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Rehman NU, Ansari MN, Ahmad W, Ali A. Calcium Channel Inhibitory Effect of Marjoram ( Origanum majorana L.): Its Medicinal Use in Diarrhea and Gut Hyperactivity. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2024; 29:47. [PMID: 38420828 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2902047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leaves of Origanum majorana (O. majorana) are traditionally renowned for treating diarrhea and gut spasms. This study was therefore planned to evaluate its methanolic extract. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the phytochemicals, and Swiss albino mice were used for an in vivo antidiarrheal assay. Isolated rat ileum was used as an ex vivo assay model to study the possible antispasmodic effect and its mechanism(s). RESULTS The GC-MS analysis of O. majorana detected the presence of 21 compounds, of which alpha-terpineol was a major constituent. In the antidiarrheal experiment, O. majorana showed a substantial inhibitory effect on diarrheal episodes in mice at an oral dosage of 200 mg/kg, resulting in 40% protection. Furthermore, an oral dosage of 400 mg/kg provided even greater protection, with 80% effectiveness. Similarly, loperamide showed 100% protection at oral doses of 10 mg/kg. O. majorana caused complete inhibition of carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-evoked spasms in isolated ileal tissues by expressing significantly higher potency (p < 0.05) against high K+ compared to CCh, similar to verapamil, a Ca++ antagonist. The verapamil-like predominant Ca++ ion inhibitory action of O. majorana was further confirmed in the ileal tissues that were made Ca++-free by incubating the tissues in a physiological salt solution having ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. The preincubation of O. majorana at increasing concentrations (0.3 and 1 mg/mL) shifted towards the right of the CaCl2-mediated concentration-response curves (CRCs) with suppression of the maximum contraction. Similarly, verapamil also caused non-specific suppression of Ca++ CRCs towards the right, as expected. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study conducted an analysis to determine the chemical constituents of the leaf extract of O. majorana and provided a detailed mechanistic basis for the medicinal use of O. majorana in hyperactive gut motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abuzer Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Kokkinakis J, Schuett BS, Millar TJ. Effects on the Human Tear Film of Applying Skin Lipids to the Ocular Surface. Cornea 2023; 42:1562-1571. [PMID: 37506368 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of skin lipids on the formation and stability of the human tear film was investigated. METHODS Skin swab substances (SSSs) were applied to the eyes of volunteers and studied using fluorescein or with TearView, which records infrared emissivity showing tear film integrity in real time. Results were compared with similar experiments using castor oil, freshly collected meibum, or acetic acid, which simulated the low pH of the skin. RESULTS Fluorescein and TearView results were comparable. TearView showed the natural unaltered tear film over the whole eye, instant changes to the tear film, and meibomian gland activity. Minimal amounts of SSS destroyed the integrity of the film and caused pain. Corneal epithelial damage could be detected. TearView showed that SSS stimulated meibomian gland secretion if applied directly to the posterior eyelid margin. Excess meibum had no effect on the tear film spread or integrity. Castor oil formed floating lenses on the tear film which were spread by a blink but then condensed back toward themselves. There was no pain or surface damage with these oils. CONCLUSIONS SSS contamination of the ocular surface disrupts the tear film, causes stinging, and fluorescein staining of the corneal epithelial cells after a blink. SSS stimulates meibomian gland activity. It is possible that various ocular conditions associated with dry eye, such as blepharitis and ocular rosacea, may compromise a meibomian lipid barrier of the eye lid margin. Skin lipids would then have access to the ocular surface and cause dry eye symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Kokkinakis
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Eye Practice, Sydney, NSW, Australia; and
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Jedidi S, Rtibi K, Selmi H, Aloui F, Sebai H. Salvia officinalis flowers extract ameliorates liver and kidney injuries induced by simultaneous intoxication with ethanol/castor oil. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15854. [PMID: 37960994 PMCID: PMC10643985 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the possible mechanisms of aqueous extract Salvia officinalis flowers (SF-AE) and its protective effects against hepatorenal toxicities produced by simultaneous acute administration of ethanol (EtOH)/castor oil (CO). Healthy male rats (N = 50) were separated into five equal groups: control, Ethanol (EtOH) + Castor oil (CO), doses of increasing orders of SF-AE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) during 15 days. Liver and kidney injuries were induced by EtOH (4 g/kg, b.w., p.o.) combined with CO (5 mL/kg, b.w., p.o.). Compared to the control group, SF-AE pretreatment protected against simultaneous administration of EtOH and CO-caused serious histological alterations in liver and kidney tissues. SF-AE also reversed liver and kidney biochemical parameters and lipid profile alterations. More importantly, SF-AE significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and counteracted the depletion of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. SF-AE also prevents against inflammation induced by EtOH combined with CO, expressed by the rise of inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein: CRP and alkaline phosphatase: ALP). Additionally, combined EtOH intoxication and CO poisoning exerted an increase in H2 O2 , free iron and calcium levels. Impressively, SF-AE treatment regulated levels of these studied intracellular mediators in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, SF-AE can potentially improve liver and kidney injuries associated with biochemical parameter deregulations, possibly by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Jedidi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio‐ResourcesUniversity of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of BéjaBéjaTunisia
- Laboratory of Sylvo‐Pastoral ResourcesInstitution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), University of Jendouba, Sylvo‐Pastoral Institute of TabarkaTabarkaTunisia
| | - Kais Rtibi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio‐ResourcesUniversity of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of BéjaBéjaTunisia
| | - Houcine Selmi
- Laboratory of Sylvo‐Pastoral ResourcesInstitution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), University of Jendouba, Sylvo‐Pastoral Institute of TabarkaTabarkaTunisia
| | - Foued Aloui
- Laboratory of Sylvo‐Pastoral ResourcesInstitution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education (IRESA), University of Jendouba, Sylvo‐Pastoral Institute of TabarkaTabarkaTunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio‐ResourcesUniversity of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of BéjaBéjaTunisia
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Rosu L, Varganici CD, Mustata F, Rosu D, Rosca I, Rusu T. Epoxy Coatings Based on Modified Vegetable Oils for Wood Surface Protection against Fungal Degradation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:14443-14458. [PMID: 32134620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study describes the curing and thermal behavior of a new castor oil maleic anhydride adduct/epoxy oils/5-Bromosalicylic acid coatings and their composites with wood. The epoxidized oils were flax and hemp. The kinetic parameters of the curing and thermal degradation processes were calculated. The resistance of the coated wood surfaces against Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Penicillium chrysogenum was tested. Color changes, FT-IR and SEM were conducted before and after fungal attack. The decay resistance and color change of raw wood and wood treated samples against fungi was tested. Based on the color changes and according to ASTM D 2017, the decay resistance rating for covered samples was considered as "highly resistant". Chemical resistance and coating performance tests were also undertaken. The obtained results recommend the described materials for applications in wood protective coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rosu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Dragos Varganici
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Fanica Mustata
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Rosu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodora Rusu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Zotti CA, Silva AP, Carvalho R, Marino CT, Rodrigues PHM, Silva LFP, McAllister TA, Leme PR. Monensin and a blend of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid used in a high-concentrate diet abruptly fed to Nellore cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4124-4138. [PMID: 28992030 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monensin and functional oils (FO) were supplemented to a high-concentrate diet abruptly fed to 12 ruminally cannulated Zebu steers to study their effects on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and , , and relative population. A randomized complete block design with repeated measures over time within 2 experimental periods of 21 d each was used. Treatments were a control (CTR; with no additives), FO (included at 400 mg/kg), and monensin included at 30 mg/kg (M30) or 40 mg/kg (M40). All steers were fed the same high-concentrate basal diet, which consisted of 92.25% concentrate. The first 60 h after transition showed a treatment and hour interaction for ruminal propionate proportion ( = 0.028), and no change in acetate molar proportion ( = 0.633), rumen pH ( = 0.370), and time the rumen pH remained below 5.6 ( = 0.242) were observed. The acetate:propionate ratio decreased ( = 0.020) when monensin was fed in both concentrations (2.30 for the M30 treatment and 2.32 for the M40 treatment) compared with when the CTR was fed (2.85), without being different when the FO (2.71) treatment was fed. Only the M30 treatment did not show pH below 5.2 (P=0.047) over the 60 h after the abrupt transition. Within the entire period, DMI ( = 0.008) and mean ruminal pH ( = 0.040) as well as molar proportions of propionate ( = 0.034) and valerate ( = 0.031) had significant interactions between treatment and day. Total VFA concentration was greater ( = 0.017) for the M30 (117.36 m) and CTR treatments (115.77 m) compared with the M40 treatment (105.02 m), without being different for the FO treatment (111.55 m). Treatments did not change feed behavior parameters. Blood HCO ( = 0.006) and total carbon dioxide ( = 0.003) were greater for the M30 (27.8 and 29.3 mmol/L, respectively) and FO treatments (28.3 and 29.7 mmol/L, respectively) compared with the CTR treatment (25.7 and 26.9 mmol/L, respectively). ( < 0.0001) and ( < 0.0001) decreased their population throughout days, whereas ( = 0.026) increased its population. Independent of ciliated protozoa genera, the greatest ( < 0.0001) protozoa counts were observed for the CTR treatment (52.7 × 10/mL), intermediate for the FO treatment (35.3 x10/mL), and least for steers fed monensin in both concentrations (15 × 10/mL for the M30 treatment and 14 × 10/mL for the M40 treatment). Feed additives had different effects to reduce the subacute acidosis. The use of the FO and M40 treatments did not change most of the rumen fermentation variables, especially in the first week after abrupt transition, when the M30 treatment provided higher protection against acidosis.
