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Zhang L, Chen X, Cai P, Sun H, Shen S, Guo B, Jiang Q. Reprogramming Mitochondrial Metabolism in Synovial Macrophages of Early Osteoarthritis by a Camouflaged Meta-Defensome. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202715. [PMID: 35671349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a low-grade inflammatory and progressive joint disease, and its progression is closely associated with an imbalance in M1/M2 synovial macrophages. Repolarizing pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype is emerging as a strategy to alleviate OA progression but is compromised by unsatisfactory efficiency. In this study, the reprogramming of mitochondrial dysfunction is pioneered with a camouflaged meta-Defensome, which can transform M1 synovial macrophages into the M2 phenotype with a high efficiency of 82.3%. The meta-Defensome recognizes activated macrophages via receptor-ligand interactions and accumulates in the mitochondria through electrostatic attractions. These meta-Defensomes are macrophage-membrane-coated polymeric nanoparticles decorated with dual ligands and co-loaded with S-methylisothiourea and MnO2 . Meta-Defensomes are demonstrated to successfully reprogram the mitochondrial metabolism of M1 macrophages by scavenging mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and inhibiting mitochondrial NO synthase, thereby increasing mitochondrial transcription factor A expression and restoring aerobic respiration. Furthermore, meta-Defensomes are intravenously injected into collagenase-induced osteoarthritis mice and effectively suppress synovial inflammation and progression of early OA, as evident from the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. Therefore, reprogramming the mitochondrial metabolism can serve as a novel and practical approach to repolarize M1 synovial macrophages. The camouflaged meta-Defensomes are a promising therapeutic agent for impeding OA progression in tclinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Han Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
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Lai X, Zheng X, Mathew JM, Gallon L, Leventhal JR, Zhang ZJ. Tackling Chronic Kidney Transplant Rejection: Challenges and Promises. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661643. [PMID: 34093552 PMCID: PMC8173220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in post-transplant management, the long-term survival rate of kidney grafts and patients has not improved as approximately forty percent of transplants fails within ten years after transplantation. Both immunologic and non-immunologic factors contribute to late allograft loss. Chronic kidney transplant rejection (CKTR) is often clinically silent yet progressive allogeneic immune process that leads to cumulative graft injury, deterioration of graft function. Chronic active T cell mediated rejection (TCMR) and chronic active antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) are classified as two principal subtypes of CKTR. While significant improvements have been made towards a better understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms and diagnostic classifications of CKTR, lack of early detection, differential diagnosis and effective therapies continue to pose major challenges for long-term management. Recent development of high throughput cellular and molecular biotechnologies has allowed rapid development of new biomarkers associated with chronic renal injury, which not only provide insight into pathogenesis of chronic rejection but also allow for early detection. In parallel, several novel therapeutic strategies have emerged which may hold great promise for improvement of long-term graft and patient survival. With a brief overview of current understanding of pathogenesis, standard diagnosis and challenges in the context of CKTR, this mini-review aims to provide updates and insights into the latest development of promising novel biomarkers for diagnosis and novel therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat CKTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Lai
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Organ Transplant Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James M Mathew
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lorenzo Gallon
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph R Leventhal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zheng Jenny Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Liu JA, Walton JC, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Disruptions of Circadian Rhythms and Thrombolytic Therapy During Ischemic Stroke Intervention. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:675732. [PMID: 34177452 PMCID: PMC8222607 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several endogenous and exogenous factors interact to influence stroke occurrence, in turn contributing to discernable daily distribution patterns in the frequency and severity of cerebrovascular events. Specifically, strokes that occur during the morning tend to be more severe and are associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure, increased hospital stay, and worse outcomes, including mortality, compared to strokes that occur later in the day. Furthermore, disrupted circadian rhythms are linked to higher risk for stroke and play a role in stroke outcome. In this review, we discuss the interrelation among core clock genes and several factors contributing to ischemic outcomes, sources of disrupted circadian rhythms, the implications of disrupted circadian rhythms in foundational stroke scientific literature, followed by a review of clinical implications. In addition to highlighting the distinct daily pattern of onset, several aspects of physiology including immune response, endothelial/vascular and blood brain barrier function, and fibrinolysis are under circadian clock regulation; disrupted core clock gene expression patterns can adversely affect these physiological processes, leading to a prothrombotic state. Lastly, we discuss how the timing of ischemic onset increases morning resistance to thrombolytic therapy and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.,West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Hendrickson JE. Red blood cell alloimmunization and sickle cell disease: a narrative review on antibody induction. ANNALS OF BLOOD 2020; 5:33. [PMID: 33554044 PMCID: PMC7861514 DOI: 10.21037/aob-2020-scd-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in people with sickle cell disease (SCD) cannot be debated. Why people with SCD are so likely to form RBC alloantibodies, however, remains poorly understood. Over the past decade, a better understanding of non-ABO blood group antigen variants has emerged; RH genetic diversity and the role this diversity plays in RBC alloimmunization is discussed elsewhere. Outside of antigen variants, the immune systems of people with SCD are known to be different than those of people without SCD. Some of these differences are due to effects of free heme, whereas others are impacted by hyposplenism. Descriptive studies of differences in white blood cell (WBC) subsets, platelet counts and function, and complement activation between people with SCD and race-matched controls exist. Studies comparing the immune systems of alloimmunized people with SCD to non-alloimmunized people with SCD to race-matched controls without SCD have uncovered differences in T-cell subsets, monocytes, Fcγ receptor polymorphisms, and responses to free heme. Studies in murine models have documented the role that recipient inflammation plays in RBC alloantibody formation, with human studies reporting a similar association. Murine studies have also reported the importance of type 1 interferon (IFNα/β), known to play a pivotal role in autoimmunity, in RBC alloantibody formation. The goal of this manuscript is to review existing data on factors influencing RBC alloantibody induction in people with SCD with a focus on inflammation and other immune system considerations, from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kim HJ, Moon JH, Chung H, Shin JS, Kim B, Kim JM, Kim JS, Yoon IH, Min BH, Kang SJ, Kim YH, Jo K, Choi J, Chae H, Lee WW, Kim S, Park CG. Bioinformatic analysis of peripheral blood RNA-sequencing sensitively detects the cause of late graft loss following overt hyperglycemia in pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18835. [PMID: 31827198 PMCID: PMC6906328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation has recently been a promising treatment option for intractable type 1 diabetes patients. Although early graft loss has been well studied and controlled, the mechanisms of late graft loss largely remains obscure. Since long-term islet graft survival had not been achieved in islet xenotransplantation, it has been impossible to explore the mechanism of late islet graft loss. Fortunately, recent advances where consistent long-term survival (≥6 months) of adult porcine islet grafts was achieved in five independent, diabetic nonhuman primates (NHPs) enabled us to investigate on the late graft loss. Regardless of the conventional immune monitoring methods applied in the post-transplant period, the initiation of late graft loss could rarely be detected before the overt graft loss observed via uncontrolled blood glucose level. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the gene expression profiles in 2 rhesus monkey recipients using peripheral blood RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data to find out the potential cause(s) of late graft loss. Bioinformatic analyses showed that highly relevant immunological pathways were activated in the animal which experienced late graft failure. Further connectivity analyses revealed that the activation of T cell signaling pathways was the most prominent, suggesting that T cell-mediated graft rejection could be the cause of the late-phase islet loss. Indeed, the porcine islets in the biopsied monkey liver samples were heavily infiltrated with CD3+ T cells. Furthermore, hypothesis test using a computational experiment reinforced our conclusion. Taken together, we suggest that bioinformatics analyses with peripheral blood RNA-seq could unveil the cause of insidious late islet graft loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Jo
