1
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van den Brink NJM, Pardow F, Meesters LD, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Niehues H, Jansen PAM, Roelofs SH, Brewer MG, van den Bogaard EH, Smits JPH. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Quantifies Skin Barrier Function in Organotypic In Vitro Epidermis Models. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00293-8. [PMID: 38642800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional human epidermal equivalents (HEEs) are a state-of-the-art organotypic culture model in preclinical investigative dermatology and regulatory toxicology. In this study, we investigated the utility of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for noninvasive measurement of HEE epidermal barrier function. Our setup comprised a custom-made lid fit with 12 electrode pairs aligned on the standard 24-transwell cell culture system. Serial EIS measurements for 7 consecutive days did not impact epidermal morphology, and readouts showed comparable trends with HEEs measured only once. We determined 2 frequency ranges in the resulting impedance spectra: a lower frequency range termed EISdiff correlated with keratinocyte terminal differentiation independent of epidermal thickness and a higher frequency range termed EISSC correlated with stratum corneum thickness. HEEs generated from CRISPR/Cas9-engineered keratinocytes that lack key differentiation genes FLG, TFAP2A, AHR, or CLDN1 confirmed that keratinocyte terminal differentiation is the major parameter defining EISdiff. Exposure to proinflammatory psoriasis- or atopic dermatitis-associated cytokine cocktails lowered the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers and reduced EISdiff. This cytokine-associated decrease in EISdiff was normalized after stimulation with therapeutic molecules. In conclusion, EIS provides a noninvasive system to consecutively and quantitatively assess HEE barrier function and to sensitively and objectively measure barrier development, defects, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicitas Pardow
- Department of Dermatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca D Meesters
- Department of Dermatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Matthew G Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Katsarou S, Makris M, Vakirlis E, Gregoriou S. The Role of Tight Junctions in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041538. [PMID: 36836073 PMCID: PMC9967084 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight junctions are transmembrane proteins that regulate the permeability of water, solutes including ions, and water-soluble molecules. The objective of this systematic review is to focus on the current knowledge regarding the role of tight junctions in atopic dermatitis and the possible impact on their therapeutic potential. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library between 2009 and 2022. After evaluation of the literature and taking into consideration their content, 55 articles were finally included. RESULTS TJs' role in atopic dermatitis extends from a microscopic scale to having macroscopic effects, such as increased susceptibility to pathogens and infections and worsening of atopic dermatitis features. Impaired TJ barrier function and skin permeability in AD lesions is correlated with cldn-1 levels. Th2 inflammation inhibits the expression of cldn-1 and cldn-23. Scratching has also been reported to decrease cldn-1 expression. Dysfunctional TJs' interaction with Langerhans cells could increase allergen penetration. Susceptibility to cutaneous infections in AD patients could also be affected by TJ cohesion. CONCLUSIONS Dysfunction of TJs and their components, especially claudins, have a significant role in the pathogenesis and vicious circle of inflammation in AD. Discovering more basic science data regarding TJ functionality may be the key for the use of specific/targeted therapies in order to improve epidermal barrier function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Katsarou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Syggros Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Makris
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Allergy Unit, 12461 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vakirlis
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Syggros Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
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3
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Fujikawa M, Sugimoto H, Tamura R, Fujikawa K, Yamagishi A, Ueda Y. Effects of mucopolysaccharide polysulphate on tight junction barrier in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1676-1684. [PMID: 35770317 PMCID: PMC9796026 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) play important roles in epidermal barrier function and their dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). Mucopolysaccharide polysulphate (MPS) is the active ingredient of a moisturizing agent used to treat xerosis in patients with AD; however, its mechanism of action on TJ barrier function remains unclear. To elucidate the effects of MPS on TJs, adult human epidermal keratinocyte (HEKa) cells were exposed to MPS, subjected to Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses for the investigation of TJ-related factors. MPS treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1) and zonula occludens-1, and significantly increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), which indicates TJ integrity. Conversely, the sulphated and non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid, respectively, had little effect on TEER or the expression of mRNAs or TJ-related proteins. Interestingly, MPS treatment also inactivated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway, which is known to negatively regulate CLDN1 expression. Furthermore, MPS notably improved the reduction in CLDN1 expression and TEER caused by histamine, which is upregulated in the skin of patients with AD and is known to disrupt the TJ barrier function. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that treatment with the moisturizing agent, MPS, can repair TJ dysfunction and could therefore represent a new therapeutic option for treating patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rie Tamura
- Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd.KyotoJapan
| | | | | | - Yuhki Ueda
- Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd.KyotoJapan
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4
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Viodé C, Rouquier A, Mias C, Questel E, Bessou-Touya S, Duplan H. Specific protection of sensitive skin against environmental stress by maintenance and improvement of barrier function. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36 Suppl 5:13-20. [PMID: 35315151 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive skin is a common condition that can severely impact quality of life. Several mechanisms are thought to be involved, including those affecting the skin barrier function, hydration and skin innervation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the benefit of cream and balm formulations dedicated to sensitive skin and containing Aquaphilus dolomiae extract-G3 (ADE-G3) on skin barrier functions (lipid composition, pH, TEWL), as well as protective responses to dry and pollution stresses. METHODS In vitro sensitized (using histamine) reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) were subjected to dehydration and pollution stress in the absence and presence of the formulations. Endpoint measurements included transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), stratum corneum protein expression and lipid contents. Clinical measurements included transepithelial water loss (TEWL), skin pH and the lipid index. RESULTS When applied in cream and balm formulations, ADE-G3, increased the TEER in sensitized RHEs. In non-sensitized dehydrated RHEs, both formulations increased recovery of skin barrier integrity after dehydration, evident as a return of the ratios of filaggrin/profilaggrin and caspase-14/procaspase-14 to values measured in control non-stressed RHEs, as well as reducing the 'natural moisturizing factor' to control levels. In clinical studies performed on dry human skin, the formulations helped to maintain and improve the skin barrier function. This was evident as an intense and sustained moisturization (total lipids and lipid esters were increased), an increase in pH and a decrease in the TEWL by both formulations. When exposed to pollution stress by treating the models with benzo[a]pyrene and airborne particulate matter (PM10), application of both formulations prior to exposure attenuated the induction of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and UGT1A7 expression, indicating a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS ADE-G3 cream and balm formulations increased the hydration of the skin but also protected and improved the skin barrier integrity of sensitive skin exposed to dry and cold and airborne pollutant-induced stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viodé
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Rouquier
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - C Mias
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - E Questel
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S Bessou-Touya
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - H Duplan
- R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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5
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MicroRNA-378a-3p is overexpressed in psoriasis and modulates cell cycle arrest in keratinocytes via targeting BMP2 gene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14186. [PMID: 34244572 PMCID: PMC8270917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease driven by dysregulations at the cellular, genomic and genetic levels. MicroRNAs are key mediators of gene expression regulation. However, how microRNAs control the pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear. Here, we reported a significant up-regulation of miR-378a-3p (miR-378a) in skin biopsies from active psoriatic lesions while it was down-regulated after treatment with methotrexate or narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. Using the keratinocyte in vitro model, we showed that miR-378a disturbed the cell cycle progression, causing cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Transcriptomic analysis of keratinocytes with miR-378a overexpression and depletion revealed several important biological mechanisms related to inflammation and tight junction. Target mRNA transcript assessed by luciferase assay identified bone morphogenetic protein 2 as a novel target gene of miR-378a. These findings offer a mechanistic model where miR-378a contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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6
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Salli K, Lehtinen MJ, Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC. Xylitol's Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081813. [PMID: 31390800 PMCID: PMC6723878 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. Here we report on other health benefits that have been investigated for xylitol. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. As a non-digestible carbohydrate, xylitol enters the colon where it is fermented by members of the colonic microbiota; species of the genus Anaerostipes have been reported to ferment xylitol and produce butyrate. The most common Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species do not appear to be able to grow on xylitol. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to a constipation relieving effect and improved bone mineral density. Xylitol also modulates the immune system, which, together with its antimicrobial activity contribute to a reduced respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and otitis media risk. As a low caloric sweetener, xylitol may contribute to weight management. It has been suggested that xylitol also increases satiety, but these results are not convincing yet. The benefit of xylitol on metabolic health, in addition to the benefit of the mere replacement of sucrose, remains to be determined in humans. Additional health benefits of xylitol have thus been reported and indicate further opportunities but need to be confirmed in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Kirsti Tiihonen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland.
