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Baskar Murthy A, Palaniappan V, Karthikeyan K. Aluminium in dermatology - Inside story of an innocuous metal. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2024; 0:1-9. [PMID: 38595024 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_188_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Aluminium, the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, was long considered virtually innocuous to humans but has gained importance in the recent past. Aluminium is ubiquitous in the environment, with various sources of exposure like cosmetics, the food industry, occupational industries, the medical field, transport and electronics. Aluminium finds its utility in various aspects of dermatology as an effective haemostatic agent, anti-perspirant and astringent. Aluminium has a pivotal role to play in wound healing, calciphylaxis, photodynamic therapy and vaccine immunotherapy with diagnostic importance in Finn chamber patch testing and confocal microscopy. The metal also finds significance in cosmetic procedures like microdermabrasion and as an Nd:YAG laser component. It is important to explore the allergic properties of aluminium, as in contact dermatitis and vaccine granulomas. The controversial role of aluminium in breast cancer and breast cysts also needs to be evaluated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Baskar Murthy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
| | - Vijayasankar Palaniappan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Puducherry, India
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Comstedt LR, Siemund I, Dahlin J, Bruze M, Svedman C. Effects of aluminium chloride added to common patch test substances. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:456-462. [PMID: 36840428 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A modulating effect of aluminium regarding type IV reactions might exist but has not been further investigated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on patch test reactions when adding aluminium chloride hexahydrate (Al-Cl) to common test preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Al-Cl in different concentrations was added to nickel sulphate 15.0% aqua (Ni), methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqua (MI) and fragrance mix I 10.0% aqua/ethanol (FM I). The Ni preparations were tested in 120 consecutive patients. MI and FM I were tested in participants known to have contact allergy to the respective allergen. McNemar's test was used to decide which Ni preparation had the highest sensitivity. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to calculate pairwise comparison in summarized test score for the preparations with MI and FM I. RESULTS Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/30.0% to Ni identified twice as many patients with contact allergy to nickel compared to Ni without Al-Cl. Adding Al-Cl 20.0%/10.0% to MI, decreased the patch test reactivity compared to MI without Al-Cl. No differences in patch reactivity were noticed when adding Al-Cl to FM I. CONCLUSION Al-Cl 20.0% or 30.0% seems to enhance the patch test reactivity to Ni 15.0% aqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Rosholm Comstedt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Siemund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Exposure to elemental aluminum and its salts is unavoidable. Aluminum as a metal is present in transport, construction, packaging, and electronic equipment. Aluminum salts are present in consumer products, food items and drinking water, vaccines, drugs, and antiperspirants. Aluminum in vaccines and preparations for allergen-specific immunotherapy are the major sensitization sources. The predominent clinical manifestations of aluminum allergy are pruritic subcutaneous nodules and eczematous dermatitis. Patch testing shall be performed with aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) in petrolatum. The preparation with ACH 10% detects substantially more aluminum allergy than ACH 2%. A patch test with elemental aluminum, for example, an empty Finn Chamber, is only positive when there is a strong aluminum allergy. A patch test reading should be performed 1 week after the application so as not to miss 15% to 20% of aluminum allergy. Aluminum should be included in any baseline patch test series for children and investigated for a possible inclusion in baseline series for adults. Aluminum test chambers can interfere with the testing resulting in both false-negative and false-positive patch test reactions to nonaluminum contact sensitizers.
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Aquino MR, Bingemann TA, Nanda A, Maples KM. Delayed allergic skin reactions to vaccines. Allergy Asthma Proc 2022; 43:20-29. [PMID: 34983706 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent advances in vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic have brought allergists and dermatologists to the forefront because both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Objective: This literature review focused on delayed reactions to vaccines, including possible causative agents and practical information on how to diagnose, evaluate with patch testing, and manage subsequent dose administration. Methods: Currently published reviews and case reports in PubMed, along with data on vaccines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site. Relevant case reports and reviews that focused on delayed reactions to vaccines were selected. Results: Most delayed hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines include cutaneous manifestations, which vary from local persistent pruritic nodules to systemic rashes. The onset is usually within a few days but can be delayed by weeks. Multiple excipients have been identified that have been implicated in delayed vaccine reactions, including thimerosal, formaldehyde, aluminum, antibiotics, and gelatin. Treatment with antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, or systemic corticosteroids alleviates symptoms in most patients. Such reactions are generally not contraindications to future vaccination. However, for more-severe reactions, patch testing for causative agents can be used to aid in diagnosis and approach further vaccination. Conclusion: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are not uncommon. If needed, patch testing can be used to confirm agents, including antibiotics, formaldehyde, thimerosal, and aluminum. In most cases, delayed cutaneous reactions are not contraindications to further vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella R. Aquino
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Theresa A. Bingemann
- Divisions of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, Newyork
| | - Anil Nanda
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Lewisville and Flower Mound, Texas, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Kelly M. Maples
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Virginia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (ACH) 10.0% petrolatum (pet) was recommended for patch testing to detect aluminum contact allergy. Aluminum lactate (AL) may be as reliable a test substance as ACH. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the frequencies of aluminum allergy when ACH and AL were used in patch testing consecutive patients. METHODS Petrolatum preparations of ACH 10.0% and AL 12.0% were added to the baseline series in 2010-2017. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate 10.0% pet was added to the children baseline series from July 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017. RESULTS A total of 5448 patients were patch tested with the extended baseline series and 196 children with the extended children baseline series. Forty-eight of the 5448 adults (0.9%) and 10 of the 196 children (5.1%) were diagnosed with aluminum contact allergy. A significant difference was found between the aluminum allergy frequencies in children and adults patch tested with ACH in 2013-2017 (P < 0.001). The difference between the frequencies of contact allergies for the 2 aluminum salts is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Patch testing with ACH and AL demonstrated similar contact allergy frequencies. To detect aluminum allergy, patch testing with ACH 10.0% pet is recommended. Aluminum chloride hexahydrate 10.0% pet should be considered for inclusion in baseline series for patch testing adults and children.