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmin Choi
- Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoon Chae
- Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Bioinformatics Institute, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Preservation of Microvascular Integrity in Murine Orthotopic Tracheal Allografts by Clopidogrel. Transplantation 2019; 103:899-908. [PMID: 30801550 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival after lung transplantation is mainly limited by the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). The aim of this study was to investigate if platelet inhibition by clopidogrel has a functionally relevant influence on the microvascular integrity of orthotopic tracheal allografts as an anatomic basis for the development of CLAD. METHODS We orthotopically transplanted C57Bl/6 (H-2) tracheas into CBA.J (H-2) recipients who afterwards received clopidogrel (1 mg/kg). Morphometric analysis was performed by measuring epithelial height in proportion to thickness of the lamina propria (epithelium-lamina propria ratio). Tissue oxygenation was determined using a fluorescence quenching technique, and graft perfusion monitoring was performed by laser Doppler flowmetry and lectin-binding assay. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of CD31 and inducible nitric oxide synthase while iron deposition was shown with Prussian blue reaction. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was used for gene expression analysis. RESULTS Isografts maintained good oxygenation and perfusion throughout the experiment, while both were drastically reduced in allografts. Treatment with clopidogrel attenuated graft hypoxia and reduced loss of perfusion. Additionally, clopidogrel led to increased epithelium-lamina propria ratio while iron deposition was impaired. Gene expression analysis revealed elevated levels of angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor in the clopidogrel group. Improved endothelial function was shown by immunohistochemistry (CD31, inducible nitric oxide synthase). CONCLUSIONS Continuous administration of clopidogrel significantly improved tissue oxygenation, limited microvascular leakiness, and prevented airway ischemia. These data demonstrate that clopidogrel ameliorates microvascular injury during acute airway rejection, which is a known predisposing factor for the development of CLAD.
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Nickel RS, Horan JT, Abraham A, Qayed M, Haight A, Ngwube A, Liang H, Luban NLC, Hendrickson JE. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antibodies and transfusion support in paediatric HLA‐matched haematopoietic cell transplant for sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2019; 189:162-170. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Nickel
- Division of Hematology Children's National Hospital WashingtonDCUSA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DCUSA
| | - John T. Horan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Emory University Atlanta GAUSA
| | - Allistair Abraham
- Division of Hematology Children's National Hospital WashingtonDCUSA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DCUSA
| | - Muna Qayed
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Emory University Atlanta GAUSA
| | - Ann Haight
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Emory University Atlanta GAUSA
| | - Alexander Ngwube
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders Phoenix Children's Hospital Phoenix AZUSA
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Statistics The George Washington University Washington DCUSA
| | - Naomi L. C. Luban
- Division of Hematology Children's National Hospital WashingtonDCUSA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DCUSA
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Petrenko A, Carnevale M, Somov A, Osorio J, Rodríguez J, Guibert E, Fuller B, Froghi F. Organ Preservation into the 2020s: The Era of Dynamic Intervention. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:151-172. [PMID: 31244584 PMCID: PMC6558325 DOI: 10.1159/000499610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ preservation has been of major importance ever since transplantation developed into a global clinical activity. The relatively simple procedures were developed on a basic comprehension of low-temperature biology as related to organs outside the body. In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in knowledge of the sequelae of effects in preserved organs, and how dynamic intervention by perfusion can be used to mitigate injury and improve the quality of the donated organs. The present review focuses on (1) new information about the cell and molecular events impacting on ischemia/reperfusion injury during organ preservation, (2) strategies which use varied compositions and additives in organ preservation solutions to deal with these, (3) clear definitions of the developing protocols for dynamic organ perfusion preservation, (4) information on how the choice of perfusion solutions can impact on desired attributes of dynamic organ perfusion, and (5) summary and future horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Petrenko
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Matias Carnevale
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexander Somov
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Juliana Osorio
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Joaquin Rodríguez
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Guibert
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barry Fuller
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farid Froghi
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Transfused platelets enhance alloimmune responses to transfused KEL-expressing red blood cells in a murine model. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2018; 17:368-377. [PMID: 30418129 DOI: 10.2450/2018.0178-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors influencing the development of alloantibodies against blood group antigens on transfused red blood cells are poorly defined. We hypothesised that transfused platelets may act as a danger signal to recipients and affect humoral immune responses to transfused red blood cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Platelet-rich plasma prepared from wild-type C57BL/6 or CD40L knock-out donors was transfused into wild-type or CD40L knock-out recipients. Leucoreduced red blood cells from transgenic donors expressing high levels of the human KEL glycoprotein in an erythrocyte-specific manner (KELhi donors) were transfused after the platelets, and anti-KEL responses were measured longitudinally. In some experiments, recipients were treated with poly (I:C), monoclonal CD40L-blocking antibody, or CD4-depleting antibody prior to transfusion. RESULTS Transfusion of wild-type C57BL/6 platelets or treatment with poly (I:C) prior to KELhi red blood cell transfusion led to an anti-KEL alloimmune response in wild-type recipients. Transfusion of platelets from wild-type but not CD40L knock-out donors prior to KELhi red blood cell transfusion led to an IgG anti-KEL alloimmune response in CD40L knock-out recipients; unexpectedly, transfusion of platelets from CD40L knock-out donors prior to KELhi red blood cell transfusion led to a robust anti-KEL alloimmune response in wild-type recipients. Recipient treatment with MR1 CD40L-blocking antibody or CD4-depleting antibody prevented KEL alloimmunisation altogether. DISCUSSION Transfused platelets serve as an adjuvant in this T-dependent murine model of anti-KEL red blood cell alloimmunisation, with CD40/CD40L interactions being involved to some degree but with additional mechanisms also playing a role. These findings raise questions about the role that transfused or endogenous platelets may play in other innate/adaptive immune responses.
