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Sánchez-Muñoz C, Mateo-March M, Muros JJ, Javaloyes A, Zabala M. Anthropometric characteristics according to the role performed by World Tour road cyclists for their team. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1821-1828. [PMID: 36205499 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2132879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Certain anthropometric characteristics are required for athletes to successfully perform in elite endurance sports. The present study aims to analyse the anthropometric characteristics of professional cyclists according to their specialty. Anthropometric measurements were conducted of the body composition of 76 male professional road cyclists in line with International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol. Fat mass did not differ (p > 0.05) between climbers, all-rounders and flat specialists, although the following anthropometric variables did differ according to the role played within the team (p < 0.05): Body mass (climbers: 63.8 ± 3.6, all-rounders: 68.8 ± 5.3, flat specialists: 74.5 ± 5.6 kg) skeletal body mass (climbers: 29.7 ± 1.6, all-rounders: 31.4 ± 1.9, flat specialists: 33.5 ± 2.4 kg); body surface area (climbers: 1.78 ± 0.07, all-rounders: 1.89 ± 0.10, flat specialists: 1.96 ± 0.1 m2); frontal area (climbers: 0.33 ± 0.01, all-rounders: 0.35 ± 0.02, flat specialists: 0.36 ± 0.02 m2). Anthropometric characteristics differ between world-class cyclists depending on their specialty. These differences could influence performance in relation to different types of road cycling competitions. The present study identified characteristics that could be used by coaches to evaluate their athletes in the context of elite or professional road cycling.HighlightsNormative reference values of a large sample of professional cyclists of the highest category are presented.Anthropometric characteristics differ between world-class cyclists depending on their specialty.Body mass, BMI, height and skeletal muscle mass are determining factors to determine the role of the cyclist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - J J Muros
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A Javaloyes
- Sport Science Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - M Zabala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hovorka M, Leo P, Simon D, Rumpl C, Nimmerichter A. Physiological Characteristics of Competitive Male Junior Cyclists Transitioning to the Under-23 Level: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-4. [PMID: 37244645 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the current investigation was to retrospectively assess possible differences in physiological performance characteristics between junior cyclists signing a contract with an under-23 (U23) development team versus those failing to sign such a contract. METHODS Twenty-five male junior cyclists (age: 18.1 [0.7] y, stature: 181.9 [6.0] cm, body mass: 69.1 [7.9] kg, peak oxygen uptake: 71.3 [6.2] mL·min-1·kg-1) were assigned to this investigation. Between September and October of the last year in the junior category, each cyclist performed a ramp incremental exercise test to determine certain physiological performance characteristics. Subsequently, participants were divided in 2 groups: (1) those signing a contract with a U23 development team (JUNIORU23) and (2) those failing to sign such a contract (JUNIORNON-U23). Unpaired t tests were used to assess possible between-groups differences in physiological performance characteristics. The level of statistical significance was set at P < .05 two tailed. RESULTS No significant between-groups differences in submaximal (ie, gas exchange threshold, respiratory compensation point) and maximal physiological performance characteristics (ie, peak work rate, peak oxygen uptake) expressed in absolute values (ie, L·min-1, W) were observed (P > .05). However, significant between-groups differences were observed when physiological performance characteristics were expressed relative to the cyclists' body weights (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The current investigation showed that junior cyclists stepping up to a U23 development team might be retrospectively differentiated from junior cyclists not stepping up based on certain physiological performance characteristics, which might inform practitioners and/or federations working with young cyclists during the long-term athletic development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hovorka
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,Austria
- Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna,Austria
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna,Austria
| | - Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,Austria
| | - Dieter Simon
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,Austria
| | - Clemens Rumpl
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,Austria
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,Austria
- Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna,Austria