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Tan ACW, Polo‐Cambronell BJ, Provaggi E, Ardila‐Suárez C, Ramirez‐Caballero GE, Baldovino‐Medrano VG, Kalaskar DM. Design and development of low cost polyurethane biopolymer based on castor oil and glycerol for biomedical applications. Biopolymers 2018; 109:e23078. [PMID: 29159831 PMCID: PMC5887880 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we present the synthesis of novel low cost bio-polyurethane compositions with variable mechanical properties based on castor oil and glycerol for biomedical applications. A detailed investigation of the physicochemical properties of the polymer was carried out by using mechanical testing, ATR-FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Polymers were also tested in short term in-vitro cell culture with human mesenchymal stem cells to evaluate their biocompatibility for potential applications as biomaterial. FTIR analysis confirmed the synthesis of castor oil and glycerol based PU polymers. FTIR also showed that the addition of glycerol as co-polyol increases crosslinking within the polymer backbone hence enhancing the bulk mechanical properties of the polymer. XPS data showed that glycerol incorporation leads to an enrichment of oxidized organic species on the surface of the polymers. Preliminary investigation into in vitro biocompatibility showed that serum protein adsorption can be controlled by varying the glycerol content with polymer backbone. An alamar blue assay looking at the metabolic activity of the cells indicated that castor oil based PU and its variants containing glycerol are non-toxic to the cells. This study opens an avenue for using low cost bio-polyurethane based on castor oil and glycerol for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. W. Tan
- UCL Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - B. J. Polo‐Cambronell
- GIP Grupo de Investigación en Polímeros, UIS Universidad Industrial de SantanderBucaramangaColombia
| | - E. Provaggi
- UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - C. Ardila‐Suárez
- GIP Grupo de Investigación en Polímeros, UIS Universidad Industrial de SantanderBucaramangaColombia
| | - G. E. Ramirez‐Caballero
- GIP Grupo de Investigación en Polímeros, UIS Universidad Industrial de SantanderBucaramangaColombia
| | - V. G. Baldovino‐Medrano
- GIP Grupo de Investigación en Polímeros, UIS Universidad Industrial de SantanderBucaramangaColombia
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de Superficies (#SurfSciSchoolCo), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta (Santander)681011Colombia
| | - D. M. Kalaskar
- UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Nóbrega FS, Selim MB, Arana-Chavez VE, Correa L, Ferreira MP, Zoppa ALV. Histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of biocompatibility of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate in equine bone tissue. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1210-1214. [PMID: 28945129 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate for use in a unicortical ostectomy on the dorsal surface of the third metacarpal bone of horses. ANIMALS 6 adult horses. PROCEDURES A unicortical ostectomy was created on the dorsal surface of both third metacarpal bones of each horse. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate was implanted into the ostectomy on 1 limb, and the ostectomy of the contralateral limb was left unfilled and served as a control sample. Ostectomy sites were evaluated histologically 120 days later. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the interface of bone and polymer or the interface of bone and newly formed tissue; specimens were processed for histomorphometric evaluation by use of light microscopy, immunohistochemical analysis, histochemical analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Osteoconductive activity of the biomaterial was confirmed by the presence of osteoblasts in the biopsy specimens. Absence of a chronic inflammatory response or foreign body reaction indicated biocompatibility. Expression of osteoblast markers was detected in the newly formed tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that castor oil polyurethane polymer with calcium carbonate could be an acceptable compound for use as a bone substitute in horses with fractures in which bone filling is necessary.
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DeMaria AL, Sundstrom B, Moxley GE, Banks K, Bishop A, Rathbun L. Castor oil as a natural alternative to labor induction: A retrospective descriptive study. Women Birth 2017; 31:e99-e104. [PMID: 28838804 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe birthing outcomes among women who consumed castor oil cocktail as part of a freestanding birth center labor induction protocol. METHODS De-identified data from birth logs and electronic medical records were entered into SPSS Statistics 22.0 for analysis for all women who received the castor oil cocktail (n=323) to induce labor between January 2008 and May 2015 at a birth center in the United States. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for trends in safety and birthing outcomes. RESULTS Of the women who utilized the castor oil cocktail to stimulate labor, 293 (90.7%) birthed vaginally at the birth center or hospital. The incidence of maternal adverse effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, extreme diarrhea) was less than 7%, and adverse effects of any kind were reported in less than 15% of births. An independent sample t-test revealed that parous women were more likely to birth vaginally at the birth center after using the castor oil cocktail than their nulliparous counterparts (p<.010), while gestational age (p=.26), woman's age (p=.23), and body mass index (p=.28) were not significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 91% of women in the study who consumed the castor oil cocktail to induce labor were able to give birth vaginally with little to no maternal or fetal complications. Findings indicate further research is needed to compare the safety and effectiveness of natural labor induction methodologies, including castor oil, to commonly used labor induction techniques in a prospective study or clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L DeMaria
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Beth Sundstrom
- Department of Communication, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Grace E Moxley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kendall Banks
- Belk College of Business, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ashlan Bishop
- Honors College, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
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Eckhard LH, Houri-Haddad Y, Sol A, Zeharia R, Shai Y, Beyth S, Domb AJ, Bachrach G, Beyth N. Sustained Release of Antibacterial Lipopeptides from Biodegradable Polymers against Oral Pathogens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162537. [PMID: 27606830 PMCID: PMC5015835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antibacterial drugs to overcome various pathogenic species, which inhabit the oral cavity, faces several challenges, such as salivary flow and enzymatic activity that restrict dosage retention. Owing to their amphipathic nature, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as the first line of defense of the innate immune system. The ability to synthesize different types of AMPs enables exploitation of their advantages as alternatives to antibiotics. Sustained release of AMPs incorporated in biodegradable polymers can be advantageous in maintaining high levels of the peptides. In this study, four potent ultra-short lipopeptides, conjugated to an aliphatic acid chain (16C) were incorporated in two different biodegradable polymers: poly (lactic acid co castor oil) (PLACO) and ricinoleic acid-based poly (ester-anhydride) (P(SA-RA)) for sustained release. The lipopeptide and polymer formulations were tested for antibacterial activity during one week, by turbidometric measurements of bacterial outgrowth, anti-biofilm activity by live/dead staining, biocompatibility by hemolysis and XTT colorimetric assays, mode of action by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and release profile by a fluorometric assay. The results show that an antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect, as well as membrane disruption, can be achieved by the use of a formulation of lipopeptide incorporated in biodegradable polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea H. Eckhard
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Sol
- Institute of Dental Science, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rotem Zeharia
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shaul Beyth
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Bachrach
- Institute of Dental Science, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Hebrew University–Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Kanchan T, Atreya A, Shekhawat RS. Cathartic Turned Bioweapon: Ricinus communis, the Castor Bean. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27:444-5. [PMID: 27591711 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India (Drs Kanchan and Shekhawat).