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Scionti G, Rodriguez-Arco L, Lopez-Lopez MT, Medina-Castillo AL, Garzón I, Alaminos M, Toledano M, Osorio R. Effect of functionalized PHEMA micro- and nano-particles on the viscoelastic properties of fibrin-agarose biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:738-745. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scionti
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11; Granada 18016 Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering; Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), EEBE, Carrer d'Eduard Maristany 10-14; Barcelona 08930 Spain
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Arco
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
- Department of Applied Physics; Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva; Granada 18071 Spain
| | - Modesto T. Lopez-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
- Department of Applied Physics; Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva; Granada 18071 Spain
| | - Antonio L. Medina-Castillo
- NanoMyP, Spin-Off Enterprise from University of Granada, Edificio BIC-Granada, Avenida de la Innovación 1; Armilla Granada 18016 Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11; Granada 18016 Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11; Granada 18016 Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
| | - Manuel Toledano
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
- Dental School; University of Granada, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja s/n; Granada 18017 Spain
| | - Raquel Osorio
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs GRANADA; Granada Spain
- Dental School; University of Granada, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja s/n; Granada 18017 Spain
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11
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Shamekhi Amiri F. Microparticles in kidney diseases: focus on kidney transplantation. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-017-0104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Cevik O, Baykal AT, Sener A. Platelets Proteomic Profiles of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158287. [PMID: 27336623 PMCID: PMC4919045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of stroke and antiplatelet agents exist for its treatment and prevention. Through the use of LC-MS based protein expression profiling, platelets from stroke patients were analyzed and then correlated with the proteomic analyses results in the context of this disease. This study was based on patients who post ischemic stroke were admitted to hospital and had venous blood drawn within 24 hrs of the incidence. Label-free protein expression analyses of the platelets' tryptic digest was performed in triplicate on a UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS system and ProteinLynx Global Server (v2.5, Waters) was used for tandem mass data extraction. The peptide sequences were searched against the reviewed homo sapiens database (www.uniprot.org) and the quantitation of protein variation was achieved through Progenesis LC-MS software (V4.0, Nonlinear Dynamics). These Label-free differential proteomics analysis of platelets ensured that 500 proteins were identified and 83 of these proteins were found to be statistically significant. The differentially expressed proteins are involved in various processes such as inflammatory response, cellular movement, immune cell trafficking, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, hematological system development and function and nucleic acid metabolism. The expressions of myeloperoxidase, arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase and histidine-rich glycoprotein are involved in cellular metabolic processes, crk-like protein and ras homolog gene family member A involved in cell signaling with vitronectin, thrombospondin 1, Integrin alpha 2b, and integrin beta 3 involved in cell adhesion. Apolipoprotein H, immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 and immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 are involved in structural, apolipoprotein A-I, and alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor is involved in transport, complement component 3 and clusterin is involved in immunity proteins as has been discussed. Our data provides an insight into the proteins that are involved in the platelets' activation response during ischemic stroke. It could be argued that this study lays the foundation for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Cevik
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Azize Sener
- Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Mechanisms of antibody-mediated acute and chronic rejection of kidney allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:7-14. [PMID: 26575854 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-mediated rejection is responsible for up to half of acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant patients and more than half of late graft failures. Antibodies cause acute graft abnormalities that are distinct from T cell-mediated rejection and at later times posttransplant, a distinct pathologic lesion is associated with capillary basement membrane multilayering and glomerulopathy. Despite the importance of donor-reactive antibodies as the leading cause of kidney graft failure, mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated acute and chronic kidney graft injury are poorly understood. Here, we review recent insights provided from clinical studies as well as from animal models that may help to identify new targets for therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of biopsies from kidney grafts in patients with donor-specific antibody versus those without have utilized analysis of pathologic lesions and gene expression to identify the distinct characteristics of antibody-mediated rejection. These analyses have indicated the presence of natural killer cells and their activation during antibody-mediated rejection. The impact of studies of antibody-mediated allograft injury in animal models have lagged behind these clinical studies, but have been useful in testing the activation of innate immune components within allografts in the presence of donor-specific antibodies. SUMMARY Most insights into processes of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney grafts have come from carefully designed clinical studies. However, several new mouse models of antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection may replicate the abnormalities observed in clinical kidney grafts and may be useful in directly testing mechanisms that underlie acute and chronic antibody-mediated graft injury.
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14
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Tian Y. Platelet factor 4 protects kidney allograft in a rat kidney transplantation model. Inflammation 2015; 38:520-6. [PMID: 24986443 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but it is becoming increasingly evident that platelets actively participate in inflammation and immune responses. A recent paper indicated that platelet factor 4 (PF4) alleviated cardiac allograft rejection in mice. But the role of PF4 on kidney transplantation has never been investigated. In our current experiment, PF4 administration alleviates immune responses to kidney transplantation. PF4 significantly alleviates vascular and glomerular changes, as well as interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy at day 56 after transplantation. PF4 decreases interleukin (IL)-17 production in vivo and also limits Th17 differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, the alleviated chronic vasculopathy and tubulointerstitial inflammation induced by PF4 were abolished with additional IL-17 administration. Meanwhile, decreased serum creatinine and urea induced by PF4 were also reversed by recombinant mouse IL-17 (rmIL-17). In conclusion, PF4 plays a protective role in chronic kidney allograft and this was associated with inhibition of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Yongan Road 95# of Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
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15
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Motsch B, Heim C, Koch N, Ramsperger-Gleixner M, Weyand M, Ensminger SM. Microvascular integrity plays an important role for graft survival after experimental skin transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Generation of an effective immune response against foreign antigens requires two distinct molecular signals: a primary signal provided by the binding of antigen-specific T-cell receptor to peptide-MHC on antigen-presenting cells and a secondary signal delivered via the engagement of costimulatory molecules. Among various costimulatory signaling pathways, the interactions between CD40 and its ligand CD154 have been extensively investigated given their essential roles in the modulation of adaptive immunity. Here, we review current understanding of the role CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway has in alloimmunity, and summarize recent mechanistic and preclinical advances in the evaluation of candidate therapeutic approaches to target this receptor-ligand pair in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Kaplan ZS, Zarpellon A, Alwis I, Yuan Y, McFadyen J, Ghasemzadeh M, Schoenwaelder SM, Ruggeri ZM, Jackson SP. Thrombin-dependent intravascular leukocyte trafficking regulated by fibrin and the platelet receptors GPIb and PAR4. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26204458 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a central regulator of leukocyte recruitment and inflammation at sites of vascular injury, a function thought to involve primarily endothelial PAR cleavage. Here we demonstrate the existence of a distinct leukocyte-trafficking mechanism regulated by components of the haemostatic system, including platelet PAR4, GPIbα and fibrin. Utilizing a mouse endothelial injury model we show that thrombin cleavage of platelet PAR4 promotes leukocyte recruitment to sites of vascular injury. This process is negatively regulated by GPIbα, as seen in mice with abrogated thrombin-platelet GPIbα binding (hGPIbα(D277N)). In addition, we demonstrate that fibrin limits leukocyte trafficking by forming a physical barrier to intravascular leukocyte migration. These studies demonstrate a distinct 'checkpoint' mechanism of leukocyte trafficking involving balanced thrombin interactions with PAR4, GPIbα and fibrin. Dysregulation of this checkpoint mechanism is likely to contribute to the development of thromboinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane S Kaplan
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Alessandro Zarpellon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Imala Alwis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Heart Research Institute &Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yuping Yuan
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - James McFadyen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone M Schoenwaelder
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Heart Research Institute &Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Heart Research Institute &Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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18
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Golebiewska EM, Poole AW. Platelet secretion: From haemostasis to wound healing and beyond. Blood Rev 2014; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25468720 PMCID: PMC4452143 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, platelets secrete more than 300 active substances from their intracellular granules. Platelet dense granule components, such as ADP and polyphosphates, contribute to haemostasis and coagulation, but also play a role in cancer metastasis. α-Granules contain multiple cytokines, mitogens, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and other bioactive molecules that are essential regulators in the complex microenvironment of the growing thrombus but also contribute to a number of disease processes. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of secretion and the genetic regulation of granule biogenesis still remains incomplete. In this review we summarise our current understanding of the roles of platelet secretion in health and disease, and discuss some of the hypotheses that may explain how platelets may control the release of its many secreted components in a context-specific manner, to allow platelets to play multiple roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M Golebiewska
- Medical Sciences Building, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair W Poole
- Medical Sciences Building, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK.