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Hovorka M, Simon D, Leo P, Prinz B, Nimmerichter A. Alterations in aerobic fitness and muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise in trained youth cyclists: a ~3-year longitudinal study. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:121-131. [PMID: 37037676 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2200565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of aerobic fitness and muscle deoxygenation during a ramp incremental exercise test (GXT) were assessed on two occasions within a time-frame of 2.9 ± 0.1y in competitive youth cyclists. Nine cyclists (age, 14.5 ± 1.1y; peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), 62.6 ± 4.2 mL.min-1.kg-1) participated in this investigation. V˙O2peak, the gas exchange threshold (GET) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP), as well as the muscle deoxygenation response pattern were determined during a GXT using open circuit spirometry and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. T-tests and Pearson's correlations were used to assess effects of time on the dependent variables and relationships between changes of parameter estimates of aerobic fitness and the muscle deoxygenation response, respectively. Workrate and metabolic rate at GET (33 ± 20 and 42 ± 23%) and RCP (36 ± 20 and 40 ± 22%), and V˙O2peak (30 ± 18%) significantly increased throughout the study (P < 0.05). The muscle deoxygenation response showed a significant rightward shift from occasion one to two (P < 0.05). Alterations in the workrate/metabolic rate at RCP, and V˙O2peak, were correlated with alterations of the muscle deoxygenation response (R = 0.71-0.89, P < 0.05). Together, this is thought to indicate a superior muscle perfusion within the tissue of interrogation at the same metabolic rate on occasion two vs. one, which partially contributed to the improved aerobic fitness in the cyclists herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hovorka
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Simon
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Peter Leo
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Prinz
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cesanelli L, Kamandulis S, Volungevičius G, Satkunskiene D. Relationships between muscle quality, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and sprint performance markers of competitive cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:104-110. [PMID: 35333030 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many variables are considered to be determinants of cycling sprint performance. Among them, the importance of skeletal muscle properties in relation to cycling performance has been consistently underlined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM), echo intensity (EI) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) content in a group of competitive cyclists and to identify whether these are related to sprint performance. METHODS Muscle echo intensity was evaluated by ultrasound in 16 highly trained competitive cyclists. The cyclists performed a maximal-intensity sprint session comprising four 15 s maximal sprints on a Wingate bike with 2 min of recovery between each. Pearson correlational analysis with linear regression was used to identify significant relationships between the criteria EI and SAT content and the sprint performance variables. RESULTS Muscle EI correlated strongly with sprint performance markers (r=from 0.54 to 0.62; P<0.05), while SAT content and body fat percentage correlated trivially to moderately with sprint performance (r=from 0.07 to 0.40; P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, muscle quality of knee extensors was positively related to sprint performance markers, but SAT content was not. Although additional studies are needed, muscle quality may represent a valid body composition indicator and may be helpful for supporting sprint performance optimization procedures in competitive cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cesanelli
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania -
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Leo P, Simon D, Hovorka M, Lawley J, Mujika I. Elite versus non-elite cyclist - Stepping up to the international/elite ranks from U23 cycling. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1874-1884. [PMID: 36040014 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2117394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological, performance and training characteristics of U23 cyclists and assessed the requirements of stepping up to the elite/international ranks. Twenty highly trained U23 cyclists (age, 22.1 ± 0.8 years; body mass, 69.1 ± 6.8 kg; VO2max, 76.1 ± 3.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) participated in this study. The cyclists were a posteriori divided into two groups based on whether or not they stepped up to elite/international level cycling (U23ELITE vs. U23NON-ELITE). Physiological, performance and training and racing characteristics were determined and compared between groups. U23ELITE demonstrated higher absolute peak power output (p = .016), 2 min (p = .026) 5 min (p = .042) and 12 min (p ≤ .001) power output as well as higher absolute critical power (p = .002). Further, U23ELITE recorded more accumulated hours (p ≤ .001), covered distance (p ≤ .001), climbing metres (p ≤ .001), total sessions (p ≤ .001), total work (p ≤ .001) and scored more UCI points (p ≤ .001). These findings indicate that U23ELITE substantially differed from U23NON-ELITE regarding physiological, performance and training and racing characteristics derived from laboratory and field. These variables should be considered by practitioners supporting young cyclists throughout their development towards the elite/international ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Simon
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Matthias Hovorka