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7
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Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Control of cell death-associated danger signals during cornification prevents autoinflammation of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:884-891. [PMID: 29862564 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The function of the skin as a barrier to the environment is mainly achieved by the outermost layers of the epidermis. In the granular layer, epidermal keratinocytes undergo the last steps of their terminal differentiation program resulting in cornification. The coordinated conversion of living keratinocytes into corneocytes, the building blocks of the cornified layer, represents a unique form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have identified numerous genes that are specifically expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and, surprisingly, this genetic program does not only include mediators of cornification but also suppressors of pyroptosis, another mode of programmed cell death. Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes, leads to the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines, and thereby activates inflammation. In addition, inhibitors of potentially pro-inflammatory proteases and enzymes removing danger-associated cytoplasmic DNA are expressed in differentiated keratinocytes. We propose the concept of cornification as an inherently hazardous process in which damaging side effects are actively suppressed by protective mechanisms. In support of this hypothesis, loss-of-function mutations in epidermal protease inhibitors and IL-1 family antagonists suffice to induce autoinflammation. Similarly, exogenous disturbances of either cornification or its accompanying control mechanisms may be starting points for skin inflammation. Further studies into the relationship between cornification, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death will help to define the initiation phase of inflammatory skin diseases and offer new targets for disease prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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El Masry MS, Chaffee S, Das Ghatak P, Mathew-Steiner SS, Das A, Higuita-Castro N, Roy S, Anani RA, Sen CK. Stabilized collagen matrix dressing improves wound macrophage function and epithelialization. FASEB J 2019; 33:2144-2155. [PMID: 30260708 PMCID: PMC6338656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800352r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized matrices of biologic tissue have performed well as wound care dressings. Extracellular matrix-based dressings are subject to rapid degradation by excessive protease activity at the wound environment. Stabilized, acellular, equine pericardial collagen matrix (sPCM) wound care dressing is flexible cross-linked proteolytic enzyme degradation resistant. sPCM was structurally characterized utilizing scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. In murine excisional wounds, sPCM was effective in mounting an acute inflammatory response. Postwound inflammation resolved rapidly, as indicated by elevated levels of IL-10, arginase-1, and VEGF, and lowering of IL-1β and TNF-α. sPCM induced antimicrobial proteins S100A9 and β-defensin-1 in keratinocytes. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus on sPCM pre-exposed to host immune cells in vivo was inhibited. Excisional wounds dressed with sPCM showed complete closure at d 14, while control wounds remained open. sPCM accelerated wound re-epithelialization. sPCM not only accelerated wound closure but also improved the quality of healing by increased collagen deposition and maturation. Thus, sPCM is capable of presenting scaffold functionality during the course of wound healing. In addition to inducing endogenous antimicrobial defense systems, the dressing itself has properties that minimize biofilm formation. It mounts robust inflammation, a process that rapidly resolves, making way for wound healing to advance.-El Masry, M. S., Chaffee, S., Das Ghatak, P., Mathew-Steiner, S. S., Das, A., Higuita-Castro, N., Roy, S., Anani, R. A., Sen, C. K. Stabilized collagen matrix dressing improves wound macrophage function and epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. El Masry
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Scott Chaffee
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Piya Das Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shomita S. Mathew-Steiner
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Raafat A. Anani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health (IUH) Comprehensive Wound Center, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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9
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Abstract
Functional and genomic heterogeneity of individual cells are central players in a broad spectrum of normal and disease states. Our knowledge about the role of cellular heterogeneity in tissue and organism function remains limited due to analytical challenges one encounters when performing single cell studies in the context of cell-cell interactions. Information based on bulk samples represents ensemble averages over populations of cells, while data generated from isolated single cells do not account for intercellular interactions. We describe a new technology and demonstrate two important advantages over existing technologies: first, it enables multiparameter energy metabolism profiling of small cell populations (<100 cells)—a sample size that is at least an order of magnitude smaller than other, commercially available technologies; second, it can perform simultaneous real-time measurements of oxygen consumption rate (OCR), extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)—a capability not offered by any other commercially available technology. Our results revealed substantial diversity in response kinetics of the three analytes in dysplastic human epithelial esophageal cells and suggest the existence of varying cellular energy metabolism profiles and their kinetics among small populations of cells. The technology represents a powerful analytical tool for multiparameter studies of cellular function.