| | - Alok Atreya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal (Dr Atreya)
| | - Raghvendra Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India (Drs Kanchan and Shekhawat)
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Kikuchi M, Nakagawa M, Tone S, Saito H, Niino T, Nagasawa N, Sawai J. Predicting changes in aquatic toxicity of chemicals resulting from solvent or dispersant use as vehicle. Chemosphere 2016; 154:34-39. [PMID: 27037772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of two vehicles (N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF] as solvent and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil [HCO-40] as a dispersant) on the acute toxicity of eight hydrophobic chemicals with a non-specific mode of action to Daphnia magna was investigated according to the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 202. An increased 48-h EC50 value for D. magna or reduced toxicity resulting from the addition of HCO-40 to the test medium was observed for five of the eight chemicals examined. Each of eight chemicals was dissolved in water at a concentration of either 10 mg/L or 1.0 mg/L, with or without DMF or HCO-40. Silicone film as a model of a biological membrane was then immersed in each solution, and the concentration of each chemical in the water was monitored until equilibrium was reached for each test substance, after which the adsorbed amount of each chemical was determined. The amounts of p-pentylphenol and four other substances with log Pow (1-octanol/water partition coefficient) values greater than 3.4 adsorbed onto the silicone film decreased with increasing concentrations of HCO-40. However, 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene and two other substances with log Pow values less than 2.6 demonstrated no changes in adsorption with either increasing HCO-40 concentration or the addition of DMF. The reduced adsorption in the presence of a vehicle on the silicone film correlated closely with changes in toxicity. These results indicate that the methodology developed in this study enables the prediction of changes in toxicity resulting from the addition of vehicles to a test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Kikuchi
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Nakagawa
- LSI Medience Co., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Suguru Tone
- LSI Medience Co., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hotaka Saito
- Life Science Institute, Inc., 13-4, Uchikanda 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Niino
- LSI Medience Co., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nagasawa
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Jun Sawai
- Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
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Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Maham M. The application of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in medicinal plants, inhibits castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:594-599. [PMID: 25327386 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 1,8-Cineole, a terpene, characterized as a major constituent occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic plants. It is widely used in pharmaceutical industry, as a food additive and for culinary purposes. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the inhibitory effect of 1,8-cineole on transit time and diarrhea in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute toxicity and lethality of 1-8-cineole was determined by Lork's guidelines. The antidiarrheal effect of 1,8-cineole was investigated by determining the intestinal transit and enterpooling in rats. In all experiments, different doses of 1,8-cineole (20-120 mg/kg), atropine, and loperamide were administered orally. RESULTS The LD50 of 1,8-cineole for oral administration was estimated to be 1280 mg/kg. 1,8-Cineole (20-120 mg/kg) did not show a significant decrease in small intestine transit (p > 0.05); however, the highest dose displayed a significant decrease in comparison with atropine (p < 0.05). This substance decreased the peristaltic index value to 68 ± 0.36% at a dose of 120 mg/kg compared with the control group (85.22 ± 4.31%) in the castor oil transit test. 1,8-Cineole significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea to -142.33 ± 6.08 min at 120 mg/kg, while the time was 103.66 ± 20.73 min for the control and >240 min for the loperamide. Moreover, 1,8-cineole significantly decreased intestinal fluid accumulation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated antispasmodic and antisecretory activities of 1,8-cineole and rationalized the traditional use of the plant containing various levels of this terpene in the treatment of gastrointestinal complains such as diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Jalilzadeh-Amin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University , Urmia , Iran
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Zhang C, Xu Y, Zhong Q, Li X, Gao P, Feng C, Chu Q, Chen Y, Liu D. In vitro evaluation of the inhibitory potential of pharmaceutical excipients on human carboxylesterase 1A and 2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93819. [PMID: 24699684 PMCID: PMC3974814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major forms of human carboxylesterase (CES), CES1A and CES2, dominate the pharmacokinetics of most prodrugs such as imidapril and irinotecan (CPT-11). Excipients, largely used as insert vehicles in formulation, have been recently reported to affect drug enzyme activity. The influence of excipients on the activity of CES remains undefined. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 25 excipients on the activities of CES1A1 and CES2 were evaluated. Imidapril and CPT-11 were used as substrates and cultured with liver microsomes in vitro. Imidapril hydrolase activities of recombinant CES1A1 and human liver microsomes (HLM) were strongly inhibited by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (RH40) [Inhibition constant (Ki) = 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/ml and 0.20 ± 0.09 μg/ml for CES1A1, and 0.12 ± 0.03 μg/ml and 0.76 ± 0.33 μg/ml, respectively, for HLM]. The enzyme hydrolase activity of recombinant CES2 was substantially inhibited by Tween 20 and polyoxyl 35 castor oil (EL35) (K(i) = 0.93 ± 0.36 μg/ml and 4.4 ± 1.24 μg/ml, respectively). Thus, these results demonstrate that surfactants such as SLS, RH40, Tween 20 and EL35 may attenuate the CES activity; such inhibition should be taken into consideration during drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanjiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaoni Zhong
- Hubei Pharmaceutical Industry Research Institute Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyang Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji hospital, Tongji medical school, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Graça YLSDS, Opolski AC, Barboza BEG, Erbano BO, Mazzaro CC, Klostermann FC, Sucharski EE, Kubrusly LF. Biocompatibility of Ricinus communis polymer with addition of calcium carbonate compared to titanium. Experimental study in guinea pigs. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 29:272-8. [PMID: 25140479 PMCID: PMC4389457 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether the difference in inflammatory tissue reaction between the Riccinus communis (castor) polymer with calcium carbonate and the titanium implant is statistically significant. METHODS Thirty-two Cavia porcellus were allocated into four groups of eight animals each. We implanted the two types of materials in the retroperitoneal space of all the animals. They were euthanized at 7, 20, 30 and 40 days after surgery, and an histological study of the samples was conducted. RESULTS All implants showed characteristics of chronic inflammation regardless of the material and timepoint of evaluation. There was no statistically significant difference between Pm+CaCO3 and Ti with regard to the presence of granulation tissue, tissue congestion, histiocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, giant cells, and fibrosis (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION The castor oil polymer plus calcium carbonate implant was not statistically different from the titanium implant regarding inflammatory tissue reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorgos Luiz Santos De Salles Graça
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Opolski
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Barbara Evelin Gonçalves Barboza
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Olandoski Erbano
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cantalejo Mazzaro
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávia Caroline Klostermann
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Enéas Eduardo Sucharski
- Research Center of the Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisas (Denton
Cooley Research Institute); Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná; Hospital Vita Education and
Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Kubrusly
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Instituto do Coração (InCor) - Hospital