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.,Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Austria.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Justin Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Muthiah A, Lee YC. Comparative Analysis of Male Cyclist Population in Four Asia Countries for Anthropometric Measurements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10078. [PMID: 36011711 PMCID: PMC9408745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the anthropometric variables of male cyclist samples from India, China, Singapore, and Taiwan. The cyclist's body dimensions were measured among 413 randomly chosen males (aged between 18 to 60), which included 104 Indians, 106 Taiwanese, 100 Singaporeans, and 103 Chinese. Based on the previous research articles, the considered 17 anthropometric variables were weight, stature, BMI, buttock extension, shoulder height (sitting), shoulder-elbow length, elbow height (sitting), lower leg length, knee height, acromion-grip length, hand length, elbow-hand length, buttock-popliteal length, buttock-knee length, elbow-to-elbow breadth, hip breadth (sitting), and foot breadth. Using statistical techniques (descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test), the data were analysed in SPSS, version 25.0. The results of the statistical analyses showed significant differences among the cyclists across selected anthropometric characteristics, except for the weight and sitting-related anthropometric measurements. The outcome of the descriptive statistics (percentile values), such as the percentile range (5th to 95th percentile), could be applied to the seat-height adjustment system to cover 95% of the bicyclist population. These types of implantation could enhance the ergonomic benefits for the bicyclist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Muthiah
- School of Industrial Design, Karanavathi University, Gandhinagar 342422, Gujarat, India
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- College of Management and Design, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
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Alejo LB, Montalvo-Pérez A, Valenzuela PL, Revuelta C, Ozcoidi LM, de la Calle V, Mateo-March M, Lucia A, Santalla A, Barranco-Gil D. Comparative analysis of endurance, strength and body composition indicators in professional, under-23 and junior cyclists. Front Physiol 2022; 13:945552. [PMID: 35991188 PMCID: PMC9388719 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.945552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare endurance, strength and body composition indicators between cyclists of three different competition age categories. Methods: Fifty-one male road cyclists classified as either junior (n = 13, age 16.4 ± 0.5 years), under-23 [(U23), n = 24, 19.2 ± 1.3 years] or professional (n = 14, 26.1 ± 4.8 years) were studied. Endurance (assessed through a maximal incremental test and an 8-minute time-trial), strength/power (assessed through incremental loading tests for the squat, lunge and hip thrust exercises) and body composition (assessed through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were determined on three different testing sessions. Results: U23 and, particularly professional, cyclists attained significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than juniors for most of the analyzed endurance indicators [time-trial performance, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak power output (PPO), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and ventilatory threshold (VT)]. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between U23 and professionals were also found for time-trial performance, PPO and VT, but not for other markers such as VO2max or RCP. Professional cyclists also showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower relative fat mass and higher muscle mass levels than U23 and, particularly, juniors. No consistent differences between age categories were found for muscle strength/power indicators. Conclusion: Endurance (particularly time-trial performance, PPO and VT) and body composition (fat and muscle mass) appear as factors that best differentiate between cyclists of different age categories, whereas no consistent differences are found for muscle strength/power. These findings might help in performance prediction and/or talent identification and may aid in guiding coaches in the design of training programs focused on improving those variables that appear more determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia B. Alejo
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Montalvo-Pérez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Almudena Montalvo-Pérez,
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Revuelta
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Sport Science Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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Is Motor Coordination the Key to Success in Youth Cycling? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1489-1498. [PMID: 35894883 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the predictive value of a (non-)sport-specific test battery on the future success of young cyclists, test scores were compared with competition performances 2-3 years later. METHODS Three motor coordination, 5 physical performance, and 2 cycling-specific measurements were collected in 111 U15 (13.0-14.9 y) and 67 U17 (15.0-16.9 y) male road cyclists. In addition, maturity status, relative age, and competition history were assessed. National and provincial competition results 2-3 years later, in the U17year2 and U19year2 categories, were submitted to 2 separate 4-stage hierarchical regressions. RESULTS The results of the model of the U15 group revealed that maturity, relative age, competition history, motor coordination, physical performance, and cycling-specific performance accounted for 22.6% of the variance in competitive success. For the U15 category, only maturity and motor coordination were significant predictors of competitive success in the U17year2 category. Maturity and motor coordination each uniquely explained ±5% of the variance. However, for the U17 group-neither motor coordination, physical performance, nor cycling-specific performance could predict competitive success in the U19year2 category. CONCLUSIONS The current study underlines the importance of general motor coordination as a building block necessary for optimal development in youth cycling. However, considering the lack of predictive value from the U17 category onward, other features may determine further development of youth athletes. Nevertheless, it is questioned why athletes need to possess a minimum level of all physical, motor coordination, and cycling-specific characteristics to experience success and enjoyment in their sport.