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19
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Iino J, Osada M, Kurano M, Kaneko M, Ohkawa R, Satoh Y, Okubo S, Ozaki Y, Tozuka M, Tsuno NH, Yatomi Y. Platelet-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate induces migration of Jurkat T cells. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:150. [PMID: 25253303 PMCID: PMC4193286 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The migration of T cell to atherosclerotic lesions is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysophospholipid released from activated platelets, exerts a variety of responses such as cell migration and proliferation, and reportedly induces T cell migration. Accordingly, platelet-T cell interactions may exist based on T cell responses triggered by platelet-derived S1P. Methods S1P was measured using two-step lipid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation while other phospholipids were determined by an enzymatic assay. The expression of S1P and lysophosphatidic acid receptors on Jurkat T cells was examined by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Jurkat cell migration by S1P and the supernatant of activated platelets (SAP) was evaluated by a modified Boyden’s chamber assay. Results S1P1 receptor was confirmed to be expressed on Jurkat T cell by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. S1P at 10-100 nM induced strong Jurkat cell migration, which was inhibited by the S1P1 (and S1P3) antagonist VPC23019 and the Gi inactivator pertussis toxin (PTX). We found that the supernatant (releasate) of human platelets activated by collagen stimulation, which contains S1P abundantly, induced Jurkat cell migration and that the migration was inhibited by VPC23019 and PTX. In addition, human serum, into which platelet contents (including S1P) are fully released, induced the Jurkat cell migration, which was also inhibited by VPC23019. Conclusions Our findings suggest that platelet-derived S1P induces Jurkat T cell migration possibly via S1P1. S1P may be a key molecule involved in the responses triggered by platelet-T cell interactions, including atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Kuo HH, Fan R, Dvorina N, Chiesa-Vottero A, Baldwin WM. Platelets in early antibody-mediated rejection of renal transplants. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:855-63. [PMID: 25145937 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection is a major complication in renal transplantation. The pathologic manifestations of acute antibody-mediated rejection that has progressed to functional impairment of a renal transplant have been defined in clinical biopsy specimens. However, the initial stages of the process are difficult to resolve with the unavoidable variables of clinical studies. We devised a model of renal transplantation to elucidate the initial stages of humoral rejection. Kidneys were orthotopically allografted to immunodeficient mice. After perioperative inflammation subsided, donor-specific alloantibodies were passively transferred to the recipient. Within 1 hour after a single transfer of antibodies, C4d was deposited diffusely on capillaries, and von Willebrand factor released from endothelial cells coated intravascular platelet aggregates. Platelet-transported inflammatory mediators platelet factor 4 and serotonin accumulated in the graft at 100- to 1000-fold higher concentrations compared with other platelet-transported chemokines. Activated platelets that expressed P-selectin attached to vascular endothelium and macrophages. These intragraft inflammatory changes were accompanied by evidence of acute endothelial injury. Repeated transfers of alloantibodies over 1 week sustained high levels of platelet factor 4 and serotonin. Platelet depletion decreased platelet mediators and altered the accumulation of macrophages. These data indicate that platelets augment early inflammation in response to donor-specific antibodies and that platelet-derived mediators may be markers of evolving alloantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Departments of Immunology and Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ran Fan
- Departments of Immunology and
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21
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Modery-Pawlowski CL, Kuo HH, Baldwin WM, Sen Gupta A. A platelet-inspired paradigm for nanomedicine targeted to multiple diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 8:1709-27. [PMID: 24074391 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived anucleated cells found in the blood. They are mainly responsible for rendering hemostasis or clotting to prevent bleeding complications. Decreased platelet numbers or deficiencies in platelet functions can lead to various acute or chronic bleeding conditions and hemorrhage. On the other hand, dysregulated hyperactivity of the clotting process can lead to thrombosis and vascular occlusion. There is significant evidence that beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets play crucial mechanistic roles in other disease scenarios such as inflammation, immune response and cancer metastasis by mediating several cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as aiding the disease microenvironment via secretion of multiple soluble factors. Therefore, elucidating these mechanistic functions of platelets can provide unique avenues for developing platelet-inspired nanomedicine strategies targeted to these diseases. To this end, the current review provides detailed mechanistic insight into platelets' disease-relevant functions and discusses how these mechanisms can be utilized to engineer targeted nanomedicine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Modery-Pawlowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Iwase H, Ezzelarab MB, Ekser B, Cooper DKC. The role of platelets in coagulation dysfunction in xenotransplantation, and therapeutic options. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:201-20. [PMID: 24571124 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation could resolve the increasing discrepancy between the availability of deceased human donor organs and the demand for transplantation. Most advances in this field have resulted from the introduction of genetically engineered pigs, e.g., α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs transgenic for one or more human complement-regulatory proteins (e.g., CD55, CD46, CD59). Failure of these grafts has not been associated with the classical features of acute humoral xenograft rejection, but with the development of thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft and/or consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. Although the precise mechanisms of coagulation dysregulation remain unclear, molecular incompatibilities between primate coagulation factors and pig natural anticoagulants exacerbate the thrombotic state within the xenograft vasculature. Platelets play a crucial role in thrombosis and contribute to the coagulation disorder in xenotransplantation. They are therefore important targets if this barrier is to be overcome. Further genetic manipulation of the organ-source pigs, such as pigs that express one or more coagulation-regulatory genes (e.g., thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39), is anticipated to inhibit platelet activation and the generation of thrombus. In addition, adjunctive pharmacologic anti-platelet therapy may be required. The genetic manipulations that are currently being tested are reviewed, as are the potential pharmacologic agents that may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Shi G, Field DJ, Ko KA, Ture S, Srivastava K, Levy S, Kowalska MA, Poncz M, Fowell DJ, Morrell CN. Platelet factor 4 limits Th17 differentiation and cardiac allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:543-52. [PMID: 24463452 DOI: 10.1172/jci71858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Th cells are the major effector cells in transplant rejection and can be divided into Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg subsets. Th differentiation is controlled by transcription factor expression, which is driven by positive and negative cytokine and chemokine stimuli at the time of T cell activation. Here we discovered that chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a negative regulator of Th17 differentiation. PF4-deficient and platelet-deficient mice had exaggerated immune responses to cardiac transplantation, including increased numbers of infiltrating Th17 cells and increased plasma IL-17. Although PF4 has been described as a platelet-specific molecule, we found that activated T cells also express PF4. Furthermore, bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that T cell-derived PF4 contributes to a restriction in Th17 differentiation. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that PF4 is a key regulator of Th cell development that is necessary to limit Th17 differentiation. These data likely will impact our understanding of platelet-dependent regulation of T cell development, which is important in many diseases, in addition to transplantation.