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10
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Barker JC, Khansa I, Gordillo GM. A Formidable Foe Is Sabotaging Your Results: What You Should Know about Biofilms and Wound Healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:1184e-1194e. [PMID: 28445380 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe biofilm pathogenesis as it relates to problem wounds. 2. Understand the preclinical and clinical evidence implicating biofilm in problem wounds. 3. Explain the diagnostic and treatment challenges that biofilms create for problem wounds. 4. Demonstrate a basic understanding of emerging strategies aimed at counteracting these processes. SUMMARY Biofilm represents a protected mode of growth for bacteria, allowing them to evade standard diagnostic techniques and avoid eradication by standard therapies. Although only recently discovered, biofilm has existed for millennia and complicates nearly every aspect of medicine. Biofilm impacts wound healing by allowing bacteria to evade immune responses, prolonging inflammation and disabling skin barrier function. It is important to understand why problem wounds persist despite state-of-the-art treatment, why they are difficult to accurately diagnose, and why they recur. The aim of this article is to focus on current gaps in knowledge related to problem wounds, specifically, biofilm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Barker
- Columbus, Ohio.,From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Ibrahim Khansa
- Columbus, Ohio.,From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University
| | - Gayle M Gordillo
- Columbus, Ohio.,From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University
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11
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Barrea L, Savanelli MC, Di Somma C, Napolitano M, Megna M, Colao A, Savastano S. Vitamin D and its role in psoriasis: An overview of the dermatologist and nutritionist. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:195-205. [PMID: 28176237 PMCID: PMC5486909 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Psoriasis lesions are characterized by hyper-proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes associated with inflammatory cellular infiltrate in both dermis and epidermis. The epidermis is the natural source of vitamin D synthesis by sunlight action. Recently, a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of different skin diseases, including psoriasis, has been reported. Indeed, significant associations between low vitamin D status and psoriasis have been systematically observed. Due to its role in proliferation and maturation of keratinocytes, vitamin D has become an important local therapeutic option in the treatment of psoriasis. To date, the successful treatment based on adequate dietary intake of vitamin D or oral vitamin D supplementation in psoriasis represent an unmet clinical need and the evidence of its beneficial effects remains still controversial. This information is important either for Dermatologists and Nutritionists to increases the knowledge on the possible bi-directional relationships between low vitamin D status and psoriasis and on the potential usefulness of vitamin D in psoriasis with the aim not only to reduce its clinical severity, but also for delineating the risk profile for co-morbidities cardiac risk factors that may result from psoriasis. In the current review, we analyzed the possible bi-directional links between psoriatic disease and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- I.O.S. & COLEMAN Srl, Acerra, 80011 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute “Vincenzo Tiberio”, Rheumatology Unit, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Matteo Megna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Dermatology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Epithelial Barriers in Murine Skin during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection: The Role of Tight Junction Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:884-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Martínez-Rendón J, Sánchez-Guzmán E, Rueda A, González J, Gulias-Cañizo R, Aquino-Jarquín G, Castro-Muñozledo F, García-Villegas R. TRPV4 Regulates Tight Junctions and Affects Differentiation in a Cell Culture Model of the Corneal Epithelium. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1794-1807. [PMID: 27869310 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) is a cation channel activated by hypotonicity, moderate heat, or shear stress. We describe the expression of TRPV4 during the differentiation of a corneal epithelial cell model, RCE1(5T5) cells. TRPV4 is a late differentiation feature that is concentrated in the apical membrane of the outmost cell layer of the stratified epithelia. Ca2+ imaging experiments showed that TRPV4 activation with GSK1016790A produced an influx of calcium that was blunted by the specific TRPV4 blocker RN-1734. We analyzed the involvement of TRPV4 in RCE1(5T5) epithelial differentiation by measuring the development of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) as an indicator of the tight junction (TJ) assembly. We showed that TRPV4 activity was necessary to establish the TJ. In differentiated epithelia, activation of TRPV4 increases the TER and the accumulation of claudin-4 in cell-cell contacts. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) up-regulates the TER of corneal epithelial cultures, and we show here that TRPV4 activation mimicked this EGF effect. Conversely, TRPV4 inhibition or knock down by specific shRNA prevented the increase in TER. Moreover, TRPP2, an EGF-activated channel that forms heteromeric complexes with TRPV4, is also concentrated in the outmost cell layer of differentiated RCE1(5T5) sheets. This suggests that the EGF regulation of the TJ may involve a heterotetrameric TRPV4-TRPP2 channel. These results demonstrated TRPV4 activity was necessary for the correct establishment of TJ in corneal epithelia and as well as the regulation of both the barrier function of TJ and its ability to respond to EGF. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1794-1807, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Martínez-Rendón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erika Sánchez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosario Gulias-Cañizo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo Aquino-Jarquín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Federico Castro-Muñozledo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Refugio García-Villegas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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The role of tight junctions in skin barrier function and dermal absorption. J Control Release 2016; 242:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Ali NJA, Dias Gomes M, Bauer R, Brodesser S, Niemann C, Iden S. Essential Role of Polarity Protein Par3 for Epidermal Homeostasis through Regulation of Barrier Function, Keratinocyte Differentiation, and Stem Cell Maintenance. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2406-2416. [PMID: 27452221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins contribute to multiprotein complexes that drive cell polarity and fate in invertebrates. Of these, the ternary Par3-atypical protein kinase C-Par6 polarity complex mediates asymmetry in various systems, whereas Par3 and aPKC/Par6 can also act independently. aPKC-λ has recently been implicated in epidermal differentiation and stem cell fate; however, whether Par3 contributes to the homeostasis of adult stratified epithelia is currently unknown. Here, we provide functional evidence that epidermal Par3 loss disturbed the inside-out skin barrier, coinciding with altered expression and localization of principle tight junction components, and that epidermal differentiation and thickness were increased. Moreover, Par3 inactivation caused an initial expansion and later decline of hair follicle bulge stem cells, accompanied by an enrichment of committed progenitors, formation of hypertrophic sebaceous glands, and increased epidermal differentiation, suggesting aberrant cell fate decisions. Importantly, and opposite to aPKCλ deletion, Par3 loss did not enhance perpendicular cell divisions. Instead, in Par3-deficient hair follicles, spindles were shifted toward planar orientation, indicating that abnormal differentiation after Par3 inactivation is unlikely to be attributed to increased perpendicular spindle orientation. Collectively, mammalian Par3 controls the epidermal barrier, differentiation, and stem cell maintenance in the pilosebaceous unit, which are all essential for the homeostasis of an important barrier-forming epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle J A Ali
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Martim Dias Gomes
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ronja Bauer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Mattozzi C, Paolino G, Richetta AG, Calvieri S. Psoriasis, vitamin D and the importance of the cutaneous barrier's integrity: An update. J Dermatol 2016; 43:507-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mattozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | | | - Stefano Calvieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties; University of Rome “Sapienza”; Rome Italy
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17
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Abdayem R, Callejon S, Portes P, Kirilov P, Demarne F, Pirot F, Jannin V, Haftek M. Modulation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) in reconstructed human epidermis by excipients known to permeate intestinal tight junctions. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:686-91. [PMID: 25952154 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several excipients are commonly used to enhance the drug absorption through simple epithelia of the digestive tract. They permeate the paracellular barrier constituted by tight junctions (TJs). We compared the effects of two excipients, sodium caprate (C10) and a self-emulsifying excipient Labrasol composed of a mixture of caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides, both applied to emerged reconstructed human epidermis either 'systemically', that is by addition to the culture medium, or topically. During the 'systemic' application, which produced cytoplasmic translocation of occludin and leakage of the biotin marker into the lower stratum corneum, the decrease in the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was less abrupt with Labrasol when compared with C10, even though both excipients produced comparable final effects over time. With topical Labrasol, a significant TEER decrease was obtained with 5 times the 'systemic' concentrations. Topical application of C10 also resulted in the loss of the barrier function measured with TEER but had dramatic deleterious effects on the tissue morphology observed with light and electron microscopy. Our study demonstrates the potential value of Labrasol as an enhancer of bioavailability of molecules applied through the transcutaneous route. Our results suggest modulation of the epidermal TJs by both compounds. Even though the C10 action was at least partly due to overall cell damage and despite the fact that the decrease in TEER after topical application was apparently related to the permeabilization of the primary barrier of the stratum corneum in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Abdayem
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Callejon
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Plamen Kirilov
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Fabrice Pirot
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marek Haftek
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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18