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Power Road-Derived Physical Performance Parameters in Junior, Under-23, and Professional Road Cycling Climbers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1094-1102. [PMID: 35483700 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship of field-derived power and physical performance parameters with competition success in road cycling climbing specialists of age-related categories and to explore cross-sectional differences between high-ranked (HIGHR) climbing specialists of each category. METHODS Fifty-three male climbers participated in this study (junior [JUN], n = 15; under 23 [U23], n = 21; professional [PRO], n = 17). Training and racing data collected during the 2016-19 competitive seasons were retrospectively analyzed for record power outputs (RPOs) and RPOs after prior accumulated work. RESULTS In JUN, body mass, absolute RPOs, and relative RPOs were higher in HIGHR compared with low ranked (d = 0.97-2.20, large; P = .097-.001); in U23 and PRO, the percentage decrease in RPOs after 20, 30, 40, and 50 kJ·kg-1 was less in HIGHR compared with low ranked (d = 0.77-1.74, moderate-large; P = .096-.004). JUN HIGHR presented lower absolute and relative RPO-20 min (ηp2=.34-.38, large; P = .099-.001) and higher percentage decrease in RPOs after prior accumulated work compared with U23 and PRO HIGHR (ηp2=.28-.68, large; P = .060-.001); percentage decrease in RPOs after prior accumulated work was the only parameter differentiating U23 and PRO HIGHR, with PRO declining less in relative RPO-1 min, RPO-5 min, and RPO-20 min after 20 to 50 kJ·kg-1 (ηp2=.28-.68, large; P = .090-.001). CONCLUSIONS Superior absolute and relative RPOs characterize HIGHR JUN climbing specialists. Superior fatigue resistance differentiates HIGHR U23 and PRO climbers compared with low ranked, as well as PRO versus U23 climbers.
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Janssens B, Bogaert M, Maton M. Predicting the next Pogačar: a data analytical approach to detect young professional cycling talents. ANNALS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 2022; 325:557-588. [PMID: 35068645 PMCID: PMC8765833 DOI: 10.1007/s10479-021-04476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of young athletes in the field of professional cycling has sky-rocketed during the past years. Nevertheless, the early talent identification of these riders largely remains a subjective assessment. Therefore, an analytical system which automatically detects talented riders based on their freely available youth results should be installed. However, such a system cannot be copied directly from related fields, as large distinctions are observed between cycling and other sports. The aim of this paper is to develop such a data analytical system, which leverages the unique features of each race and thereby focusses on feature engineering, data quality, and visualization. To facilitate the deployment of prediction algorithms in situations without complete cases, we propose an adaptation to the k-nearest neighbours imputation algorithm which uses expert knowledge. Overall, our proposed method correlates strongly with eventual rider performance and can aid scouts in targeting young talents. On top of that, we introduce several model interpretation tools to give insight into which current starting professional riders are expected to perform well and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Janssens
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Bogaert
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Maton
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Cross-Sectional Differences in Race Demands Between Junior, Under 23, and Professional Road Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:450-457. [PMID: 34996033 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the race demands of junior (JUN), under 23 (U23), and professional (PRO) road cyclists. METHODS Thirty male cyclists, divided into 3 age-related categories (JUN, n = 10; U23, n = 10; and PRO, n = 10), participated in this study. Race data collected during the 2019 competitive season were retrospectively analyzed for race characteristics, external, and internal competition load. RESULTS Higher annual and per race duration, distance, elevation gain, Edward's training impulse, total work, and work per hour were observed in PRO versus U23 and JUN, and U23 versus JUN (P < .01). PRO and U23 recorded higher mean maximal power (RPOs) between 5 and 180 minutes compared with JUN (P < .01). Edward's training impulse per hour was higher in JUN than PRO and U23 (P < .01). Accordingly, JUN spent a higher percentage of racing time in high internal intensity zones compared with U23 and PRO, while these 2 categories spent more time at low internal intensity zones (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS JUN races were shorter and included less elevation gain per distance unit compared to U23 and PRO races, but more internally demanding. JUN produced less power output in the moderate-, heavy-, and severe-intensity exercise domains compared with U23 and PRO (RPOs: 5-180 min). U23 and PRO races presented similar work demands per hour and RPOs, but PRO races were longer than U23.