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Nikpour S, Hedberg YS. Using chemical speciation modelling to discuss variations in patch test reactions to different aluminium and chromium salts. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:415-420. [PMID: 34013976 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis to metals is diagnosed by applying a metal salt in a patch test. The bioavailability of the metal salt might depend on the choice of metal salt, the concentration, sweat composition, and pH. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to apply chemical speciation modelling, which is based on experimentally derived input data and calculates the concentrations of chemical forms (species) in solutions, to reproduce and discuss clinical patch test results of aluminium and chromium. METHODS Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS), Hydra/Medusa, and Visual MINTEQ were employed to study the bioavailable fraction and chemical form of clinically applied aluminium and chromium salts as a function of salt type, applied concentration, sweat composition, and pH. RESULTS Investigated aluminium and chromium salts can have a very low bioavailability with a large dependency on sweat composition, pH, metal salt, and concentration. Both aluminium and chromium ions could shift the pH towards acidic or basic values based on their chemical form. CONCLUSIONS Reported seasonal and interpatient variability in positive reactions to aluminium is likely related to sweat pH and composition. Potassium dichromate increases the pH, whereas aluminium and trivalent chromium chloride strongly decrease the pH, possibly increasing skin diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Nikpour
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yolanda S Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rosholm Comstedt L, Dahlin J, Bruze M, Hedberg Y, Matura M, Svedman C. Patch testing with aluminium Finn Chambers could give false-positive reactions in patients with contact allergy to aluminium. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:407-414. [PMID: 33896001 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier laboratory studies have shown that sodium tetrachloropalladate, Myroxylon pereirae, caine mix II, and palladium chloride trigger the release of aluminium (Al) from Finn Chambers (FC). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether aluminium realease from FC could influence the diagnostic outcome of patch testing with FC. METHOD A retrospective analysis of patch test results from 2010 to 2019 was performed. A two-sided Fisher's exact test was used to calculate any overrepresentation of contact allergy to Al among patients with positive reactions to sodium tetrachloropalladate, Myroxylon pereirae, caine mix II, and palladium chloride. RESULTS A total of 5446 patients had been tested with FC during the study period. There was a significant overrepresentation of contact allergy to Al among patients with positive reactions to sodium tetrachloropalladate, Myroxylon pereirae, caine mix II, and palladium chloride. Patients with a strong Al allergy had significantly higher amounts of concomitant reactions to sodium tetrachloropalladate, Myroxylon pereirae, caine mix II, and palladium chloride compared to patients with weak Al allergy. These results were not seen for patients tested with Finn Chambers AQUA. CONCLUSION In patients with contact allergy to Al, patch testing with Finn chambers could give false-positive reactions to sodium tetrachloropalladate, Myroxylon pereirae, caine mix II, and palladium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Rosholm Comstedt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihály Matura
- Department of Dermatology, Skaraborg Hospital Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Hoffmann SS, Wennervaldt M, Alinaghi F, Simonsen AB, Johansen JD. Aluminium contact allergy without vaccination granulomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:129-135. [PMID: 33797096 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium contact allergy is mainly seen as granulomas following immunization with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines and contact allergy following epicutaneous exposure may be overlooked. To investigate the prevalence of aluminium allergy confirmed by patch testing, with no association with vaccination granulomas, and explore whether epicutaneous exposure to aluminium can contribute to allergic contact dermatitis. Two authors independently searched PubMed and MEDLINE (OVID) for case studies on contact allergy to aluminium proven by patch testing. Age-stratified meta-analyses to calculate the pooled prevalence were performed. Twenty-five studies describing a total of 73 cases were included in the review. Seven studies were suitable for meta-analyses. The prevalence of aluminium contact allergy was 5.61% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12%-11.08%) for children and 0.36% (95% CI 0.04%-0.67%) for adults. The studies described a variety of epicutaneous exposures, where metallic aluminium, topical medicaments, and deodorants were the main sources. Aluminium sensitization without a known exposure source was described in 10 of the 25 articles. The prevalence of aluminium contact allergy in the general public may be higher than expected and not solely related to vaccination granulomas. However, the clinical relevance is rare if not related to granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skovbo Hoffmann
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Michael Wennervaldt
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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10
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11
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Hedberg YS, Wei Z, Matura M. Quantification of aluminium release from Finn chambers under different in vitro test conditions of relevance for patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:380-386. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S. Hedberg
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Zheng Wei
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mihály Matura
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council Stockholm Sweden