Vita, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Sebai H, Jabri MA, Souli A, Rtibi K, Selmi S, Tebourbi O, El-Benna J, Sakly M. Antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) decoction extract in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 152:327-332. [PMID: 24463157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Matricaria recutita L. (Chamomile) has been widely used in the Tunisian traditional medicine for the treatment of digestive system disorders. The present work aims to investigate the protective effects of chamomile decoction extract (CDE) against castor oil-induced diarrhea and oxidative stress in rats. METHODS The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea method. In this respect, rats were divided into six groups: Control, Castor oil, Castor oil+Loperamide (LOP) and Castor oil+various doses of CDE. Animals were per orally (p.o.) pre-treated with CDE during 1h and intoxicated for 2 or 4h by acute oral administration of castor oil. RESULTS Our results showed that CDE produced a significant dose-dependent protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation. On the other hand, we showed that diarrhea was accompagned by an oxidative stress status assessed by an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Castor oil also increased gastric and intestinal mucosa hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and free iron levels. Importantly, we showed that chamomile pre-treatment abrogated all these biochemical alterations. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that chamomile extract had a potent antidiarrheal and antioxidant properties in rats confirming their use in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P., 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P., 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaziz Souli
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P., 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Kais Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P., 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B.P., 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Tebourbi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U773 Centre de Recherche Biomédicale, Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Alonso EC, Santos DYAC. Ricinus communis and Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) seed oil toxicity against Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:742-746. [PMID: 23786062 DOI: 10.1603/ec12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants are the main herbivores in the New World tropics. Although the toxicity of seed oils against these ants has been poorly investigated, previous results revealed that seed oils exert considerable toxic activity against these insects. This paper analyzes the toxic action and deterrent properties of castor oil, Ricinus communis L., and physic nut oil, Jatropha curcas L., against workers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa reared in laboratory. Toxic effect was analyzed by feeding insects artificial diets supplemented with different oil concentrations and direct contact with the two oils. Deterrent activity was assessed by measuring the frequency of attendance to diets during the first 48 h of the ingestion bioassay. Castor oil at 10 and 30 mg/ml and physic nut oil at 5, 10, and 30 mg/ml were toxic by ingestion. In the direct contact bioassay, toxicity was observed for physic nut oil at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, whereas castor oil exerted toxic effects only when the highest concentration was applied. Also, castor oil had a more pronounced deterrent effect against the leaf-cutting ant, compared with physic nut oil. Methods to apply these oils to control these insects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Alonso
- Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matõ, 277, São Paulo-São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, Brazil
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Valera MC, Maekawa LE, de Oliveira LD, Jorge AOC, Shygei É, Carvalho CAT. In vitro antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21:118-23. [PMID: 23739849 PMCID: PMC3881874 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757201302135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of auxiliary chemical substances and natural extracts on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-two human tooth roots were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days. The groups were divided according to the auxiliary chemical substance into: G1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), G2) 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), G3) castor oil, G4) glycolic Aloe vera extract, G5) glycolic ginger extract, and G6) sterile saline (control). The samples of the root canal were collected at different intervals: confirmation collection, at 21 days after contamination; 1st collection, after instrumentation; and 2nd collection, seven days after instrumentation. Microbiological samples were grown in culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. RESULTS The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (5%) statistical tests. NaOCl and CHX completely eliminated the microorganisms of the root canals. Castor oil and ginger significantly reduced the number of CFU of the tested bacteria. Reduction of CFU/mL at the 1st and 2nd collections for groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 was greater in comparison to groups G5 and G6. CONCLUSION It was concluded that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel were more effective in eliminating C. albicans and E. faecalis, followed by the castor oil and glycolic ginger extract. The Aloe vera extract showed no antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Valera MC, Maekawa LE, Chung A, de Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Effectiveness of castor oil extract on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals. Gen Dent 2012; 60:e204-e209. [PMID: 22782052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of castor oil extract used as an irrigating solution on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals. Sixty single-rooted teeth were prepared (using castor oil extract as irrigating solution) and divided into five groups (n = 12): Group 1 samples were treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Group 2 samples were treated with polymyxin B, Group 3 samples were treated with Ca(OH)2 and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), and Group 4 samples were treated with castor oil extract. A control group used physiological saline solution as an irrigant. Canal content samples were collected at four different times: immediately after instrumentation, seven days after instrumentation, after 14 days of intracanal medication, and seven days after removal of intracanal medication. A plating method was used to assess antimicrobial activity and the quantification of endotoxins was evaluated by the chromogenic Limulus lysate assay. Data were submitted to ANOVA and a Dunn test (a = 5%). Irrigation with castor oil extract decreased E. coli counts but had no effect on the level of endotoxins. Samples taken seven days after removal of medication revealed a significant reduction in endotoxin levels in Groups 3 and 4. Compared to the saline solution irrigation, castor oil extract decreased microorganism counts in root canals immediately after canal preparation. None of the medications used completely eliminated endotoxins in the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Jose dos Campos Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Adeyemi OO, Aigbe FR, Badru OA. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens (Vahl.) Aristolochiaceae. Nig Q J Hosp Med 2012; 22:29-33. [PMID: 23175877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aristolochia ringens, an ornamental plant native to tropical America that now grows in a number of African countries has been reported to be used in African traditional medicine for the management of snake bite venom, gastrointestinal disturbances, rheumatoicd arthritis and insomnia among others. OBJECTIVE Based on its use in traditional African medicine, the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens (AR) was evaluated to determine the pharmacological basis of its use in the management of diarrhoea. METHODS Normal and castor oil (CO) induced intestinal transit, castor oil induced diarrhoea, gastric emptying and enteropooling models were carried out in mice and rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity tests were also carried out. RESULTS AR (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a dose-dependent and significant decrease in normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit compared to the vehicle group. This effect was significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited by pilocarpine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), phentolamine and propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) respectively but neither significantly inhibited by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) nor significantly enhanced by isosorbide dinitrate (150 mg/kg, p.o.). AR produced a dose-dependent and significant increase in the latency of diarrhoeal onset. AR also reduced the diarrhoeal score, number and weight of wet stools. The in vivo antidarrhoeal index (ADI(in vivo)) of 81.79 produced by AR (400 mg/kg) is comparable to the 86.85 ADI(in vivo). produced by morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). AR also reduced the gastric enteropooling and emptying effects of castor oil. Preliminary screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins and alkaloids. In the acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed with AR administered orally up to 10,000 mg/kg, but an LD50 of 407.38 mg/kg was obtained with the intraperitoneal route of administration in mice. CONCLUSION Results show that the aqueous root extract of Aristolochia ringens possesses antidiarrhoeal activity possibly mediated by its non selective action on adrenoceptors in the GIT and physiological antagonism of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Nigeria.