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Zhang J, Ni C, Yang Z, Piontek A, Chen H, Wang S, Fan Y, Qin Z, Piontek J. Specific binding of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment to Claudin-b and modulation of zebrafish epidermal barrier. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:605-10. [PMID: 25869230 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Claudins (Cldn) are the major components of tight junctions (TJs) sealing the paracellular cleft in tissue barriers of various organs. Zebrafish Cldnb, the homolog of mammalian Cldn4, is expressed at epithelial cell-cell contacts and is important for regulating epidermal permeability. The bacterial toxin Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) has been shown to bind to a subset of mammalian Cldns. In this study, we used the Cldn-binding C-terminal domain of CPE (194-319 amino acids, cCPE 194-319 ) to investigate its functional role in modulating zebrafish larval epidermal barriers. In vitro analyses show that cCPE 194-319 removed Cldn4 from epithelial cells and disrupted the monolayer tightness, which could be rescued by the removal of cCPE 194-319. Incubation of zebrafish larvae with cCPE 194-319 removed Cldnb specifically from the epidermal cell membrane. Dye diffusion analysis with 4-kDa fluorescent dextran indicated that the permeability of the epidermal barrier increased due to cCPE 194-319 incubation. Electron microscopic investigation revealed reversible loss of TJ integrity by Cldnb removal. Collectively, these results suggest that cCPE 194-319 could be used as a Cldnb modulator to transiently open the epidermal barrier in zebrafish. In addition, zebrafish might be used as an in vivo system to investigate the capability of cCPE to enhance drug delivery across tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenguo Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Anna Piontek
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huapu Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joerg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Brandner JM, Zorn-Kruppa M, Yoshida T, Moll I, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Epidermal tight junctions in health and disease. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e974451. [PMID: 25838981 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.974451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ of the body, is an essential barrier that under homeostatic conditions efficiently protects and/or minimizes damage from both environmental (e.g. microorganisms, physical trauma, ultraviolet radiation) and endogenous (e.g., cancers, inflammation) factors. This formidable barrier function resides mainly in the epidermis, a dynamic, highly-stratified epithelium. The epidermis has 2 major barrier structures: stratum corneum, the outmost layer and tight junctions, intercellular junctions that seal adjacent keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum, found below the stratum corneum. In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of tight junction function, composition and regulation. Herein we review what is known about tight junctions in healthy skin and keratinocyte culture systems and highlight the dynamic crosstalk observed between tight junctions and the cutaneous immune system. Finally we discuss the preliminary observations suggesting that tight junction function or protein expression may be relevant for the pathogenesis of a number of common cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic conditions.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptides
- Cldn, claudin
- DC, dendritic cells
- FLG, filaggrin
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecule
- LC, Langerhans cells
- MM, malignant melanoma
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- PS, psoriasis
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TER, TransEpithelial Electrical Resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Th, T helper
- ZO-1, zonula occludens 1
- claudins
- skin barrier
- skin immune system
- skin innate barrier
- tight junction
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
| | - I Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - L A Beck
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
| | - A De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
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20
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Hereditary barrier-related diseases involving the tight junction: lessons from skin and intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:723-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Hattori F, Kiatsurayanon C, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S, Okamoto K, Niyonsaba F. The antimicrobial protein S100A7/psoriasin enhances the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers and strengthens the skin's tight junction barrier. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:742-53. [PMID: 24842328 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A7/psoriasin is a member of the S100 protein family and is encoded in the epidermal differentiation complex, which contains genes for markers of epidermal differentiation. S100A7/psoriasin is overexpressed in hyperproliferative skin diseases, where it is believed not only to exhibit antimicrobial functions, but also to induce immunomodulatory activities, including chemotaxis and cytokine/chemokine production. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of S100A7/psoriasin on keratinocyte differentiation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) barrier. METHODS Expression of differentiation markers and TJ proteins in human keratinocytes was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The changes in TJ barrier function were assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability assays. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was analysed by Western blot, whereas β-catenin and E-cadherin activation was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS S100A7/psoriasin enhanced the expression of several differentiation markers and selectively increased the expression of TJ proteins (e.g. claudins and occludin), which are known to strengthen the TJ barrier. Furthermore, S100A7/psoriasin increased β-catenin and E-cadherin accumulation at cell-cell contact, and enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance while reducing the paracellular permeability of keratinocyte layers. The data suggest that S100A7/psoriasin-mediated regulation of the TJ barrier was via both the GSK-3 and MAPK pathways, as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of inhibitors for GSK-3 and MAPKs. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that S100A7/psoriasin regulates differentiation and strengthens TJ barrier function provides novel evidence that, in addition to antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activities, S100A7/psoriasin is involved in skin innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hattori
