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Kanokrungsee S, Likittanasombat S, Chaweekulrat P, Kumpangsin T, Boonchai W. Prevalence and causative allergens of contact cheilitis in Thailand. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:345-351. [PMID: 37607557 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cheilitis is an inflammatory condition of the lips. Its causes can be exogenous (irritants, allergens), endogenous (atopic dermatitis, systemic disorders) or unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of allergic contact cheilitis (ACC), its risk factors, and common allergens in patients with cheilitis at a Thai university-based tertiary care hospital. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with cheilitis referred for patch testing between January 2007 and December 2021. RESULTS Among 5366 patients referred for patch testing, 410 (7.6%) had cheilitis. ACC was diagnosed in 32% of the cheilitis patients. Compared to non-ACC cases, the patients with ACC were more likely to be young and female and have a disease duration of <3 months, no underlying disease and a white-collar job (p-value <0.05). The most common contact allergens were patient's products (73.3%), nickel sulfate (29.8%), potassium dichromate (14.5%), castor oil (14.3%) and benzalkonium chloride (13.0%). Lip cosmetics and toothpastes were major ACC sources. CONCLUSIONS ACC should be considered in cheilitis patients, especially in patients with specific risk factors. Castor oil is an emerging allergen. Patch testing using commercial allergen series and patients' own products is crucial for identifying causative agents. The development of a specific cheilitis series is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silada Kanokrungsee
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pichanee Chaweekulrat
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Titinun Kumpangsin
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Silverberg JI, Chaubal M, Warshaw EM, Maibach HI, Belsito DV, DeKoven JG, Zug KA, Taylor JS, Sasseville D, DeLeo VA, Pratt MD, Reeder MJ, Atwater AR, Fowler JF, Houle MC. Prevalence and trend of allergen sensitization in patients with cheilitis referred for patch testing, North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2018. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:300-314. [PMID: 36502370 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An updated understanding of allergic contact cheilitis is needed. OBJECTIVES To characterize clinical characteristics and allergen relevance in patients with cheilitis referred for patch testing. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 43 772 patients patch tested with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) screening series from 2001 to 2018. RESULTS Overall, 2094 patients (4.8%) had lips as one of three sites of dermatitis, 1583 (3.6%) had lips as the primary site and 1167 (2.7%) had lips as the sole site of dermatitis. Prevalences of cheilitis at any, primary, and sole sites significantly increased throughout the study cycle from 2001-2002 (2.7%, 2.2% and 1.7%) to 2017-2018 (7.8%, 5.2% and 3.7%). Approximately 60% of patients with any, a primary, or a sole site of cheilitis had one or more positive allergic patch-test reactions compared to 65% of those without cheilitis. CONCLUSION Patients with cheilitis who were referred for patch testing had high rates of positive and relevant allergens. More than one in four patients with any, primary, or sole cheilitis had a positive reaction to non-NACDG screening allergens (28.0%, 26.8%, 31.1% vs. 21.6%) compared to patients without cheilitis, emphasizing the need for expanded patch test series in cheilitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Manotri Chaubal
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, CHU de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Analysis of clinical presentations, lip transepidermal water loss and associated dermatological conditions in patients with chronic cheilitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22497. [PMID: 36577807 PMCID: PMC9797544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cheilitis (CC) is a spectrum of inflammatory changes of unknown etiology that affect the vermilion of the lips. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentations and risk factors of CC. Patients with CC were recruited from the National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of China. A convenience sample of inhabitants who live in the same geographical region were recruited as the control group. The lip skin transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and capacitance of CC patients were compared with that of age- and gender-matched controls. Our results demonstrated that of the 109 patients with CC, 72 (66.1%; 95% CI: 57.0-75.1%) were female. The common clinical presentations of CC consisted of desquamation (n = 99; 90.8%), and/or chapping (n = 81; 74.3%), and/or pruritus (n = 64; 58.7%). Multivariable analysis showed that allergic dermatologic diseases (P < 0.001; OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 2.4-8.4), anemia (P = 0.001; OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5-7.5), and indoor/outdoor alternate working environment (P < 0.001; OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5-2.8) were the significant risk factors for CC. The mean lip skin TEWL was found to be significantly higher, while the capacitance was lower in CC patients compared to that of control individuals. This study provides insights into the etiopathogenesis of CC and may help clinicians to identify the most effective management strategies.