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Akindele AJ, Awodele O, Alagbaoso AA, Adeyemi OO. Antidiarrhoeal activity of DAS-77 (a herbal preparation). Nig Q J Hosp Med 2011; 21:317-323. [PMID: 23175899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DAS-77 is a traditional herbal preparation composed of the young callous bark of mango (Mangifera indica Linn., Anacardiaceae) and the dried root of pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn., Caricaceae). This phytomedicine is claimed to have beneficial effects in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhoea. OBJECTIVE To investigate the antidiarrhoeal effect of DAS-77 using standard pharmacological models. METHODS Normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, and castor oil-induced diarrhoea tests wore carried out in mice while intestinal fluid accumulation and gastric emptying tests were carried out in rats. Acute toxicity test and preliminary phytochemical analysis were also conducted. RESULTS The results obtained in this study revealed that DAS-77 had no significant inhibitory effect on normal intestinal transit, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, intestinal fluid accumulation and gastric emptying. However, the inhibitory effect of DAS-77 was significant (p<0.001) relative to control in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit test. Peak effect was produced at the dose of 100 mg/kg (p.o.). The effect of DAS-77 in this respect was reversed by pilocarpine and propranolol, but not by phenoxybenzamine. DAS-77 did not produce any mortality given p.o. up to 10 g/kg, indicating the relative safety of the preparation. The i.p. LD50 was estimated to be 1122 mg/kg. The remedy was found to contain saponins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. CONCLUSION Findings in this study suggest that DAS-77 possesses antidiarrhoeal activity due to the inhibition of intestinal motility possibly mediated by muscarinic and alpha adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
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Pinto A, Autore G, Mascolo N, Sorrentino R, Biondi A, Izzo AA, Capasso F. Time Course of PAF Formation by Gastrointestinal Tissue in Rats After Castor Oil Challenge. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:224-6. [PMID: 1354728 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
When castor oil was administered by gavage to rats, the duodenum and jejunum, but not the stomach, produced large amounts of platelet activating factor 3–7 h after oil challenge with a peak at 3 h. Intraluminal release of acid phosphatase was also markedly increased in the duodenum and jejunum of castor oil-treated rats, especially 3–5 h after oil challenge. No increase was observed in the stomach. There was a correlation between elevated release of acid phosphatase and intestinal hyperaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinto
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy
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Appidi JR, Yakubu MT, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ. Antidiarrheal activity of aqueous extract of Hermannia incana Cav. leaves in Wistar rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2010; 32:27-30. [PMID: 20383343 DOI: 10.1358/mf.2010.32.1.1464613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hermannia incana Cav. is a prostrate herb used to treat diarrhea, stomach ache, nausea and vomiting, by the people of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The phytochemical screening as well as the antidiarrheal activity of H. incana leaf extract at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in rats. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive agents such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, cardenolides and dienolides. The extract significantly prolonged the time of induction of diarrhea, reduced the frequency of diarrheal episodes and water content of the feces, and inhibited castor oil-induced enteropooling. The extract also suppressed intestinal propulsive movement of a charcoal meal through the gastrointestinal tract. These results demonstrate the antidiarrheal properties of the extract, thereby supporting the folkloric use of the plant as an antidiarrheal agent in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Appidi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Hu J, Gao WY, Ling NS, Liu CX. Antidiarrhoeal and intestinal modulatory activities of Wei-Chang-An-Wan extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 125:450-455. [PMID: 19646520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Wei-Chang-An-Wan (WCAW), a traditional pharmaceutical preparation, has been used for treating various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases for several decades, but it is still poorly understood how it works on those disorders. This study was to investigate the effects of WCAW extract on GI tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The activities of the methanol extract (ME) of WCAW on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit (GIT) in mice, and contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum were investigated. We further assessed the safety of ME in vivo. Additionally, a HPLC fingerprint of ME was appraised to ensure its chemical consistency. RESULTS Ten peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprint of ME. At the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg, ME significantly protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhoea as well as the number of faeces and wet faeces. Interestingly, administration of ME significantly accelerated GIT in normal mice and reduced stimulated GIT induced by neostigmine. ME also dose-dependently attenuated spontaneous contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum, and those induced by acetylcholine (Ach) and neostigmine. Moreover, oral administration of ME up to 5 g/kg did not produce any toxic effects. Taken together, ME is able to inhibit diarrhoea, increase normal GIT, and decrease GIT induced by neostigmine, which indicate that ME might play a bidirectional role in GI tract. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a scientific basis for the clinical use of WCAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Abstract
To determine the effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and castor oil vehicles on the pilocarpine-induced miosis, we studied the miotic effect of 2% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 4 young and 10 elderly people and the miotic effect of 4% pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops on 13 elderly people. The miosis developed fast within 15 min, and maximum miosis was rached within 1 h. Oily drops of pilocarpine induced stronger maximum miosis than corresponding PVA-drops. The pupil remained contracted to less than 50% of its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops for 3-4 h and after oily drops for 9 h and returned to its starting diameter after pilocarpine-PVA drops 9-10 h and after oily drops 20-24 h following administration. The difference in the effect between pilocarpine-PVA and oily drops was independent of the subjects' age.
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25
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Abstract
The effect of 1.4% polyvinyl alcohol and castor oil vehicles on pilocarpine-induced hypotension was studied in 50 patients with open-angle glaucoma. Diurnal tension curves showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower and the maximum diurnal variation smaller during the treatment with oily drops of 2% and 4% pilocarpine instilled 2-3 times daily than when 2% and 4% pilocarpine in polyvinyl alcohol was instilled 3-4 times daily. The differences were statistically significant. In long-term treatment no marked pilocarpine tolerance developed in cases treated with oily drops of pilocarpine. It is concluded that in the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma, the hypotensive effect of pilocarpine in an oily vehicle instilled 2-3 times daily is greater and more even than that of pilocarpine of corresponding strength in polyvinyl alcohol administered 3-4 times daily.
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26
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Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), patch preparations composed of three layers, water-insoluble backing layer, drug containing layer with absorption enhancer and surface layer containing pH-dependent polymer were prepared. As absorption enhancer, three surfactants, Gelucire44/14 (Lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides), Labrasol (Caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides) and HCO-60 (polyoxyethylated hydrogenerated castor oil) were used in preparing IFN-alpha patch preparations. The intestinal absorption of IFN-alpha was studied after the administration of test patch preparations into the rat jejunum, 50,000 IU/kg. The serum IFN-alpha levels were measured by an ELISA method and both C(max) and AUC were determined as the index of absorption of IFN-alpha. Gelucire44/14 preparation including Pharmasol for the stable solidification showed the higher C(max), 7.66 +/- 0.82 IU/ml, and AUC, 12.85 +/- 1.49 IU h/ml, than Labrasol (6.51 +/- 0.89 and 8.30 +/- 1.34 IU h/ml) and HCO-60 (6.02 +/- 1.14, 7.53 +/- 1.84 IU h/ml) preparations, respectively. By comparing to the AUC obtained after s.c. injection of the same dose of IFN-alpha to rats, bioavailability (BA) was estimated to be 7.8% in Gelucire44/14 preparation. In vitro release study showed that the T50%s, the time when half of the formulated IFN-alpha is released from the patches, were 3.4 +/- 0.1 min for HCO-60, 7.8 +/- 0.1 min for Gelucire44/14 and 11.4 +/- 0.1 min for Labrasol preparations. To study the effect of absorption site, Gelucire44/14 preparation was administered into the rat duodenum and ileum. However, there were not significant differences on AUC among the three absorption sites. By reducing the IFN-alpha dose from 50,000 to 25,000 IU/kg, the serum IFN-alpha levels vs time profile showed a tendency of dose-dependency. When the histological examination of small intestinal mucosa was carried out in this study, the small intestinal mucosa after the Gelucire44/14 patches administered and before it was administered, could not recognize impaired. From these results, the usefulness of oral patch system for the oral delivery of IFN-alpha has been proved in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Broccardo M, Agostini S, Petrella C, Guerrini R, Improta G. Central and peripheral role of the nociceptin/orphaninFQ system on normal and disturbed colonic motor function and faecal pellet output in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:939-48. [PMID: 18410266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, seeking further information on the role of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)-ergic system in normal and disturbed colonic motor function in rats, we compared the colonic effects of UFP-112, a novel highly potent agonist, with those of N/OFQ. When injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.), UFP-112 and N/OFQ increased bead expulsion time in a statistically significant and dose-related manner and reduced the percentage of rats with castor oil-induced diarrhoea. UFP-112 showed greater efficacy, higher potency and longer-lasting inhibitory effects than N/OFQ, and pretreatment with UFP-101, a selective antagonist, blocked the N/OFQ analogue-induced responses in both tests. When injected i.c.v., UFP-112 and N/OFQ inhibited corticotrophin releasing factor- and restrain stress-stimulated faecal pellet excretion significantly and in a dose-related manner. Conversely, when injected peripherally both peptides significantly inhibited colonic propulsive motility but did so in a non-dose-related manner. In conclusion, these findings indicate that, in the rat, the central and peripheral N/OFQ systems have an inhibitory role in modulating distal colonic propulsive motility under physiological and pathological conditions. UFP-112 therefore promises to be a useful pharmacological tool for investigating the role of the N/OFQ system in motor functions in the distal colonic tract under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Broccardo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