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24
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Cevik O, Adiguzel Z, Baykal AT, Somay G, Sener A. The apoptotic actions of platelets in acute ischemic stroke. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6721-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Platelets: versatile modifiers of innate and adaptive immune responses to transplants. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 16:41-6. [PMID: 21157344 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283425365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade there has been mounting experimental data demonstrating that platelets contribute to acute vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on recent findings that link platelets to inflammatory responses of relevance to transplants. RECENT FINDINGS Although it has been known that platelets modify vascular inflammation by secretion of soluble mediators and release of microparticles, new aspects of these mechanisms are being defined. For example, platelet-derived CCL5 not only functions in homomers, but also forms more potent heteromers with platelet factor 4 (PF4; CXCL4). This heteromer formation can be inhibited with small molecules. New findings also demonstrate heterologous interactions of platelet microparticles with leukocytes that may increase their range of impact. By attaching to neutrophils, platelet microparticles appear to migrate out of blood vessels and into other compartments where they stimulate secretion of cytokines. Contact of platelets with extracellular matrix also can result in cleavage of hyaluronan into fragments that serve as an endogenous danger signal. SUMMARY Recent findings have expanded the range of interactions by which platelets can modify innate and adaptive immune responses to transplants.
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26
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The role of positive costimulatory molecules in transplantation and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:366-72. [PMID: 18685331 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328306115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The manipulation of costimulatory pathways holds tremendous potential for treating immunologically mediated diseases. In this article, we review the role of molecules that deliver a positive second signal that, together with an antigen-specific signal from the T-cell receptor, is necessary to promote complete T-cell activation, differentiation and development of effector function. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous positive costimulatory molecules have been identified: CD28/B7, induced costimulatory/induced costimulatory ligand, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD27/CD70, 4-1BB/4-1BBL, LIGHT/herpes virus entry mediator, glucosyltransferase R and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin molecules. Many of these have been only recently discovered and remain incompletely studied. Recent work has demonstrated that some costimulatory molecules bind ligands expressed by nonprofessional activated protein C, some modulate regulatory T cells and some sustain rather than initiate immune responses. Emerging data suggest that the costimulatory pathways are redundant and that the various costimulatory molecules affect different T-cell populations and act at different times during the course of the immune response. SUMMARY These observations suggest that the therapeutic exploitation of strategies targeting costimulatory molecules will require carefully timed interventions directed against multiple pathways.
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Lapchak PH, Kannan L, Ioannou A, Rani P, Karian P, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Platelets orchestrate remote tissue damage after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G888-97. [PMID: 22301111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00499.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. A functional role for platelets in tissue damage after mesenteric I/R is largely unknown. The hypothesis that mesenteric I/R local and remote injury are platelet dependent was tested. Using a murine mesenteric I/R model, we demonstrate that platelets orchestrate remote lung tissue damage that follows mesenteric I/R injury and also contribute, albeit to a lesser degree, to local villi damage. While lung damage is delayed compared with villi damage, it increased over time and was characterized by accumulation of platelets in the pulmonary vasculature early, followed by alveolar capillaries and extravasation into the pulmonary space. Both villi and lung tissues displayed complement deposition. We demonstrate that villi and lung damage are reduced in mice made platelet deficient before I/R injury and that platelet transfusion into previously platelet-depleted mice before I/R increased both villi and lung tissue damage. Increased C3 deposition accompanied platelet sequestration in the lung, which was mostly absent in platelet-depleted mice. In contrast, C3 deposition was only minimally reduced on villi of platelet-depleted mice. Our findings position platelets alongside complement as a significant early upstream component that orchestrates remote lung tissue damage after mesenteric I/R and strongly suggest that reperfusion injury mitigating modalities should consider the contribution of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Lapchak
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Dołęgowska B, Błogowski W, Domański L. Association between the perioperative antioxidative ability of platelets and early post-transplant function of kidney allografts: a pilot study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29779. [PMID: 22279544 PMCID: PMC3261166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that the actions of platelets may unfavorably influence post-transplant function of organ allografts. In this study, the association between post-transplant graft function and the perioperative activity of platelet antioxidants was examined among kidney recipients divided into early (EGF), slow (SGF), and delayed graft function (DGF) groups. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P) were determined and levels of glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and isoprostane were measured in blood samples collected immediately before and during the first and fifth minutes of renal allograft reperfusion. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in isoprostane levels in all groups. Interestingly, in DGF patients, significantly lower levels of perioperative activity of catalase (p<0.02) and GST (p<0.02) were observed. Moreover, in our study, the activity of platelet antioxidants was associated with intensity of perioperative oxidative stress. For discriminating SGF/DGF from EGF, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of platelet antioxidants were 81-91%, 50-58%, 32-37%, and 90-90.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS During renal transplantation, significant changes occur in the activity of platelet antioxidants. These changes seem to be associated with post-transplant graft function and can be potentially used to differentiate between EGF and SGF/DGF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the potential protective role of platelets in the human transplantation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Błogowski
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Leszek Domański
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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29
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Stokes KY, Granger DN. Platelets: a critical link between inflammation and microvascular dysfunction. J Physiol 2011; 590:1023-34. [PMID: 22183721 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an underlying feature of a variety of human diseases. An important manifestation of this pathophysiological response is microvascular dysfunction, which includes the activation of vascular endothelial cells, and circulating leucocytes and platelets. While endothelial cells and leucocytes are widely accepted as critical players in the microvascular alterations induced by inflammation, recent attention has focused on the modulatory role of platelets, which act both as effector and target cells in inflamed microvessels. Evidence is presented to demonstrate the capacity for 'cross-talk' between platelets and other cells (endothelial cells, leucocytes) that contribute to an inflammatory response, and to illustrate the pathophysiological consequences of these interactions of platelets with other cells within the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Nees S, Weiss DR, Senftl A, Knott M, Förch S, Schnurr M, Weyrich P, Juchem G. Isolation, bulk cultivation, and characterization of coronary microvascular pericytes: the second most frequent myocardial cell type in vitro. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H69-84. [PMID: 22037185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00359.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Densely arranged pericytes engird the endothelial tube of all coronary microvessels. Since the experimental access to these abundant cells in situ is difficult, a prerequisite for broader investigation is the availability of sufficient numbers of fully differentiated pericytes in homogenous culture. To reach this goal, we applied strictly standardized cell isolation techniques, optimized culture methods and specific histological staining. Approximately 1,000-fold enriched pericytes were proteolytically detached from highly purified coronary microvascular networks (density gradient centrifugation) of eight mammalian species including human. Addition of species-autologous fetal or neonatal serum (10-20% vol/vol) was a precondition for longer term survival of homogenous pericyte cultures. This ensured optimal growth (doubling time <14 h) and full expression of pericyte-specific markers. In 3-mo, 10(10) pericytes (15 g) could be cultivated from 1 bovine heart. Pericytes could be stored in liquid N(2), recultured, and passaged repeatedly without loss of typical features. In cocultures with EC or vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes transferred fluorescent calcein to each other and to EC via their antler-like extensions, organized angiogenetic sprouting of vessels, and rapidly activated coagulation factors X and II via tissue factor and prothrombinase. The interconnected pericytes of the coronary system are functionally closely correlated with the vascular endothelium and may play key roles in the adjustment of local blood flow, the regulation of angiogenic processes, and the induction of procoagulatory processes. Their successful bulk cultivation enables direct experimental access under defined in vitro conditions and the isolation of pericyte specific antigens for the production of specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nees
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany.