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Rauter S, Simenko J. Morphological Asymmetries Profile and the Difference between Low- and High-Performing Road Cyclists Using 3D Scanning. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1199. [PMID: 34827192 PMCID: PMC8615123 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are: (1) to identify morphological asymmetries in road cycling by using a novel 3D scanning method and electrical bioimpedance, (2) to investigate possible asymmetries in road cyclists of low (LPG) and high (HPG) performance group, (3) to compare the number of morphological asymmetries between HPG and LPG of cyclists, and (4) to explore correlations between asymmetry scores and competition performance. Body composition and 3D anthropometric measurements were conducted on 48 top-level male road cyclists (178.98 ± 5.39 cm; 68.37 ± 5.31 kg) divided into high (n = 22) and low (n = 26) performance groups. Competition performance (CP) is represented through racing points gathered at the end of the competition season. The latter was used to divide road cyclists into low- and high-performing groups. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences between groups, while paired-samples T-test and Absolute Asymmetry index (AA) were calculated (p ≤ 0.05) for paired variables inside the groups, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to explore correlations between AA and CP. Results showed statistically significant differences between the left and right side of different body segments (16 paired variables) among low-performing road cyclists in five paired variables of the upper body: elbow girth (4.35, p = 0.000), forearm girth (6.31, p = 0.000), arm surface area (2.54, p = 0.018), and arm volume (2.71, p = 0.012); and six paired variables of the lower body: leg lean mass (5.85, p = 0.000), leg length (3.04, p = 0.005), knee girth (4.93, p = 0.000), calf girth (5.25, p = 0.000), leg surface area (4.03, p = 0.000), and leg volume (5.3, p = 0.000). Altogether, the high-performing group of road cyclists statistically differed only in 2 out of 16 paired variables of the upper body: elbow girth (4.93, p = 0.000) and in forearm girth (5.12, p = 0.000). Low- and high-performing groups were statistically significantly different in the asymmetry of leg lean mass F(1,46) = 6.25, p = 0.016 and asymmetry of the calf girth F(1,46) = 7.44, p = 0.009. AA of calf girth on the total sample (n = 48) showed a significant correlation with CP (r = -0.461; p = 0.001). In conclusion, the study's main finding was that high-performance road cyclists are more symmetrical than the low-performance group, for which it is significant to have a higher amount of morphological asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Rauter
- Faculty for Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jozef Simenko
- Essex Pathways Department, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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13
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Thresholds Power Profiles and Performance in Youth Road Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1049-1051. [PMID: 33647878 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of competitive 15- to 16-year-old young male road cyclists and scale them according to a dichotomous category of successful/unsuccessful riders. METHODS A total of 103 15- to 16-year-old male road cyclists competing in the Italian national under 17 category performed a laboratory incremental exercise test during the in-season period. Age, height, body mass, body mass index, peak height velocity, and absolute and relative power output at 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration were compared between 2 subgroups, including those scoring at least 1 point (successful, n = 70) and those that did not score points (unsuccessful, n = 61) in the general season ranking. RESULTS Successful and unsuccessful riders did not differ anthropometrically. Successful riders recorded significantly higher absolute and relative power output at 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration compared with unsuccessful riders. Successful riders were also significantly older and had advanced biological maturation compared with their unsuccessful counterparts. CONCLUSION Power associated with blood lactate profiles, together with chronological age and peak height velocity, plays an important role in determining race results in under 17 road cycling. Physiological tests could be helpful for coaches to measure these performance predictors.
