more likely to remain depressed. Reports of low maternal care in childhood, marital dissatisfaction at 4 months, an attachment style characterised by anxiety over relationships and immature defence styles were significant predictors of clinically elevated depression scale scores at 12 months. Furthermore, an insecure attachment style was shown to mediate the effect of low maternal care in childhood, while other cognitive and interpersonal factors appeared to contribute additively in maintaining depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS Self-report measures were used to measure insecure attachment styles and depression at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that both childhood and concurrent relationship difficulties contribute to the maintenance of postpartum depression. Interventions for persistent depression need to address relationship difficulties as well as depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McMahon
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, NSW, Australia
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Fatoye FO, Adeyemi AB, Oladimeji BY. Emotional distress and its correlates among Nigerian women in late pregnancy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2004; 24:504-9. [PMID: 15369927 DOI: 10.1080/01443610410001722518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Teaching Hospital to compare women in late pregnancy and matched controls for emotional distress. Each of the 156 pregnant women was matched with a control and studied to determine the relationship of some obstetric and sociodemographic factors with anxiety and depression. All the subjects were evaluated using the state form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-state) and the Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), which are standardised instruments for assessing depression and anxiety, respectively. The pregnant women had significantly higher levels of anxiety and higher levels of depression than their non-pregnant controls. Four of the factors evaluated (age, level of education, socio-economic status and parity) were not found to be significantly related to anxiety or depression among the pregnant women. However, four other factors, i.e. polygamy, previous abortions, mode of previous delivery (caesarean section and instrumentally-assisted delivery) and previous puerperal complications had positive and significant associations with anxiety and depression. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Fatoye
- Department of Mental Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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Blaney NT, Fernandez MI, Ethier KA, Wilson TE, Walter E, Koenig LJ. Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of depression among HIV-infected pregnant women. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004; 18:405-15. [PMID: 15307929 DOI: 10.1089/1087291041518201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addressed two aims: (1) to assess the level of depressive symptoms among pregnant, HIV-infected racial and ethnic minority women and (2) to identify potentially modifiable factors associated with prenatal depression in order to foster proactive clinical screening and intervention for these women. Baseline interview data collected from HIV-infected women participating in the Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project were analyzed. Participants were from prenatal clinics in four areas representative of the U. S. HIV/AIDS epidemic among women. Of the final sample (n = 307), 280 were minorities (218 blacks [African American and Caribbean], 62 Hispanic). Standardized interviews assessed potential psychosocial factors associated with pregnancy-related depression and psychological distress (life stressors, inadequate social support, and ineffective coping skills) in a population for whom little work has been done. Depressive symptomatology was considerable, despite excluding somatic items in order to avoid confounding from prenatal or HIV-related physical symptoms. The psychosocial factors significantly predicted the level of prenatal depressive symptoms beyond the effects of demographic and health-related factors. Perceived stress, social isolation, and disengagement coping were associated with greater depression, positive partner support with lower depression. These findings demonstrate that psychosocial and behavioral factors amenable to clinical intervention are associated with prenatal depression among women of color with HIV. Routine screening to identify those currently depressed or at risk for depression should be integrated into prenatal HIV-care settings to target issues most needing intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy T Blaney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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Downie J, Wynaden D, McGowan S, Juliff D, Axten C, Fitzpatrick L, Ogilvie S, Painter S. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to achieve best practice standards. Nurs Health Sci 2003; 5:283-7. [PMID: 14622380 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reports the findings of a quantitative descriptive study that evaluated the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening tool in the child health context. Two hundred and sixty-one women who attended child health clinics in one metropolitan health region of Western Australia over a designated 4-week period for a 6-8 week or 7-9 month health scheduled infant screening assessment agreed to participate. The study aimed to (i) identify the proportion of women in the study who scored 13 or greater on the EPDS; (ii) evaluate current practice outcomes from the use of the EPDS by child health nurses and; (iii) report demographic variables associated with scores obtained from participants. Findings showed that the EPDS is a useful screening tool to identify women who may be at risk of developing depression during the postpartum period. However, the study also identified a weakness in clinical practice protocols, with some child health nurses not referring women who reported symptoms of depression on the self-report scale. Therefore, to ensure best practice standards more education regarding clinical practice protocols needs to be implemented with child health nurses in order to facilitate optimal outcomes for women using the self-report scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Downie
- Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, Fremantle and School of Nursing and Midwifery, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
AIM To identify whether women having emergency delivery are at increased risk of developing postnatal depression (PND). METHODS This is a retrospective comparative cohort study design. Two hundred and fifty Malaysian women were part of a previous study examining the prevalence of PND in a multiracial country and the effects of postnatal rituals. All women were at least 6 weeks post-partum when asked to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Sociodemographic and birth data were obtained. RESULTS Data collected were divided into two groups: 55 emergency delivery and 191 non-emergency delivery. There were four missing data. There was no significant difference in the mean age, parity, gestational period, baby birthweight, 5 min baby Apgar score and EPDS scores of the two groups. However, the analysis of PND indicated that women with emergency delivery had a relative risk of 1.81 compared with women with non-emergency delivery. The comparison of the two groups using chi2 indicated a significant (chi2 = 3.94, d.f. = 1, P = 0.04) increase in the presence of PND in the emergency delivery. CONCLUSION When compared with women having non-emergency delivery, women having emergency delivery had about twice the risk of developing PND. Special attention to this group appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koo
- Department of Mental Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-risk populations (e.g., adolescents, substance abusers), coping strategies in pregnancy have been studied. Avoidance of the stressful situation and aggressive coping are frequently used and related to postnatal depression and other negative outcomes. Little is known about coping strategies in nulliparous normal-risk pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To examine the factor structure of the 19-item Utrecht Coping List (UCL-19) in a sample of nulliparous normal-risk pregnant women and to explore the stability, change, and correlates of coping strategies throughout pregnancy. The associations between a particular coping strategy and the reported pregnancy complaints and experienced distress were examined. METHODS The UCL-19 was filled out and self-report data were collected about neuroticism, locus of control, depression, general anxiety, perceived stress, and physical pregnancy complaints in nulliparous women in early, mid-, and late pregnancy. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis on the UCL-19 revealed 2 coping strategies: emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. The factor structure of the UCL-19 had a good stability throughout pregnancy. Some changes in emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping scores were found, although the absolute differences were rather small. High educational level and low internal locus of control predicted a high score on emotion-focused coping in the early period of pregnancy, F(2, 228) = 11.49, p < .005, R2 = .22. High educational level also predicted a high score on problem-focused coping in early pregnancy, F(1, 229) = 4.80, p < .05, R2 = .06. Emotion-focused coping was negatively and problem-focused coping was positively related to pregnancy complaints (r = -.23, p < .05 and r = .25, p < .005, respectively). Emotion-focused coping in early pregnancy and problem-focused coping in mid-pregnancy were negatively related to experienced distress in early and mid pregnancy, respectively (r = -.27, p < .0005 and r = -.18, p < .01). CONCLUSION Two coping strategies were consistently found throughout pregnancy: emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. Coping in nulliparous normal-risk pregnancy is a process with small temporal variations. Emotion-focused coping was negatively related to the number of reported pregnancy complaints and to experienced distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Huizink
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
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Tammentie T, Tarkka MT, Astedt-Kurki P, Paavilainen E. Sociodemographic factors of families related to postnatal depressive symptoms of mothers. Int J Nurs Pract 2002; 8:240-6. [PMID: 12225350 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-172x.2002.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal depression in mothers is commonplace as it affects 10-15% of recent mothers. Postnatal depression is still an under-diagnosed illness and if unidentified, is often left untreated. If left untreated, the depression can have an adverse effect not only on the mother, but also on the child's development and on the well-being of the whole family. The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of postnatal depressive symptoms among Finnish mothers and to ascertain the relationship with sociodemographic factors in mothers. A sample of 1000 families at 2 months postnatal was studied by mailing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to mothers and a questionnaire on demographic characteristics to mothers and fathers. The response rate was 39%. The data were examined by means of frequency and percentage distributions. Connections were examined using Spearman correlation coefficient and analysis of variance. In all, 373 mothers and 314 fathers took part in the study. Fifty-five (13%) mothers had depressive symptoms. Results show that the number of pregnancies, deliveries or children, the mode of delivery or the mother's age were not associated with depressive symptoms. However, mothers who had depressive symptoms had fewer years of education, shorter duration of breast-feeding and were more dissatisfied with family life compared with mothers who exhibited no depressive symptomatology. The families of mothers with depressive symptoms had also experienced more problems and changes having a profound impact on the family compared with other mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Tammentie
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Jaakonraitti 8, FIN-33720 Tampere, Finland.