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Gilson CR, Zimring JC. Alloimmunization to transfused platelets requires priming of CD4+ T cells in the splenic microenvironment in a murine model. Transfusion 2011; 52:849-59. [PMID: 21981241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantibodies are a clinically significant sequelae of platelet (PLT) transfusion, potentially rendering patients refractory to ongoing PLT transfusion support. These antibodies are often IgG class switched, suggesting the involvement of CD4+ T-cell help; however, PLT-specific CD4+ T cells have not been visualized in vivo, and specifics of their stimulation are not completely understood. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A murine model of alloimmunization to transfused PLTs was developed to allow in vivo assessment and characterization of CD4+ T cells specific for PLT major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloantigen. PLTs were harvested from BALB/c mice, filter leukoreduced, and transfused into C57BL/6 recipients. PLT-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were visualized by using a T-cell receptor transgenic mouse that detects peptide from donor MHC I presented on recipient MHC II. Antibody responses were determined by indirect immunofluorescence using BALB/c donor targets. RESULTS C57BL/6 recipients of BALB/c leukoreduced PLT transfusions produced BALB/c antibodies, with proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells seen in the spleen but not lymph nodes or liver. Depletion of recipient CD4+ cells or splenectomy independently abrogated the alloantibody response. CONCLUSION We report a novel model to study antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during alloimmunization to PLT transfusion. The presented data support a critical role for CD4+ T-cell help in the humoral response to PLT transfusion and establish the spleen as a required microenvironment for effective CD4+ T-cell priming against donor PLT-derived MHC I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Gilson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Azimzadeh AM, Lees JR, Ding Y, Bromberg JS. Immunobiology of transplantation: impact on targets for large and small molecules. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:229-42. [PMID: 21716276 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the preferred method of treatment for many forms of end-stage organ failure. However, immunosuppressive drugs that are used to avoid rejection can result in numerous undesirable effects (infection, malignancy, hypertension, diabetes, and accelerated arteriosclerosis). Moreover, they are not effective at preventing chronic rejection resulting in late graft loss. This review summarizes the fundamental concepts underlying the rejection of solid-organ allografts with the aim of highlighting potential new targets for therapeutics. Future improvement will depend on new therapeutic moieties, including biologics, to target various pathways of both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Results from some of the most recent clinical trials in transplantation and emerging new therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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The Clinical Implication of Inhibiting Platelet Activation on Chronic Renal Allograft Dysfunction: A Prospective Cohort Study. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:2596-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Trummer A, De Rop C, Stadler M, Ganser A, Buchholz S. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 positive microparticles in allogeneic stem cell transplantation of hematologic malignancies. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:1047-55. [PMID: 21864485 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin and its receptor P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) mediate adhesion between leukocytes, tumor cells (including leukemias and lymphomas), and platelets, and play an important role in hematopoiesis, T cell activation, and cancer growth and metastasis. As microparticles (MPs) are released from activated or apoptotic cells, there should be significant numbers of circulating PSGL-1-bearing MPs in the blood of patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). We enumerated PSGL-1-expressing MPs in plasma samples from 30 consecutive patients with hematologic disorders at different time points during the course of alloSCT by flow cytometry and analyzed their relation to cell counts, patient characteristics, and clinical outcome. Median follow-up time of surviving patients was 1,772 days (range 1272-1981 days). Nineteen patients (63.3%) died, 10 due to progression of disease (33.3%). The PSGL-1 MPs significantly declined during conditioning therapy but increased again after transfusion of donor cells and even more at the time of engraftment. Numbers >250/μL after graft transfusion were associated with a shorter time to engraftment for patients receiving fresh peripheral stem cell grafts (median, 15 vs. 21 days; p = 0.049). Furthermore, low PSGL-1 MP values at those two time points were associated with a higher risk of progress/relapse in univariate analysis (p = 0.008-0.014; hazard ratio [HR] = 15.0-42.0) with cumulative incidences at 5 years of 81.8% versus 28.6% and 85.7% versus 20.0%, respectively. In conclusion, PSGL-1 microparticles show a characteristic course during alloSCT and their possible association with relapse/progress requires further evaluation of the PSGL-1/P-selectin interaction in leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Trummer
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Kim SY, Ahn SH, Min SI, Kim SH, Jeong YJ, Min SK, Kim SJ, Ha J. Effects of Antiplatelet Agents on the Graft Survival in Murine Cardiac and Skin Transplantation Model. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2011. [DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2011.25.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yup Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hwa Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kee Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Wehner JR, Baldwin WM. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: do adipocytes bridge alloimmune and metabolic risk factors? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 15:639-44. [PMID: 20689436 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32833deaee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is still a major cause of chronic graft failure. CAV develops in the coronary arteries as a diffuse, concentric expansion of the intima in conjunction with inflammation and fibrosis of the adventitia. We review recent publications that could link metabolic and immunologic risk factors for CAV.A concept is offered that periarterial adipocytes may provide proinflammatory cytokines that augment immune injury of the coronary arteries. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that some alloantibodies and autoantibodies are associated with CAV. Limited data are available on the expression of target antigens on coronary arteries at different times after transplantation. Perivascular adipose tissue is an abundant source of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. Adding to the inflammatory bias, perivascular adipocytes secrete less of the anti-inflammatory adiponectin in comparison to other types of fat. Adiponectin modulates expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium. It also decreases neointimal formation in arteries following mechanical endovascular injury. SUMMARY Alterations in the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by perivascular fat have been implicated in atherosclerosis and restenosis. This imbalance may also augment the immune responses in the coronary arteries of transplanted hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Wehner
- Department of Immunology NB30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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37