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Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:110-116. [PMID: 31066083 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beeswax, both white and yellow, has many uses, such as in lip balm. This material can cause contact allergy, although not many cases have been described. METHODS Ninety-five patients with contact cheilitis, facial eczema or a suspicion of contact allergy to beeswax were patch tested with yellow and white beeswax and with propolis, in addition to the Swedish baseline series. Patients who reacted positively to beeswax were additionally tested with caffeic acid, and two derivatives thereof that are believed to be important haptens in propolis. RESULTS Seventeen patients had positive reactions to beeswax. Fourteen of these patients had been tested with both yellow and white beeswax. Among those 14, eight had positive reactions to both types of wax, five only to yellow wax, and one only to white wax. Of the 10 wax-positive patients tested with caffeic acid derivatives, three reacted positively. Fourteen beeswax-positive patients also had positive reactions to propolis. CONCLUSION Patch testing cheilitis patients is important, as contact allergy is common. Our suggestion is to patch test, apart from the baseline series and the patient's own products, also with beeswax and propolis. Many beeswax-allergic cheilitis patients would not have been diagnosed with a relevant contact allergy if only the Swedish baseline series had been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar S A Nyman
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mimmi Tang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Inerot
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amra Osmancevic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Centre for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bourgeois P, Goossens A. Allergic contact cheilitis caused by menthol in toothpaste and throat medication: a case report. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 75:113-5. [PMID: 27385520 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Bourgeois
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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O'Gorman SM, Torgerson RR. Contact allergy in cheilitis. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:e386-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lavy Y, Slodownik D, Trattner A, Ingber A. Toothpaste Allergy as a Cause of Cheilitis in Israeli Patients. Dermatitis 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2009.08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Burdock GA, Carabin IG, Griffiths JC. Toxicology and pharmacology of sodium ricinoleate. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1689-98. [PMID: 16831502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of the fatty acid content of castor oil. Castor oil is known for its purgative effects and can be used to induce labor. Both castor oil and ricinoleic acid are approved for use in food. The mechanistic basis for purgative actions likely includes the membrane-disruptive effects of detergent-like molecules, such as sodium ricinoleate (a 'soap'). These effects have been shown to be dose-related and to exhibit a threshold below which no laxative response was evident, in both animals and in humans. Castor oil was not toxic in subchronic feeding studies in rodents at doses ranging up to 10-20% of the diet. Sodium ricinoleate, as a surfactant, demonstrates predictable skin and mucus membrane irritant effects, and may induce a Type IV dermal sensitization response in those previously sensitized to it. However, food-grade castor oil and sodium ricinoleate are prepared in such a manner as to be free of the castor bean constituents that have been proven to be the source of reported Type I immediate hypersensitivity responses. Feeding studies with castor oil in rodents provide a basis for a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) estimate of 7,500 mg/kg/day and 5,000 mg/kg/day in mice and rats, respectively (). Applying an uncertainty factor of 100 to the lesser of these NOAELs, one can thus estimate an acceptable daily intake (ADI) in man to be 50 mg/kg, or 3,000 mg of castor oil per day in an average 60 kg person. As ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of castor oil, applying this calculation to the 3,000 mg/day estimated ADI in humans for castor oil (given the rapid hydrolysis of castor oil glyceride in the gastrointestinal tract), the acceptable daily intake of ricinoleic acid may be as high as 2,400 mg/person.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Burdock
- Burdock Group, 888 17th Street NW, Suite 810, Washington, DC 20006, USA.
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Abstract
A 26-year-old woman presented with a 12-month history of persistent dermatitis of the lips. She had failed to respond to cosmetic avoidance and therapeutic measures. Patch testing was negative, including her toothpaste and toothpaste flavours. She defied diagnosis until an acute flare followed immediately after dental treatment with a mint flavoured tooth cleaning powder. This led us to prick test her to mint leaves and this was positive. Her cheilitis settled after changing from her mint-flavoured toothpaste. A diagnosis of contact urticaria should be considered in cases of cheilitis of unknown cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Holmes
- Skin and Cancer Foundation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
Throughout the centuries, the beauty of lips has been extolled by poets, and painters; and people in many different cultures decorate their lips. Modern cosmetics are designed not only to beautify the lips but also to moisturize and protect them from environmental hazards. Familiarity with the ingredients used in lip cosmetics is essential to recognizing and diagnosing the adverse reactions that are associated with these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Engasser
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Kanthraj
- Department of Skin & STD, Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka, India
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13
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Abstract
Allergic contact cheilitis describes a not uncommon inflammatory reaction of the lips. We reviewed its allergic causes, and suspect that the literature does not adequately document the frequency and etiologic factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ophaswongse
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Athavale
- Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal, India
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