- Unit of Dermatology Skaraborgs Hospital Skövde Skövde Sweden
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12
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Bruze M, Mowitz M, Netterlid E, Siemund I, Svedman C. Patch testing with aluminum chloride hexahydrate in petrolatum. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:176-177. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Mamö Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Mamö Sweden
| | - Eva Netterlid
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Mamö Sweden
| | - Ingrid Siemund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Mamö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Mamö Sweden
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Bergfors E, Inerot A, Falk L, Nyström U, Trollfors B. Patch testing children with aluminium chloride hexahydrate in petrolatum: A review and a recommendation. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:81-88. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Bergfors
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Unit of Family MedicineInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Annica Inerot
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy Göteborg Sweden
| | - Lars Falk
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyCounty Council of Östergötland Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Ulla Nyström
- Allergy CentreLinköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden
| | - Birger Trollfors
- Department of PediatricsSahlgrenska University Hospital Göteborg Sweden
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Patch Testing: Technical Details and Interpretation. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_62-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hedberg YS, Žnidaršič M, Herting G, Milošev I, Odnevall Wallinder I. Mechanistic insight on the combined effect of albumin and hydrogen peroxide on surface oxide composition and extent of metal release from Ti6Al4V. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:858-867. [PMID: 30102828 PMCID: PMC6586049 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The titanium-aluminium (6 wt%)-vanadium (4 wt%) (Ti6Al4V) alloy is widely used as an orthopedic and dental implant material due to its high corrosion resistance in such environments. The corrosion resistance is usually determined by means of electrochemical methods, which may not be able to detect other chemical surface reactions. Literature findings report a synergistic effect of the combination of the abundant protein albumin and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) on the extent of metal release and corrosion of Ti6Al4V. The objectives of this study were to gain further mechanistic insight on the interplay of H2 O2 and albumin on the metal release process of Ti6Al4V with special focus on (1) kinetics and (2) H2 O2 and albumin concentrations. This was accomplished mainly by metal release and surface oxide composition investigations, which confirmed the combined effect of H2 O2 and albumin on the metal release process, although not detectable by electrochemical open circuit potential measurements. A concentration of 30 mM H2 O2 induced substantial changes in the surface oxide characteristics, an oxide which became thicker and enriched in aluminum. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) seemed to be able to deplete this aluminum content from the outermost surface or at least to delay its surface enrichment. This effect increased with increased BSA concentration, and for time periods longer than 24 h. This study hence suggests that short-term (accelerated) corrosion resistance measurements are not sufficient to predict potential health effects of Ti6Al4V alloys since also chemical dissolution mechanisms play a large role for metal release, possibly in a synergistic way. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 855-867, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Žnidaršič
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gunilla Herting
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Milošev
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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King N, Moffitt D. Allergic contact dermatitis secondary to the use of aluminium Finn Chambers®. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:365-366. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie King
- Department of Dermatology; Gloucester Royal Hospital; Gloucester GL13NN UK
| | - Deborah Moffitt
- Department of Dermatology; Gloucester Royal Hospital; Gloucester GL13NN UK
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Gente Lidholm A, Inerot A, Gillstedt M, Bergfors E, Trollfors B. Comparison of reactivity to a metallic disc and 2% aluminium salt in 366 children, and reproducibility over time for 241 young adults with childhood vaccine-related aluminium contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:26-30. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Gente Lidholm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Annica Inerot
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Martin Gillstedt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elisabet Bergfors
- Department of Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Birger Trollfors
- Department of Paediatrics; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
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Siemund I, Mowitz M, Zimerson E, Bruze M, Hindsén M. Variation in aluminium patch test reactivity over time. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:288-296. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Siemund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 221 85 Lund Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 02 Malmö Sweden
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Razak A, Ebinesan AD, Charalambous CP. Metal Hypersensitivity in Patients with Conventional Orthopaedic Implants. JBJS Rev 2016; 2:01874474-201402000-00001. [PMID: 27490934 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.m.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Razak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool, FY3 8NR, United Kingdom
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