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Fuggle P, Glover L, Khan F, Haydon K. Screening for postnatal depression in Bengali women: Preliminary observations from using a translated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). J Reprod Infant Psychol 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/02646830220134603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of depression in women is significantly greater than in men. Available data suggest that estrogen, or its absence, is strongly implicated in the regulation of mood and behaviour, as well as in the pathobiology of mood disorders. The multiple effects of estrogens and their complex interactions with the CNS and endocrine system have been well documented, although the specific, multifaceted role of estrogen in each dysphoric state has yet to be elucidated. Several facts suggest that estrogen plays a vital role in the precipitation and course of mood disorders in women. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression first appear after menarche, continue through reproductive age, and dissipate after perimenopause. Periods of hormonal fluctuations or estrogen instability (i.e. premenstrually, postpartum, perimenopausally) have been associated with increased vulnerability to depression among susceptible women. It is plausible that the phenotype of these depressions is distinguishable from those that are not associated with reproductive events or that occur in men. Based on current knowledge, estrogen treatment for affective disorders may be efficacious in two situations: (i) to stabilise and restore disrupted homeostasis - as occurs in premenstrual, postpartum or perimenopausal conditions; and (ii) to act as a psychomodulator during periods of decreased estrogen levels and increased vulnerability to dysphoric mood, as occurs in postmenopausal women. There is growing evidence suggesting that estrogen may be efficacious as a sole antidepressant for depressed perimenopausal women. It is still unclear whether estrogen is efficacious as an adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or as one of the paradigms to manage treatment-resistance depression in menopausal women, but such efficacy is plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Halbreich
- BioBehavioral Program, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 13% of women experience postpartum depression. Early recognition is one of the most difficult challenges with this mood disorder because of how covertly it is suffered. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this meta-analysis was to update the findings of an earlier meta-analysis of postpartum depression predictors that had synthesized the results of studies conducted mostly in the 1980s. METHOD A meta-analysis of 84 studies published in the decade of the 1990s was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationships between postpartum depression and various risk factors. Using the software system Advanced Basic Meta-Analysis, effect sizes were calculated three ways: unweighted, weighted by sample size, and weighted by quality index score. RESULTS Thirteen significant predictors of postpartum depression were revealed. Ten of the 13 risk factors had moderate effect sizes while three predictors had small effect sizes. The mean effect size indicator ranges for each risk factor were as follows: prenatal depression (.44 to .46), self esteem (.45 to. 47), childcare stress (.45 to .46), prenatal anxiety (.41 to .45), life stress (.38 to .40), social support (.36 to .41), marital relationship (.38 to .39), history of previous depression (.38 to .39), infant temperament (.33 to .34), maternity blues (.25 to .31), marital status (.21 to .35), socioeconomic status (.19 to .22), and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy (.14 to .17). CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed findings of an earlier meta-analysis and in addition revealed four new predictors of postpartum depression: self-esteem, marital status, socioeconomic status, and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Beck
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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Abstract
This descriptive study examined the coping styles and specific strategies used by a group of pregnant adolescents attending an adolescent family support service. Seventy-one adolescents, with a mean age of 17 years, and a mean gestation of 25 weeks, completed the Revised Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS-R). The findings demonstrated that the optimistic coping style (emotion-focused) was the most frequently used and most effective coping style for these young women. A confrontive coping style (problem-focused) was also used and found to be effective. A combination of problem-focused and emotion-focused styles is recommended, with an increased emphasis on problem-focused approaches. The focus by the adolescents on optimistic approaches is suggestive of a lack of understanding of the challenges that motherhood will place upon them, but is consistent with their age and developmental stage. A longitudinal study of coping styles and changes in style throughout pregnancy and early motherhood is recommended. Initial assessment and monitoring of coping styles of pregnant adolescents is proposed. This assessment would be the beginning point for a teaching program that highlights increased use of adaptive coping styles (problem-focused) with decreased use of maladaptive approaches, and includes emotion-focused styles. By expanding the repertoire of coping styles and strategies available to the adolescent, the public health nurse (PHN) prepares these vulnerable mothers for the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Myors
- Parenting Education Department, Liverpool Health Service, Sydney, Australia