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Adeyemi OO, Akindele AJ. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida (Papilionaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116:407-412. [PMID: 18276093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In our search for plants useful in the treatment of diarrhoea, we investigated the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida (BN) using intestinal transit, enteropooling and gastric emptying tests in mice and rats. In the castor oil intestinal transit test, BN produced a significant (P<0.05) dose dependent decrease in propulsion with peristaltic index (PI) values of 56.85+/-6.76, 36.84+/-3.04 and 31.98+/-2.60%, respectively at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg vs. 89.33+/-6.28% for control. The effect at 400mg/kg was significantly lower than that of morphine, 10mg/kg, s.c. (20.29+/-3.78%), and was antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate, IDN (150mg/kg, p.o.) but not by yohimbine (1mg/kg, s.c.). This effect was not potentiated by atropine (1mg/kg, s.c.). In the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test, BN produced a significant increase in onset of diarrhoea (103.40+/-8.74, 138.80+/-17.04 and 174.8+/-29.04min, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 47.60+/-8.76min for control and 226.10+/-12.57min for morphine). The severity of diarrhoea (diarrhoea score) was dose dependently reduced (19.00+/-2.26, 17.04+/-1.89, 15.00+/-2.05, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 31.40+/-2.11 for control and 7.7+/-2.2 for morphine). This effect was not antagonized by IDN or yohimbine. The effect on severity was, however, potentiated by atropine. BN also reduced the number and weight of wet stools but did not have any significant effect on intestinal fluid accumulation and gastric emptying. Results obtained suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida is endowed with antidiarrhoeal activity possibly mediated by interference with the l-arginine nitric oxide pathway and synergistic with antagonistic action on muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
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29
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Spasov AA, Orobinskaia TA, Mazanova LS, Motov AA, Sysuev BB. [Antiinflammatory effect of bischofit ointment]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2007; 70:32-35. [PMID: 18318193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new ointment based on the mineral bischofit exhibits a more pronounced antiinflammatory effect on the models of inflammation induced by carrageenin, histamine, and serotonin in rats in comparison to the reference ointment (vulnuzan). Bischofit ointment stimulates phagocyte activity of neutrophils, accelerates the healing and cleaning of infected skin wounds, and produces bacteriostatic action.
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Azhari S, Pirdadeh S, Lotfalizadeh M, Shakeri MT. Evaluation of the effect of castor oil on initiating labor in term pregnancy. Saudi Med J 2006; 27:1011-4. [PMID: 16830021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of castor oil on initiating labor in term pregnant women. METHODS We conducted this randomized control clinical trial on 47 pregnant women from August 2003 to March 2004 in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. RESULTS There was a significant increase in labor initiation ratio in the castor oil group compared with the control group (54.2% compared with 4.3%, p<0.001). Also, the mean bishop score in the castor oil group increased from 2.50 +/- 1.29 to 6.79 +/- 3.20 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The probability of labor initiation increases during the first 24 hours after using castor oil, however, further studies are recommended to improve its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Azhari
- Department of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery School, Khoramabad, Iran
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31
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Burdock GA, Carabin IG, Griffiths JC. Toxicology and pharmacology of sodium ricinoleate. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1689-98. [PMID: 16831502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of the fatty acid content of castor oil. Castor oil is known for its purgative effects and can be used to induce labor. Both castor oil and ricinoleic acid are approved for use in food. The mechanistic basis for purgative actions likely includes the membrane-disruptive effects of detergent-like molecules, such as sodium ricinoleate (a 'soap'). These effects have been shown to be dose-related and to exhibit a threshold below which no laxative response was evident, in both animals and in humans. Castor oil was not toxic in subchronic feeding studies in rodents at doses ranging up to 10-20% of the diet. Sodium ricinoleate, as a surfactant, demonstrates predictable skin and mucus membrane irritant effects, and may induce a Type IV dermal sensitization response in those previously sensitized to it. However, food-grade castor oil and sodium ricinoleate are prepared in such a manner as to be free of the castor bean constituents that have been proven to be the source of reported Type I immediate hypersensitivity responses. Feeding studies with castor oil in rodents provide a basis for a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) estimate of 7,500 mg/kg/day and 5,000 mg/kg/day in mice and rats, respectively (). Applying an uncertainty factor of 100 to the lesser of these NOAELs, one can thus estimate an acceptable daily intake (ADI) in man to be 50 mg/kg, or 3,000 mg of castor oil per day in an average 60 kg person. As ricinoleic acid constitutes approximately 90% of castor oil, applying this calculation to the 3,000 mg/day estimated ADI in humans for castor oil (given the rapid hydrolysis of castor oil glyceride in the gastrointestinal tract), the acceptable daily intake of ricinoleic acid may be as high as 2,400 mg/person.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Burdock
- Burdock Group, 888 17th Street NW, Suite 810, Washington, DC 20006, USA.
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Abstract
The methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome, given orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w., showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. Among the fractions, tested at 250 mg/kg, the petroleum ether fraction (PEF) and residual methanol fraction (RMF) were found to retain the activity, the latter being more active as compared to the control. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) did not show any antidiarrhoeal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Bangladesh.
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Mujumdar AM, Misar AV, Upadhye AS. Antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol extract of the bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 102:213-6. [PMID: 16054314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria was undertaken for evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity in albino mice based on ethnobotanical lead. This bark was collected from Khanapur area of Western Ghats near Pune, Maharashtra, India. The successive solvent extraction of bark was carried out after drying, using petroleum ether (60-80 degrees C) and ethanol in soxhlet apparatus. The ethanol extract showed activity against castor oil, magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea in albino mice. The extract was also studied for castor oil induced intraluminal fluid accumulation as well as charcoal transit in normal and barium chloride treated animals. The extract reduced significantly intraluminal fluid accumulation and intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mujumdar
- Agharkar Research Institute, Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India.
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Girard P, Pansart Y, Coppe MC, Gillardin JM. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits water and electrolytes changes induced by castor oil in the rat colon. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:2183-90. [PMID: 16240237 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-3029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biotherapeutic agent Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to inhibit castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. The present study investigated the mechanism(s) of this antidiarrhoeal effect in terms of water and electrolyte (sodium, potassium and chloride) changes using two rat models. A single oral dose of S. boulardii of up to 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg of viable cells did not inhibit castor oil-induced fluid secretion in the enteropooling model. However, the yeast dose dependently reduced castor oil induced fluid secretion into the colon, with a significant protection at 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg. In this model, castor oil reversed net sodium and chloride absorption into net secretion, and increased net potassium secretion into the lumen. Single pre-treatment with S. boulardii at 4 and 12 x 10(10) CFU/kg dose dependently decreased these electrolyte changes. In conclusion, S. boulardii possesses potent anti-secretory properties versus water and electrolyte secretion induced by castor oil in the rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Girard
- Biocodex, Service de Pharmacologie, Zac de Mercières, 60200, Compiègne, France.