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14
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van der Zwaard S, de Ruiter CJ, Jaspers RT, de Koning JJ. Anthropometric Clusters of Competitive Cyclists and Their Sprint and Endurance Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1276. [PMID: 31649555 PMCID: PMC6794383 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Do athletes specialize toward sports disciplines that are well aligned with their anthropometry? Novel machine-learning algorithms now enable scientists to cluster athletes based on their individual anthropometry while integrating multiple anthropometric dimensions, which may provide new perspectives on anthropometry-dependent sports specialization. We aimed to identify clusters of competitive cyclists based on their individual anthropometry using multiple anthropometric measures, and to evaluate whether athletes with a similar anthropometry also competed in the same cycling discipline. Additionally, we assessed differences in sprint and endurance performance between the anthropometric clusters. Twenty-four nationally and internationally competitive male cyclists were included from sprint, pursuit, and road disciplines. Anthropometry was measured and k-means clustering was performed to divide cyclists into three anthropometric subgroups. Sprint performance (Wingate 1-s peak power, squat-jump mean power) and endurance performance (mean power during a 15 km time trial, V˙O2peak) were obtained. K-means clustering assigned sprinters to a mesomorphic cluster (endo-, meso-, and ectomorphy were 2.8, 5.0, and 2.4; n = 6). Pursuit and road cyclists were distributed over a short meso-ectomorphic cluster (1.6, 3.8, and 3.9; n = 9) and tall meso-ectomorphic cluster (1.5, 3.6, and 4.0; n = 9), the former consisting of significantly lighter, shorter, and smaller cyclists (p < 0.05). The mesomorphic cluster demonstrated higher sprint performance (p < 0.05), whereas the meso-ectomorphic clusters established higher endurance performance (p < 0.001). Overall, endurance performance was associated with lean ectomorph cyclists with small girths and small frontal area (p < 0.05), and sprint performance related to cyclists with larger skinfolds, larger girths, and low frontal area per body mass (p < 0.05). Clustering optimization revealed a mesomorphic cluster of sprinters with high sprint performance and short and tall meso-ectomorphic clusters of pursuit and road cyclists with high endurance performance. Anthropometry-dependent specialization was partially confirmed, as the clustering algorithm distinguished short and tall endurance-type cyclists (matching the anthropometry of all-terrain and flat-terrain road cyclists) rather than pursuit and road cyclists. Machine-learning algorithms therefore provide new insights in how athletes match their sports discipline with their individual anthropometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
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15
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Nikolić B, Martinović J, Matić M, Stefanović Đ. Discriminant analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory variables for classification of road cyclists by specialty. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:955-961. [PMID: 29845839 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different variables determine the performance of cyclists, which brings up the question how these parameters may help in their classification by specialty. The aim of the study was to determine differences in cardiorespiratory parameters of male cyclists according to their specialty: flat riders (N.=21), hill riders (N.=35), or sprinters (N.=20) and obtain the multivariate model for further cyclists classification by specialties, based on selected variables. METHODS Seventeen variables were measured at submaximal and maximum load on the cycle ergometer Cosmed E 400HK (Cosmed, Rome, Italy) (initial 100 W with 25-W increase, 90-100 rpm). Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to determine which variables group cyclists within their specialty, and to predict which variables can direct cyclists to a particular specialty. RESULTS Among nine variables that statistically contribute to the discriminant power of the model, achieved power on the anaerobic threshold and the produced CO2 had the biggest impact. The obtained discriminatory model correctly classified 91.43% of flat riders, 85.71% of hill riders, while sprinters were classified completely correct (100%), i.e. 92.10% of examinees were correctly classified, which point out the strength of the discriminatory model. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory indicators mostly contribute to the discriminant power of the model, which may significantly contribute to training practice and laboratory tests in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Matić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Stefanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Modena R, Boccia G, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of top-level youth cross-country cyclists. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:901-906. [PMID: 28671853 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the literature there is a lack of data about the development of top level athletes in cross-country mountain biking (XCO). The purpose of this study was to analyze anthropometric and physiological characteristics of some of the best XCO bikers aged between 13 and 16. The study involved 45 bikers (26 males and 19 females) belonging to a youth national team. The evaluations, consisting of anthropometric measures, incremental cycling tests (VO2max, PPO, P@RCP), and 30 s Wingate Tests (PMax, PMean), were conducted over a lapse of 4 years. Our findings showed in bikers, already at young age, a specific athletic profile advantageous for XCO performance. At the age of 16, just before entering the junior category and competing at international level, male and female bikers showed physiological values normalized to the body mass comparable to those reported in literature for high level athletes (VO2max>70 and >60 ml/kg/min, PPO >6.5 and >5.5 W/kg, respectively in males and females). The production of high power-to-weight ratios and high peaks of anaerobic power attests the presence of highly developed aerobic and anaerobic systems in young XCO cyclists reflecting the high physiological demand of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Roberto Modena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,c Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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17
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Malwina KA, Krzysztof M, Piotr Z. Visual Impairment does not Limit Training Effects in Development of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity in Tandem Cyclists. J Hum Kinet 2015; 48:87-97. [PMID: 26834877 PMCID: PMC4721627 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the differences in the effects of 7-month training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in tandem cycling athletes with and without visual impairment. In this study, Polish elite (n=13) and sub-elite (n=13) visually impaired (VI) (n=13; 40.8 ±12.8 years) and properly sighted (PS) (n=13; 36.7 ±12.2 years) tandem-cycling athletes participated voluntarily in 7-month routine training. The following pre-/post-training measurements were conducted on separate days: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated with age correction using the Physical Working Capacity test on a bicycle ergometer according to the Astrand-Ryhming method. Maximal power output (Pmax) was evaluated using the Quebec test on a bicycle ergometer. At baseline, VO2max (47.8 ±14.1 vs 42.0 ±8.3 ml/kg/min, respectively) and Pmax (11.5 ±1.5 vs 11.5 ±1.0 W/kg) did not differ significantly between PS and VI cyclists. However, differences in aerobic capacity were considered as clinically significant. Two-way ANOVA revealed that after 7 month training, there were statistically significant increases in VO2max (p=0.003) and Pmax (p=0.009) among VI (VO2max, +9.1%; Pmax, +6.3%) and PS (VO2max, +9.1%; Pmax, +11.7%) cyclists, however, no time × visual impairment interaction effect was found (VO2max, p=0.467; Pmax, p=0.364). After training, VO2max (p=0.03), but not Pmax (p=0.13), was significantly greater in elite compared to sub-elite tandem cyclists. VI and PS tandem cyclists showed similar rates of improvement in VO2max and Pmax after 7-month training. VO2max was a significant determinant of success in tandem cycling. This is one of the first studies providing reference values for aerobic and anaerobic capacity in visually impaired cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazurek Krzysztof
- Department of Sports Medicine, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Nimmerichter A, Williams CA. Comparison of power output during ergometer and track cycling in adolescent cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1049-56. [PMID: 25353075 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish the level of agreement between test performance of young elite cyclists in a laboratory and a track field-based trial. Fourteen adolescent cyclists (age: 14.8 ± 1.1 years; (Equation is included in full-text article.): 63.5 ± 5.6 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed 3 tests of 10 seconds, 1 minute, and 3 minutes on an air-braked ergometer (Wattbike) and on a 250-m track using their own bikes mounted with mobile power meters (SRM). The agreement between the maximum and mean power output (Pmax and Pmean) measured on the Wattbike and SRM was assessed with the 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Power output was strongly correlated between Wattbike and SRM for all tests (r = 0.94-0.96; p < 0.001). However, power output was significantly higher on the Wattbike compared with track cycling during all tests. The bias and 95% LoA were 76 ± 78 W (8.8 ± 9.5%; p = 0.003, d = 0.38) for Pmax10s and 82 ± 55 W (10.9 ± 7.9%; p < 0.001, d = 0.46) for Pmean10s. During the 1- and 3-minute test, the bias and 95% LoA were 72 ± 30 W (17.9 ± 7.1%; p < 0.001, d = 0.84) and 28 ± 20 W (9.6 ± 6.1%; p < 0.001, d = 0.51), respectively. Laboratory tests, as assessed using a stationary ergometer, resulted in maximal and mean power output scores that were consistently higher than a track field-based test using a mobile ergometer. These results might be attributed to the technical ability of the riders and their experience to optimize gearing and cadence to maximize performance. Prediction of field-based testing on the track from laboratory tests should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Nimmerichter
- 1Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; and 2Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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19
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Sánchez-Muñoz C, Zabala M, Muros JJ. Nutritional intake and anthropometric changes of professional road cyclists during a 4-day competition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:802-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sánchez-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education; School of Sport Science; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - M. Zabala
- Department of Physical Education; School of Sport Science; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - J. J. Muros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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20