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Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, Halmesmäki E. Psychosocial predictors of disappointment with delivery and puerperal depression. A longitudinal study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80:39-45. [PMID: 11167187 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.800108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the extent to which personality characteristics, depression, fear and anxiety about pregnancy and delivery, and socio-economic background, predict disappointment with delivery and the risk of puerperal depression. METHODS Two hundred and eleven women filled in questionnaires measuring personality traits, socio-economic factors, and marital satisfaction once before and once after the 30th week of pregnancy, and 2 3 months after delivery, when obstetric data about pregnancy and delivery was also collected. RESULTS The women who were disappointed with their delivery or suffered from puerperal depression had been more depressed already in early pregnancy. Regression analysis showed that the strongest predictors of disappointment with delivery were labor pain (increase in R2 = 0.14, p<0.001) and emergency Cesarean (increase in R2 = 0.18, p<0.001). Puerperal depression was predicted by depression (increase in R2 = 0.16, p<0.001), and by personal traits such as general anxiety, vulnerability and neuroticism (increase in R2 = 0.32, p<0.001), both before 30 weeks of pregnancy and prior to the delivery (for depression increase in R2 = 0.05, p<0.001, and for anxiety and vulnerability increase in R2 = 0.04, p<0.01). The strongest predictors were depression at both time points before delivery (beta = 0.51, p<0.001, and beta = 0.39, p<0.001). Pregnancy- and delivery-related anxiety prior to the delivery also predicted puerperal depression, but complications of the pregnancy and delivery did not. CONCLUSIONS Depression in early pregnancy predicts disappointment with the delivery and is a strong predictor of puerperal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saisto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to delineate the influence of maternal stress, social support and coping styles on depressed mood during pregnancy and the early postpartum period. METHODS Beginning in the third month of pregnancy, data on numerous variables including daily stress (Hassles), state-anxiety (STAI-state), pregnancy-specific stress (PEQ) and depressed mood (DACL) were collected monthly. In each trimester social support (SSQ), coping strategies (CISS) and pregnancy progress were assessed. Approximately 4-5 weeks following delivery, information on labor, delivery and infant status was collected and the DACL and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were administered. The final sample consisted of 80 women. RESULTS Approximately 16% of the women in this sample experienced depressed mood in the postpartum and 25% of the sample reported depressed mood only during pregnancy. Women depressed only during pregnancy and those depressed in the postpartum reported more emotional coping and higher trait and state anxiety during gestation. More hassles during pregnancy was related to prepartum depressed mood, but not postpartum depressed mood. Consistent with the literature, the best predictor of postpartum depressed mood was depressed mood during pregnancy. LIMITATIONS The sample size was relatively small and we relied solely on self-reported depressive symptomology. CONCLUSIONS The findings point to specific psychosocial variables which can be targeted early in pregnancy to reduce the rate of depressed mood in the prepartum and postpartum periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Da Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Swendsen JD, Mazure CM. Life stress as a risk factor for postpartum depression: Current research and methodological issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.7.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hanna EZ, Faden VB, Dufour MC. The effects of substance use during gestation on birth outcome, infant and maternal health. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1998; 9:111-25. [PMID: 9494943 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-3289(97)90010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship of substance use to birth outcome, infant, and maternal health in a large, nationally representative sample. Multiple regression analyses, accommodating the nature of the survey data using the SUDAAN software package, indicated that drinking and smoking independently and/or interactively with depression account for poor health and serious medical conditions among pregnant women as well as negative birth outcomes or adverse health consequences in those infants who are live births. In addition, African American women and their infants are more likely than those of other racial groups to suffer these adverse outcomes. Given the risk profiles of individual illnesses, this study suggests the need for developing and targeting health education and preventive efforts specific to those groups that are clearly at greater risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Hanna
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, Bethesda, MD 20892-7003, USA
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Fossey L, Papiernik E, Bydlowski M. Postpartum blues: a clinical syndrome and predictor of postnatal depression? J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 18:17-21. [PMID: 9138202 DOI: 10.3109/01674829709085564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the obstetricians have been aware of puerperal psychiatric events, atypical postnatal depression was only identified during the 1960s. Early screening is therefore required to enable preventive measures to be taken. Our prospective study was intended to uncover early signs of, or a predisposition towards, postnatal depression before postpartum discharge from the hospital. Studying a population of 186 women who had just given birth and using two tools, the self-administered questionnaires designed by Pitt and by Cox, we found a relationship between postpartum blues, evaluated with Pitt's tool on the 3rd day after delivery, and postnatal depression, evaluated 8 months later. We thus show that the postpartum blues, evaluated with Pitt's tool, especially when severe, is predictive of the subsequent development of postnatal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fossey
- Hôpital Cochin, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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