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; Mikimoto Pharmaceutical, Mie, Japan
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22
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Ozawa T, Sugawara K, Tsuruta D. The discovery of epidermal tight junctions. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:393-4. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
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23
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Roy S, Elgharably H, Sinha M, Ganesh K, Chaney S, Mann E, Miller C, Khanna S, Bergdall VK, Powell HM, Cook CH, Gordillo GM, Wozniak DJ, Sen CK. Mixed-species biofilm compromises wound healing by disrupting epidermal barrier function. J Pathol 2014; 233:331-343. [PMID: 24771509 DOI: 10.1002/path.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In chronic wounds, biofilm infects host tissue for extended periods of time. This work establishes the first chronic preclinical model of wound biofilm infection aimed at addressing the long-term host response. Although biofilm-infected wounds did not show marked differences in wound closure, the repaired skin demonstrated compromised barrier function. This observation is clinically significant, because it leads to the notion that even if a biofilm infected wound is closed, as observed visually, it may be complicated by the presence of failed skin, which is likely to be infected and/or further complicated postclosure. Study of the underlying mechanisms recognized for the first time biofilm-inducible miR-146a and miR-106b in the host skin wound-edge tissue. These miRs silenced ZO-1 and ZO-2 to compromise tight junction function, resulting in leaky skin as measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Intervention strategies aimed at inhibiting biofilm-inducible miRNAs may be productive in restoring the barrier function of host skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Haytham Elgharably
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Mithun Sinha
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Kasturi Ganesh
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Sarah Chaney
- Microbial Interface Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Deparment of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Ethan Mann
- Microbial Interface Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Christina Miller
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Valerie K Bergdall
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Heather M Powell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Gayle M Gordillo
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Microbial Interface Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Comprehensive Wound Center, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Centers for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220 USA
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24
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Akiyama T, Niyonsaba F, Kiatsurayanon C, Nguyen TT, Ushio H, Fujimura T, Ueno T, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S. The human cathelicidin LL-37 host defense peptide upregulates tight junction-related proteins and increases human epidermal keratinocyte barrier function. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:739-53. [PMID: 24862212 DOI: 10.1159/000362789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are not only associated with an impaired stratum corneum barrier, but also with abnormal expression of the tight junction (TJ) proteins. Because host defense peptides, including LL-37, are overexpressed in lesional psoriatic skin but are downregulated in lesional AD skin, we hypothesized that LL-37 might regulate the TJ function in keratinocytes. We demonstrated that LL-37 selectively increased the expression of several claudins and occludin, and enhanced their membrane distribution. Furthermore, LL-37 elevated the transepithelial electrical resistance while reducing the paracellular permeability of keratinocyte layers, and this activity was weakened by the claudin inhibitor ochratoxin A. A characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of the TJ barrier by LL-37 revealed that LL-37 induced the activation of the Rac1, atypical PKC, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and PI3K pathways, and the specific inhibition of these pathways reversed the LL-37-mediated regulation of TJ function. In addition, LL-37 enhanced the expression of differentiation markers under the control of ochratoxin A, suggesting an association between LL-37-induced TJ function and keratinocyte differentiation. These data provide novel evidence that, in addition to its antimicrobial and other immunoregulatory functions, LL-37 contributes to cutaneous immunity by strengthening the skin's barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Contribution of tight junction proteins to ion, macromolecule, and water barrier in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1161-9. [PMID: 23407391 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) form a selective barrier for ions, water, and macromolecules in simple epithelia. In keratinocytes and epidermis, TJs were shown to be involved in individual barrier functions. The absence of the TJ protein claudin-1 (Cldn1) in mice results in a skin-barrier defect characterized by lethal water loss. However, detailed molecular analyses of the various TJ barriers in keratinocytes and the contribution of distinct TJ proteins are missing. Herein, we discriminate TJ-dependent paracellular resistance from transcellular resistance in cultured keratinocytes using the two-path impedance spectroscopy. We demonstrate that keratinocyte TJs form a barrier for Na(+), Cl(-), and Ca(2+), and contribute to barrier function for water and larger molecules of different size. In addition, knockdown of Cldn1, Cldn4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 increased paracellular permeabilities for ions and larger molecules, demonstrating that all of these TJ proteins contribute to barrier formation. Remarkably, Cldn1 and Cldn4 are not critical for TJ barrier function for water in submerged keratinocyte cultures. However, Cldn1 influences stratum corneum (SC) proteins important for SC water barrier function, and is crucial for TJ barrier formation for allergen-sized macromolecules.