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35
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two laxatives, castor oil and bisacodyl, in the routine bowel preparation of outpatients for intravenous urography (IVU). We used castor oil in patients undergoing IVU for 1 month, and then used bisacodyl in patients undergoing IVU for another month. Two uroradiologists, unaware of the method of bowel preparation, reviewed the standard radiographs and graded the residue in the large bowel and the clearness of the opacified urinary collecting system. In total, 71 consecutive outpatients received castor oil, and 84 received bisacodyl. For the castor oil group, grades from the two uroradiologists did not differ in terms of fecal residue on plain abdominal images (p = 0.54), and visualization of the urinary system on the left (p = 0.36) and right sides (p = 0.63). Findings were similar for bisacodyl recipients (p = 0.11, 0.59, and 0.32, respectively). When the laxative effect of the two agents was compared, we found no difference in the grading of fecal residue on plain abdominal images (p = 0.14), or in visualization of the urinary system on the left (p = 0.31) and right sides (p = 0.98). In conclusion, we observed no difference in laxative efficacy between castor oil and bisacodyl; thus, bisacodyl may be a useful alternative for bowel preparation before IVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Chen Yang
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Sampaio JEC, Theodoro LH, Correa MA, Mendes AJD. A comparative SEM study of smear layer removal by detergents and EDTA on the root surface. INT J PERIODONT REST 2005; 25:157-63. [PMID: 15839592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study performed an SEM evaluation of the efficiency of the following detergents on smear layer removal on the root surface: sodium lauryl sulphate, Plax, castor oil, and EDTA 24%. Sodium lauryl sulphate did not remove the smear layer and showed the worst results of all detergents tested. Plax and castor-oil detergents showed similar results represented by partial removal of the smear layer; these results were better than those obtained in the control (physiologic serum) and sodium lauryl sulphate groups. Neutral EDTA 24% was the most efficient detergent for smear layer removal.
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Abstract
One of the prerequisites for a parenteral preparation is that the excipients incorporated are biocompatible and biodegradable. In the present study hydrophilic and hydrophobic excipients were investigated for developing an intramuscular sustained-release formulation of ketorolac. Kollidon 17 PF, Peceol (glyceryl monooleate), and castor oil were chosen as the potential release-retarding agents, each with a distinct mechanism of action. They were evaluated by in vitro drug-release profiles and in vivo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study in mice. Cumulative drug release was determined for standard and test formulations in modified Franz diffusion cell. Pharmacodynamic parameter, T = 70% response of peak analgesic response, was used to compare the performance of test formulations. Based on pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic correlation in the animal studies, Css(max) and Css(min) of 51.39 and 30.0 microg/mL, respectively, were determined and considered as performance markers for pharmacokinetic evaluation of test formulations. The study suggested that the sustained-release capability of glyceryl monooleate was maximum followed by that of castor oil and Kollidon 17 PF, when compared to conventional ketorolac tromethamine formulation. It was inferred that water soluble excipient, though, showed release retarding property in vitro but could not maintain it in the in vivo environment. Glyceryl monooloeate-based formulation produced the most favorable drug blood concentration vs. time profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS. Nagar, Punjab, India
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Sintov AC, Krymberk I, Gavrilov V, Gorodischer R. Transdermal delivery of paracetamol for paediatric use: effects of vehicle formulations on the percutaneous penetration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:911-9. [PMID: 12906748 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol is a safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic agent, and is one of the most widely used medications for infants and children. The formulations currently available have been designed for oral and rectal administration. However, they are not practical in young patients with vomiting and diarrhoea, or in those who refuse to take the full dose. An alternative route of administration would be a significant contribution to the paediatric pharmacopoeia. The aim of this study was to develop a new transdermal system for optional therapeutic administration of paracetamol in infants and children. In-vivo studies were carried out in animals using a transdermal system of high-loaded, soluble paracetamol in a hydrogel patch, which was also tested in-vitro for 8 h. Although the beneficial contribution of glyceryl oleate to the transdermal penetration of paracetamol seemed to be significant in-vitro, it was shown to be insufficient in-vivo. To improve the penetration of the drug, 4% PEG-40 stearate and 10% ethanol were incorporated as absorption enhancers into the dermal patches. A few hours after application of the improved patches to rats, plasma drug concentrations were elevated to levels comparable with those obtained after oral and subcutaneous administration of a high dose of paracetamol. Since plasma drug concentrations did not reach a constant steady state (as a peak or plateau) during the short-term animal experiments, longer pharmacokinetic studies in conscious animals are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon C Sintov
- The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Carson SN, Wiggins C, Overall K, Herbert J. Using a castor oil-balsam of Peru-trypsin ointment to assist in healing skin graft donor sites. Ostomy Wound Manage 2003; 49:60-4. [PMID: 12874484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin graft donor sites are partial-thickness wounds that are commonly managed with gauze-type dressings. As such, they often cause more pain and difficulty in healing than the graft-recipient site. A retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the effects of using a castor oil-balsam of Peru-trypsin containing ointment on skin graft donor sites in 36 consecutive patients (16 female, 20 male). All donor sites were epithelialized after 11 days (range 6 to 11 days, mean 8 days) and no wound complications were observed. Given these healing results and product ease of use, this particular formulation has become the facilities' current treatment of choice and further study is indicated and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley N Carson
- Fountain Valley Regional Hospital Wound Care Program, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA.
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40
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Ferreira CM, da Silva Rosa OP, Torres SA, Ferreira FBDA, Bernardinelli N. Activity of endodontic antibacterial agents against selected anaerobic bacteria. Braz Dent J 2003; 13:118-22. [PMID: 12238802 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402002000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of substances used as antibacterial agents (solutions of 10% calcium hydroxide, camphorated paramonochlorophenol - PMCC, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% castor oil plant detergent) on anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 33563, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 and Bacteroidesfragilis ATCC 25285), using a broth dilution technique, was evaluated in vitro. For determination of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericide concentrations (MIC and MBC), two culture broths, Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) and supplemented Brucella, standardized inoculum and serially diluted solutions were used. All antibacterial agents presented antimicrobial activity that varied for different bacteria. There were no differences in the performance of the two broths. Chlorhexidine digluconate was the most effective, with the lowest MICs, followed by castor oil detergent, PMCC and calcium hydroxide. C. perfringens and B. fragilis were the most resistant bacteria to all agents.