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Morrell CN. Immunomodulatory mediators in platelet transfusion reactions. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2011; 2011:470-474. [PMID: 22160076 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our appreciation of the roles that platelets play in vascular biology is constantly expanding. One of the major roles of platelets is in initiating and accelerating immune responses. Platelet transfusion may be associated with adverse inflammatory outcomes manifested as fever, discomfort, tachycardia, and respiratory issues. This may in part be due to immune mediators either expressed by activated platelets or released into the platelet media during platelet storage. This review will highlight some more recent knowledge gained regarding the platelet storage lesion and potential mediators of platelet transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig N Morrell
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Elzey BD, Ratliff TL, Sowa JM, Crist SA. Platelet CD40L at the interface of adaptive immunity. Thromb Res 2010; 127:180-3. [PMID: 21075431 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Initiated by the finding that platelets express functional CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154), many new roles for platelets have been discovered in unanticipated areas, including the immune response. When current literature is considered as a whole, the picture that is emerging begins to show that platelets are able to significantly affect, for better or worse, the overall health and condition of the mammalian host. Animal models have made significant contributions to our expanding knowledge of platelet function, much of which is anticipated to be clinically relevant. While still mostly circumstantial, the evidence supports a critical role for CD40L in many normal and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Klipa D, Mahmud N, Ahsan N. Antibody immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplant: Part II. MAbs 2010; 2:607-12. [PMID: 20948291 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibodies in transplantation dates to 1986 when muromonab CD3, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD3, was first approved for prevention and treatment of renal allograft rejection. These agents have largely been used in a brief adjunctive manner to provide immunosuppression during the initial period after solid organ transplantation or during an episode of acute rejection. Recent advances in our understanding of transplant immunology have allowed emergence of numerous new mAbs, targeting co-stimulatory signals, cell surface receptors and novel protein constructs. During the next decade, transplant professionals will increasingly require knowledge of the mechanisms and pharmacologic characteristics of these novel therapeutic agents.
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Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection has become critical clinically because this form of rejection is usually unresponsive to conventional anti-rejection therapy, and therefore, it has been recognized as a major cause of allograft loss. Our group developed experimental animal models of vascularized organ transplantation to study pathogenesis of antibody- and complement-mediated endothelial cell injury leading to graft rejection. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of antibody-mediated graft rejection resulting from activation of complement by C1q- and MBL (mannose-binding lectin)-dependent pathways and interactions with a variety of effector cells, including macrophages and monocytes through Fcgamma receptors and complement receptors.
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Chung YG, Tu Q, Cao D, Harada S, Eisen HJ, Chang C. Raman spectroscopy detects cardiac allograft rejection with molecular specificity. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 2:206-10. [PMID: 20443894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy is shown here to be capable of molecular-specific detection without exogenous labeling. This molecular specificity is achieved by detecting the strong and characteristic Raman spectral signature of an indole derivative, serotonin, whose selective existence in rejected heart transplants serves as the biomarker. The study also corroborates the increasingly recognized role of serotonin receptors in various immune responses, including cardiac allograft rejection. Combining both medical and physical sciences, this work demonstrates the potential use of Raman spectroscopy in replacing the invasive endomyocardial biopsy as the standard for post-transplantation rejection surveillance and presents a new paradigm in advancing clinical care through interdisciplinary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Gi Chung
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Ombrello C, Block RC, Morrell CN. Our expanding view of platelet functions and its clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 3:538-46. [PMID: 20661787 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are the primary cell mediator of thrombosis. A deficiency of platelets can result in severe bleeding defects. "Overactive" platelets contribute to life-threatening outcomes in diseases such as heart attack, stroke, and cancer. The use of platelet inhibitors for thrombosis prevention must therefore seek a delicate balance between inhibiting platelet activation and an associated increased bleeding risk. There are currently few platelet inhibitors clinically available, making the search for novel anti-platelet drug targets a major research priority. Several newly identified pathways of platelet activation may hold hope in this area. In addition, important roles for platelets beyond hemostasis have been discovered. Platelets have recently been described as mediators of diverse inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, hepatitis, malaria, and atherosclerosis. This has heightened the need to broaden our understanding of platelet functions and platelet-derived inflammatory mediators. It has also heightened interest in a continued search for new platelet inhibitors and presents new opportunities for platelet inhibitors to be used in a wide array of disease treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ombrello
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, P. O. Box 644, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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43
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Die unterschätzte Rolle von Thrombozyten bei der Herztransplantation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-010-0788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Macrophages expressing heme oxygenase-1 improve renal function in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1706-13. [PMID: 20551909 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury has a high mortality and lacks specific therapies, with ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) being the predominant cause. Macrophages (M phi) have been used successfully in cell therapy to deliver targeted therapeutic genes in models of inflammatory kidney disease. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes heme breakdown and has important cytoprotective functions. We hypothesized that administration of M phi modified to overexpress HO-1 would protect from renal IRI. Using an adenoviral construct (Ad-HO-1), HO-1 was overexpressed in primary bone marrow-derived M phi (BMDM). In vitro Ad-HO-1 M phi showed an anti-inflammatory phenotype with increased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (ACs) and increased interleukin (IL)-10 but reduced TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) following lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) stimulation compared to control transduced or unmodified M phi. In vivo, intravenously (IV) injected M phi homed preferentially to the post-IRI kidney compared to uninjured control following experimental IRI. At 24 hours postinjury, despite equivalent levels of tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and capillary density between groups, the injection of Ad-HO-1 M phi resulted in preserved renal function (serum creatinine reduced by 46%), and reduced microvascular platelet deposition. These data demonstrate that genetically modified M phi improve the outcomes in IRI when administered after the establishment of structural injury, raising the prospect of targeted cell therapy to support the function of the acutely injured kidney.