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26
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Rachow S, Zorn-Kruppa M, Ohnemus U, Kirschner N, Vidal-y-Sy S, von den Driesch P, Börnchen C, Eberle J, Mildner M, Vettorazzi E, Rosenthal R, Moll I, Brandner JM. Occludin is involved in adhesion, apoptosis, differentiation and Ca2+-homeostasis of human keratinocytes: implications for tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55116. [PMID: 23390516 PMCID: PMC3563667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins are involved in a number of cellular functions, including paracellular barrier formation, cell polarization, differentiation, and proliferation. Altered expression of TJ proteins was reported in various epithelial tumors. Here, we used tissue samples of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), its precursor tumors, as well as sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed skin as a model system to investigate TJ protein alteration at various stages of tumorigenesis. We identified that a broader localization of zonula occludens protein (ZO)-1 and claudin-4 (Cldn-4) as well as downregulation of Cldn-1 in deeper epidermal layers is a frequent event in all the tumor entities as well as in sun-exposed skin, suggesting that these changes result from chronic UV irradiation. In contrast, SCC could be distinguished from the precursor tumors and sun-exposed skin by a frequent complete loss of occludin (Ocln). To elucidate the impact of down-regulation of Ocln, we performed Ocln siRNA experiments in human keratinocytes and uncovered that Ocln downregulation results in decreased epithelial cell-cell adhesion and reduced susceptibility to apoptosis induction by UVB or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), cellular characteristics for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, an influence on epidermal differentiation was observed, while there was no change of E-cadherin and vimentin, markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Ocln knock-down altered Ca2+-homeostasis which may contribute to alterations of cell-cell adhesion and differentiation. As downregulation of Ocln is also seen in SCC derived from other tissues, as well as in other carcinomas, we suggest this as a common principle in tumor pathogenesis, which may be used as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rachow
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Tabea Clinics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ohnemus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Börnchen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eik Vettorazzi
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lee SE, Choi Y, Kim SE, Noh EB, Kim SC. Differential effects of topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor on the epidermal tight junction. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:59-61. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang E. Lee
- Department of Dermatology; CHA Bundang Medical Center; CHA University; Seongnam; Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | | | - Eun B. Noh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
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Kirschner N, Brandner JM. Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:158-66. [PMID: 22671602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the existence of tight junction (TJ) structures (or a secondary epidermal barrier) was postulated for a long time, the first description of TJ proteins in the epidermis (occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2) was only fairly recent. Since then, a wealth of new insights concerning TJs and TJ proteins, including their functional role in the skin, have been gathered. Of special interest is that the epidermis as a multilayered epithelium exhibits a very complex localization pattern of TJ proteins, which results in different compositions of TJ protein complexes in different layers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of TJ proteins in the epidermis in barrier function, cell polarity, vesicle trafficking, differentiation, and proliferation. We hypothesize that TJ proteins fulfill TJ structure-dependent and structure-independent functions and that the specific function of a TJ protein may depend on the epidermal layer where it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Ortiz-Melo MT, Sánchez-Guzmán E, González-Robles A, Valdés J, Gómez-Flores E, Castro-Muñozledo F. Expression of claudins -2 and -4 and cingulin is coordinated with the start of stratification and differentiation in corneal epithelial cells: retinoic acid reversibly disrupts epithelial barrier. Biol Open 2012; 2:132-43. [PMID: 23429425 PMCID: PMC3575648 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20123145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tight junctions (TJ) have been extensively studied in simple epithelial cells, it is still unknown whether their organization is coupled to cell differentiation in stratified epithelia. We studied the expression of TJ in RCE1(5T5) cells, an in vitro model which mimics the sequential steps of rabbit corneal epithelial differentiation. RCE1(5T5) cells expressed TJ components which were assembled once cells constituted differentiated epithelia, as suggested by the increase of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) which followed a similar kinetic to the expression of the early differentiation marker Pax-6. TJ were functional as indicated by the establishment of an epithelial barrier nonpermeable to ruthenium red or a biotin tracer. In immunostaining experiments, TJ were located at the superficial cells from the suprabasal layers; Western blot and RT-PCR suggested that TJ were composed of claudins (cldn) -1, -2, -4, cingulin (cgn), occludin (ocln) and ZO-1. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and TER measurements showed that TJ became organized when cells began to form a 3–5 layers stratified epithelium; TER increased once cells reached confluence, with a time course comparable to the raise in the expression of cgn, cldn-2 and -4. Nevertheless, cldn-1, -2, ZO-1 and ocln were present in the cells from the beginning of cultivation, suggesting that TER increases mainly depend on TJ assembly. While EGF increased epithelial barrier strength, retinoic acid disrupted it, increasing paracellular flux about 2-fold; this effect was concentration dependent and completely reversible. Our results suggest that TJ assembly is tightly linked to the expression of corneal epithelial terminal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Ortiz-Melo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Apartado Postal 14-740, México City 07000 , México ; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City 04510 , México
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