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Abstract
Surfactants are frequently used to improve solubilization of lipophilic drugs. Cremophor EL (CrEL) is a polyoxyethylated castor oil surfactant used to solubilize water-insoluble drugs such as anesthetic, antineoplastic, immunosuppressive and analgesic drugs, vitamins and new synthetic compounds, including potential analgesics. The antinociceptive effect of CrEL (3.2, 6.4 and 10.6 g/kg, in 10 ml/kg body weight, by gavage) on the abdominal writhing response induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid (0.8%, 10 ml/kg body weight) and on the tail immersion test was investigated in mice. Control animals received castor oil (10 ml/kg body weight) or saline (0.9% NaCl, 10 ml/kg body weight). CrEL reduced nociception in a dose-dependent manner in both tests. At 10.6 g/kg, CrEL caused antinociception similar to that induced by dipyrone (300 mg/kg, by gavage) in the abdominal writhing test, and antinociception similar to that induced by morphine (20 mg/kg, by gavage) in the tail immersion test. The effect of castor oil was similar to that of saline in both assays. These data indicate that the appropriate controls should be used when evaluating the effects of potential antinociceptive agents dissolved in CrEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tabarelli
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Abstract
The production of biosurfactant, a surface-active compound, by two Serratia marcescensstrains was tested on minimal culture medium supplemented with vegetable oils, considering that it is well known that these compounds stimulate biosurfactant production. The vegetable oils tested included soybean, olive, castor, sunflower, and coconut fat. The results showed a decrease in surface tension of the culture medium without oil from 64.54 to 29.57, with a critical micelle dilution (CMD(-1)) and CMD(-2) of 41.77 and 68.92 mN/m, respectively. Sunflower oil gave the best results (29.75 mN/m) with a CMD(-1) and CMD-2 of 36.69 and 51.41 mN/m, respectively. Sunflower oil contains about 60% of linoleic acid. The addition of linoleic acid decreased the surface tension from 53.70 to 28.39, with a CMD(-1) of 29.72 and CMD(-2) of 37.97, suggesting that this fatty acid stimulates the biosurfactant production by the LB006 strain. In addition, the crude precipitate surfactant reduced the surface tension of water from 72.00 to 28.70 mN/m. These results suggest that the sunflower oil's linoleic acid was responsible for the increase in biosurfactant production by the LB006 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferraz
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Food Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Capasso R, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Russo A, Sautebin L, Pinto A, Capasso F, Mascolo N. Effect of piperine, the active ingredient of black pepper, on intestinal secretion in mice. Life Sci 2002; 71:2311-7. [PMID: 12215378 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect piperine on castor oil-stimulated fluid accumulation in the mouse small intestine. Piperine (2.5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently reduced castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation. The inhibitory effect of piperine (10 mg/kg i.p.) was strongly attenuated in capsaicin (75 mg/kg in total, s.c.)-treated mice but it was not modified by the vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine (30 mg/kg i.p.). Pretreatment of mice with hexamethonium (1 mg/kg i.p.), naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.), yohimbine (1 mg/kg i.p.) or the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) did not modify the inhibitory effect of piperine (10 mg/kg i.p.). These results suggest that piperine reduces castor oil-induced fluid secretion with a mechanism involving capsaicin-sensitive neurons, but not capsazepine-sensitive vanilloid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Salerno, Italy
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Liu F, Zhang W, Li G, Zhang X. [Comparative study between montmorillonite and Smecta on anti-dysentery effect]. Zhong Yao Cai 2002; 25:577-80. [PMID: 12599697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficiency of montmorillonite (Mengtuoshi) and Smecta. METHODS The effects on the dysentery mice induced by MgSO4, rhubarb powder and castor oil, were observed by given respectively 15.6%, 31.2% Mengtuoshi and 31.2% Smecta. And the effects on the over-contracted rabbit intestines were also observed. RESULTS Both Mengtuoshi and Smecta could relieve the over pushing speeding of stomach and intestine, and reduce the times of dysentery. CONCLUSION The anti-dysentery effect of Mengtuoshi was similar to Smecta from France and may be used as good anti-dysentery drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Liu
- Oianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014
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Abstract
The methanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (p < 0.01) showed a significant dose dependent relaxant effect (IC50) = 350 microM) on rat ileal strip comparable to the effect shown by nifedipin and papaverine as reference compounds. Similarly, the extract when administered intraperitoneally significantly (p < 0.05-0.01) reduced the intestinal transit (13%-35%) in rats (IC50, = 250 microM). The extracts (40% +/- 04%) and nifedipin (51% +/- 05%) also potentiated the diarrhoea inducing effect of castor oil (IC50 = 350 microM). It is postulated that these effects are possibly generated by constituents such as quercetin and eugenol via a Ca2+ channel modulated mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Salah
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA
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Ragab FMA, el-Sisi AG, Maboud AIA. The molluscicidal efficacy of three products against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2002; 32:307-16. [PMID: 12049265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of three local formulated products, Sol E.C (mineral oil), Sisi-6 (surfactant) and Castor bean oil E.C (plant oil) were tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis, in two water sources. Results indicated that in dechlorinated water after 24 hr exposure, castor bean oil was the most toxic product against the snails, followed by Sisi-6 and sol (E.C) with LC90 of 250 ppm and 8 ppm against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis, respectively. When Nile water was used after 6 hr. exposure, a high concentration of castor bean oil (4 LC90) did not achieve 100% mortality of the snails. A 100% mortality was achieved by 2 LC90 of Sisi-6 with Nile water. On the other hand, caster bean oil was more fatal to eggs of the snails (LC90=660 ppm) than the other two products. In general, L. natalensis was more susceptible to the experimental products than B. alexandrina.
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Tozkoparan B, Aktay G, Yeşilada E. Synthesis of some 1,2,4-triazolo[3,2-b]-1,3-thiazine-7-ones with potential analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. Farmaco 2002; 57:145-52. [PMID: 11902657 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 3-substituted-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones (la-h), eight new 5-carbomethoxy-2-substituted-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,2-b]-1,3-thiazine-7-ones (2a-h) were synthesized and characterized by spectral and elementary analysis. The obtained compounds were submitted to preliminary pharmacological assay to evaluate their antiinflammatory and analgesic activities as well as gastrointestinal irritation liability and acute toxicity. Among the compounds studied, compounds 2c, 2d, 2e and 2h showed most remarkable antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan and serotonin induced edema and in the inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea tests. The analgesic activity of these active compounds correlated with their antiinflammatory activities in the inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing test. In gastric ulceration studies, the compounds were found safety at low dose levels (10 and 20 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Tozkoparan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Turkey.
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Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of irrigating solutions--Endoquil (castor oil detergent), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, and 0.5% NaOCl solution-was evaluated against gram-positive cocci (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus), gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and the yeast Candida albicans. Activity was evaluated using the two-layer agar diffusion technique. The base layer was obtained by pouring 10.0 ml of Muller Hinton Medium or 10.0 ml of Brain Heart Infusion agar in a Petri dish. After solidification a 5.0 ml seed layer of Muller Hinton Medium or Brain Heart Infusion agar with inoculum (106/ml) was added. Absorbent paper disks (6.0 mm in diameter) immersed in the solutions were placed at equidistant points. Plates were maintained at room temperature for 2 h for prediffusion of the solutions and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The candle jar system was used for the Brain Heart Infusion agar plates. All tests were performed in duplicate. After incubation the medium was optimized with 0.05 g% triphenyltetrazolium chlorate gel and inhibition halos were measured. All bacterial strains were inhibited by 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate. Endoquil was effective against gram-positive microorganisms, and 0.5% NaOCl was effective only against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Leonardo
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, University of the State of São Paulo, UNESP, Brazil
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Abstract
Physiological accumulation of gallium in the intestine is a major weakness of gallium scintigraphy in evaluating the abdomen. In this study, we used two different cathartics to evaluate the efficacy of bowel cleansing in improving the quality of abdominal gallium imaging. One hundred and fifty patients underwent gallium scintigraphy and were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received no bowel preparation, Group B received 30 ml of castor oil the night before imaging, and Group C received bisacodyl the night before imaging. Gallium activity in the intestine was rated on a three-point scale from 0 to II based on the anterior view of a delayed 48-h gallium image. Our data showed that the incidence of gallium accumulation in the small intestine was low. On the contrary, there was high prevalence of gallium activity in the colon. Forty-eight percent of Group A patients had obvious gallium activity in the colon. The percentage decreased significantly to 28% and 22% in Groups B and C, respectively. No significant difference was noted between Group B and Group C. In conclusion, our data suggest that the application of either castor oil or bisacodyl significantly improves the quality of 48-h abdominal gallium scintigraphy. There were no significant differences in the efficacy of bowel cleansing on gallium activity between these two laxatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hsieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chi-Mei Foundation Hospital, Yunk kang City, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ferreira CM, Bonifácio KC, Fröner IC, Ito IY. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of three irrigating solutions in teeth with pulpal necrosis. Braz Dent J 2000; 10:15-21. [PMID: 10863385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of 0.4% papaine gel (FCF-USP), an antibacterial product derived from 3.3% castor oil (IQSC-USP), and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (FORP-USP) was evaluated in teeth with radiographically visible pulpal necrosis and periapical lesion in vivo. After cavity access, under aseptic conditions, a first harvesting was performed. The 3 irrigating solutions were used for biomechanical preparation. After 72 hours, a second harvesting was performed, also under aseptic conditions. The number of colony forming units (cfu) was counted with a stereomicroscope under reflected light. Castor oil and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite presented similar antimicrobial activities for the reduction of the anaerobe number, S. mutans and streptococci; however, the papaine gel showed lower activity. We conclude that both castor oil and sodium hypochlorite are effective as antimicrobial agents and can be used in the treatment of root canals with pulpal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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