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Baldwin WM, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. Antibody-mediated rejection: emergence of animal models to answer clinical questions. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1135-42. [PMID: 20346069 PMCID: PMC2975939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Decades of experiments in small animals had tipped the balance of opinion away from antibodies as a cause of transplant rejection. However, clinical experience, especially with sensitized patients, has convinced basic immunologists of the need to develop models to investigate mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). This resurgent interest has resulted in several new rodent models to investigate antibody-mediated mechanisms of heart and renal allograft injury, but satisfactory models of chronic AMR remain more elusive. Nevertheless, these new studies have begun to reveal many insights into the molecular and pathological sequelae of antibody binding to the allograft endothelium. In addition, complement-independent and complement-dependent effects of antibodies on endothelial cells have been identified in vitro. As small animal models become better defined, it is anticipated that they will be more widely used to answer further questions concerning mechanisms of antibody-mediated tissue injury as well as to design therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Baldwin
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Wehner JR, Morrell CN, Rodriguez ER, Fairchild RL, Baldwin WM. Immunological challenges of cardiac transplantation: the need for better animal models to answer current clinical questions. J Clin Immunol 2010; 29:722-9. [PMID: 19802689 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, two advances have shifted attention from cellular rejection to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) of cardiac transplants. First, more sensitive diagnostic tests for detection of AMR have been developed. Second, improvements in immunosuppression have made severe acute cellular rejection uncommon, but have had less effect on AMR. DISCUSSION Antibodies can contribute to graft rejection by activation of complement, by activation of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and by activation of neutrophils, macrophages or natural killer cells. Because acute rejection is a risk factor for chronic rejection in all types of organ transplants, it is has been proposed that AMR can cause chronic rejection. CONCLUSION Small animal models need to be developed to gain further insights into AMR and the role of antibodies in chronic graft arteriopathy. This article reviews the current clinical data and existing mouse models for AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Wehner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hendrickson JE, Hod EA, Spitalnik SL, Hillyer CD, Zimring JC. Storage of murine red blood cells enhances alloantibody responses to an erythroid-specific model antigen. Transfusion 2009; 50:642-8. [PMID: 19906034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization can be a serious complication of blood transfusion, but factors influencing the development of alloantibodies are only partially understood. Within FDA-approved time limits, RBCs are generally transfused without regard to length of storage. However, recent studies have raised concerns that RBCs stored for more than 14 days have altered biologic properties that may affect medical outcomes. To test the hypothesis that storage time alters RBC immunogenicity, we utilized a murine model of RBC storage and alloimmunization. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood from transgenic HOD donor mice, which express a model antigen (hen egg lysozyme [HEL]) specifically on RBCs, was filter leukoreduced and stored for 14 days under conditions similar to those used for human RBCs. Fresh or 14-day-stored RBCs were transfused into wild-type recipients. The stability of the HOD antigen and posttransfusion RBC survival were analyzed by flow cytometry. RBC alloimmunization was monitored by measuring circulating anti-HEL immunoglobulin levels. RESULTS Transfusion of 14-day-stored, leukoreduced HOD RBCs resulted in 10- to 100-fold higher levels of anti-HEL alloantibodies as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay than transfusion of freshly collected, leukoreduced RBCs. RBC expression of the HOD antigen was stable during storage. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that HOD murine RBCs become more immunogenic with storage and generate the rationale for clinical trials to test if the same phenomenon is observed in humans. Length of storage of RBCs may represent a previously unappreciated variable in whether or not a transfusion recipient becomes alloimmunized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, AFLAC Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Smyth SS, McEver RP, Weyrich AS, Morrell CN, Hoffman MR, Arepally GM, French PA, Dauerman HL, Becker RC. Platelet functions beyond hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1759-66. [PMID: 19691483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although their central role is in the prevention of bleeding, platelets probably contribute to diverse processes that extend beyond hemostasis and thrombosis. For example, platelets can recruit leukocytes and progenitor cells to sites of vascular injury and inflammation; they release proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory and angiogenic factors and microparticles into the circulation; and they spur thrombin generation. Data from animal models suggest that these functions may contribute to atherosclerosis, sepsis, hepatitis, vascular restenosis, acute lung injury, and transplant rejection. This article represents an integrated summary of presentations given at the Fourth Annual Platelet Colloquium in January 2009. The process of and factors mediating platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte interactions in inflammatory and immune responses are discussed, with the roles of P-selectin, chemokines and Src family kinases being highlighted. Also discussed are specific disorders characterized by local or systemic platelet activation, including coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous intervention, alloantibody-mediated transplant rejection, wound healing, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Smyth
- Lexington VA Medical Center and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Aki SZ, Sucak GT, Paşaoğlu H, Ozkurt ZN, Yegin ZA, Ofluoğlu E, Yağci M, Haznedar R. Thrombopoietic cytokine and P-selectin levels in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: decrease in posttransplantation P-selectin levels might predict the degree of maximum response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:229-33. [PMID: 19525192 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.n.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the pretransplantation levels of thrombopoietic cytokines, which have a fundamental role in both megakaryopoiesis and myeloma pathogenesis and P-selectin in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) and to correlate the cytokine levels with time to platelet recovery. The effect of AHSCT on the levels of the cytokines and its correlation with maximum disease response was also investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS The levels of thrombopoietin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-1beta, and P-selectin was measured before and 30 days after AHSCT in 32 patients with a median age of 55 years. The median time to platelet recovery was day +11 (range, 0-14 days) without any significant correlation with pretransplantation cytokine levels. RESULTS No significant change was observed in thrombopoietic cytokines after AHSCT, whereas serum P-selectin levels showed a significant decrease after AHSCT (P = .001). The decrease in P-selectin was found to be significant in patients who achieved complete remission (P1 = .008) and partial remission (P2 = .018) early after AHSCT. Our data suggest that the level of thrombopoietic cytokines does not have a role in time to platelet recovery. CONCLUSION The change in P-selectin levels early after transplantation could be a surrogate marker in determining the maximum posttransplantation response.
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Nguyen XD, Müller-Berghaus J, Kälsch T, Schadendorf D, Borggrefe M, Klüter H. Differentiation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells under the influence of platelets. Cytotherapy 2009; 10:720-9. [PMID: 18985478 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802378912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytapheresis has been established to collect a sufficient number of monocytes (MO) for differentiation to dendritic cells (DC) as a cancer vaccine. Platelets (Plt) are invariably found as a contaminant in the final monocytapheresis product. The aim of this study was to investigate DC differentiation under the influence of Plt with regard to their function and phenotype. METHODS MO were isolated and co-cultured with autologous Plt at different MO:Plt ratios (1:1.7, 1:5, 1:15, 1:45 and 1:135) in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). IL-12p70 release after ligation of CD40L was determined in the supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For T-cell stimulation, tetanus toxoid was added to immature DC and maturation was induced by adding cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2)). Stimulated T cells were analyzed for activation and proliferation as well as for intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. RESULTS All DC cultures were strongly positive for CD83. At a contaminating concentration of 5 Plt/MO, matured DC showed the highest expression of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86, inducing a strong T-cell proliferation with high production of IL-4 and interferon-gamma. The highest level of IL-12p70 production was observed by the same DC group. DISCUSSION Plt did not negatively influence DC maturation but enhanced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of IL-12. Functionally this was reflected by a strong T-cell response that involved T-helper 1 (Th1)- as well as Th2-biased T cells. Our findings show that controlling the Plt concentration may provide important advantages for the generation of DC for use in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Nguyen
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Red-Cross Blood Donation Service of Baden-Wurttemberg-Hessen, Germany.
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