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Menaspà P, Martin DT, Victor J, Abbiss CR. Maximal Sprint Power in Road Cyclists After Variable and Nonvariable High-Intensity Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:3156-61. [PMID: 25932988 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the sprint performance of professional cyclists after 10 minutes of variable (VAR) or nonvariable (N-VAR) high-intensity cycling with sprint performance in a rested state. Ten internationally competitive male cyclists (mean ± SD: age, 20.1 ± 1.3 years; stature, 1.81 ± 0.07 m; body weight, 69.5 ± 4.9 kg; and V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, 72.5 ± 4.4 ml·kg·min) performed a 12-second maximal sprint in 3 conditions: (a) a rested state, (b) after 10 minutes of N-VAR cycling, and (c) after 10 minutes of VAR cycling. The intensity during the 10-minute efforts gradually increased to replicate power output observed in the final section of cycling road races. During the VAR cycling, participants performed short (2 seconds) accelerations at 80% of their sprint peak power, every 30 seconds. Average power output, cadence, and maximal heart rate (HR) during the 10-minute efforts were similar between conditions (5.3 ± 0.2 W·kg, 102 ± 1 rpm, and 93 ± 3% HRmax). Postexercise blood lactate concentration and sessional perceived exertion were also similar (8.3 ± 1.6 mmol·L, 15.4 ± 1.3 [6-20 scale]). Peak and average power output and cadence during the subsequent maximal sprint were not different between the 3 experimental conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that neither the VAR nor the N-VAR 10-minute efforts ridden in this study impaired sprint performance in elite competitive cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Menaspà
- 1Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; 2Department of Physiology, Sports Science and Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia; and 3High Performance Unit, Cycling Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Abbiss CR, Ross MLR, Garvican LA, Ross N, Pottgiesser T, Gregory J, Martin DT. The distribution of pace adopted by cyclists during a cross-country mountain bike World Championships. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:787-94. [PMID: 23521618 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.751118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of pace self-selected by cyclists of varying ability, biological age and sex performing in a mountain bike World Championship event. Data were collected on cyclists performing in the Elite Male (ELITEmale; n = 75), Elite Female (ELITEfemale; n = 50), Under 23 Male (U23male; n = 62), Under 23 Female (U23female; n = 34), Junior Male (JNRmale; n = 71) and Junior Female (JNRfemale; n = 30) categories of the 2009 UCI Cross-Country Mountain Bike World Championships. Split times were recorded for the top, middle and bottom 20% of all finishers of each category. Timing splits were positioned to separate the course into technical and non-technical, uphill, downhill and rolling/flat sections. Compared with bottom performers, top performers in all male categories (ELITEmale, U23male, JNRmale) maintained a more even pace over the event as evidenced by a significantly lower standard deviation and range in average lap speed. Top performers, males, and ELITEmale athletes spent a lower percentage of overall race time on technical uphill sections of the course, compared with middle and bottom placed finishers, females, and JNRmale athletes, respectively. Better male performers adopt a more even distribution of pace throughout cross-country mountain events. Performance of lower placed finishers, females and JNRmale athletes may be improved by enhancing technical uphill cycling ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Abbiss
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
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22
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Physical fitness and performances of an amputee cycling world champion: a case study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 7:290-4. [PMID: 22172732 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the physical fitness of a top-level lower limb amputee (LLA) cyclist and paracycling time-trial (TT) race demands. METHODS The 40-y-old male unilateral transfemoral amputee TT World Champion was tested in a laboratory for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT2), power output (PO), and hemoglobin mass (Hb-mass). Moreover, several measures (eg, PO, heart rate [HR], cadence) were collected during 4 international TT competitions in the same season. The races' intensity was evaluated as time spent below, at, or above VT2. RESULTS The cyclist (1.73 m, 55.0 kg) had a VO2peak of 3.372 L/min (61.3 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). The laboratory peak PO was 315 W (5.7 W/kg). The maximal HR was 208 beats/min, and his Hb-mass was 744 g (13.5 g/kg). The TTs were meanly 18±4.5 km in length, and the mean PO was 248±8 W with a cadence of 92±1 rpm. During the TTs, the cyclist spent 23%±9% of total time at VT2, 59%±10% below, and 18%±5% above this intensity. CONCLUSIONS The subject's relative VO2peak is higher than previously published data on LLA, and surprisingly it is even higher than "good" ACSM normative data for nondisabled people. The intensity of the races was found to be similar to cycling TTs of the same duration in elite female cyclists. These results might be useful to develop specific training schedules and enhance performance of LLA cyclists.
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