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Chemical vs. natural toothpaste: which formulas for which properties? A scoping review. J Public Health Afr 2022; 13:1945. [PMID: 36277937 PMCID: PMC9585602 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The proliferation of the oral care industry has made it more challenging for shoppers to zero in on the best possible toothpaste for their preventative requirements. It also makes the toothpaste’s various components safer. Objective The researchers set out to evaluate the state of information about the biological properties and cytotoxicity of adult toothpaste so that they might make some informed recommendations. Methods A scoping review of research published between 2015 and 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines was performed. Results In vitro clinical trials account for 44% of the papers, in vivo clinical trials for 25%, systematic reviews for 19%, and metaanalyses for 12%. They have active chemical components that have been shown to be antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or desensitizing. Herbal toothpaste has these characteristics and is very secure to use. Toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate has been found to be harmful. Conclusions Scientists have investigated the biological effects of a wide range of chemically active compounds and plant extracts. Herbal toothpaste, it has been discovered, is both efficient and secure. Companies making toothpaste should be required to clearly label the product’s qualities, active ingredients, and potentially harmful ingredients on the packaging.
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Cytotoxic effects of different detergent containing children's toothpastes on human gingival epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:66. [PMID: 35264124 PMCID: PMC8908683 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate possible cytotoxic effects to gingival epithelial cells exposed to children toothpastes containing different detergent. Methods Tissues required for the isolation of human gingival epithelial cells were obtained by biopsy during the extraction of the impacted third molar tooth. Toothpaste solutions of different concentrations were prepared from five different children’s toothpastes with different detergent contents. Isolated gingival epithelial cells were stimulated with experimental groups consisting of toothpaste solutions (Colgate, Sensodyne, Splat, Nenedent, Perlodent) at different concentrations and a control group consisting of complete Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium. After the experiments, cell viability was evaluated using flow cytometry. 2 Way ANOVA was used to see the interaction effect of the main effects of toothpaste solution and concentration factors. Pairwise comparisons were made by Tukey post hoc tests. In the study, the significance level was taken as 0.05. Results As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the toothpaste solution and concentration factors and the interactions of these 2 factors were effective on the viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cell rates. The statistically highest live cell ratios were detected in Splat’s toothpaste solutions (90.14% at 0.4% concentration) after the control group (90.82%) and the group with the lowest viability values was determined in Colgate group (75.74% at 0.4% concentration) (p < 0.05). Conclusions According to the results of the study, it was observed that toothpastes containing SLS affected the viability of cells more negatively than toothpastes with other detergent contents.
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Effects of different detergent-containing children's toothpastes on the viability, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human dental periodontal ligament stem cells and gingival stem cells in vitro. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101538. [PMID: 33878638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detergents are the most commonly used compounds in toothpastes due to their foaming and cleaning peoperties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of children's toothpastes with different detergent content on the viability, the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potentials of human mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS The necessary tissues for human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLMSCs) and human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs) isolation were obtained during extraction of 10 impacted third molar teeth. The viability of the cells stimulated with different concentratiaons of Colgate, Sensodyne, Splat, Nenedent, Perlodent toothpaste solutions and complete Dulbocco's modified eagle medium (control group) were evaluated by using the flow cytometer. In addition, the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential of human gingival and periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells exposed to toothpaste solutions were examined morphologically. Datas were analyzed with IBM SPSS V23. One way ANOVA test was used to determine the differences between the groups for multiple comparisons, while the Tukey post-hoc test was used for pair wise comparisons in determining which groups differed. RESULTS A higher percentage of cell viability was detected in Control group at 20 %, 50 % and 80 % (p = 0.000) on hGMSCs. After the Control group, the highest cell viability ratios were observed in the detergent-free Splat group (p = 0.000) followed by the Sensodyne experimental group containing CABP (p = 0.000). While the cell viability rates in Nenedent group was found significantly higher than the Perlodent group at other concentrations except for 20 % concentration (p = 0.000). Colgate group had the lowest percentage of cell viability among the experimental groups at all concentrations on hPDMSCs (p = 0.000). The highest live cell ratios was detected in Control group (p = 0.000), followed by Splat and Sensodyne groups (p = 0.000). The cell viability ratios at 50 % concentration were higher in Perlodent group than Nenedent group (p = 0.000). The highest osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells stimulated with different toothpaste was determined in Control and Splat group. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the findings, it was observed that toothpaste containing SLS had a more negative effect on the viability of the cells and the differentiation potentials than the other groups.
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Is there a role of toothpastes in the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis? A prospective controlled clinical trial with skin patch testing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 131:43-48. [PMID: 33160931 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The oral mucosa is exposed to a large number of antigenic agents contained in toothpastes. These agents are reported to stimulate recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) pathogenesis, and toothpastes that do not contain probable allergenic substances reduced the number and frequency of aphthous ulcers. We aimed to determine whether the skin patch test (SPT) can be used to determine if toothpaste allergens play a role in the etiology of RAS. STUDY DESIGN Sixty-three patients with RAS and 47 healthy volunteers were skin patch tested with sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, menthol, triclosan, and titanium dioxide, which are present in most of the toothpastes. Fisher's exact test and the Yates chi-square test were used to compare categorical variables and patch test results between 2 groups. RESULTS The SPT was positive in 8 (22.2%) patients with RAS and 11 (23.4%) control subjects, and the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P < .05). Sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and menthol were the most common positive allergens in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Allergens in toothpastes did not appear to stimulate the formation of RAS. However, in order to determine a clearer relationship, a study in a larger patient series employing intraoral patch testing with more toothpaste ingredients is suggested.
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The potential of saponin from Jamaica’s Blighia sapida (ackee) as a substitute for sodium lauryl sulphate in toothpaste. Med Hypotheses 2020; 137:109555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Limited Evidence Suggests That Patients With Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis May Benefit From Using Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-free Dentifrices. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2019; 19:101349. [PMID: 31843182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2019.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A systematic review. Alli BY, Erinoso OA, Olawuyi AB. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(5):358-64. SOURCE OF FUNDING None. The authors declared no conflict of interest. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis of data from double-blind randomized controlled trials.
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Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:358-364. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) on Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts in an In Vitro Wound Healing Model. Mil Med 2019; 184:97-101. [PMID: 30901402 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant used to decrease the surface tension of water. Most commercially available dentifrices contain 0.5-2.0% SLS. This study investigated the potential effect of SLS on oral wound healing using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS HGFs cells were grown in12-well culture plates in DMEM medium. A 3 mm wound was created on confluent HGFs. The cells were challenged with 0 (the control group), 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, or 0.05% SLS-containing media once daily for 2 minutes. The cells were stained on day 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The percent of wound fill area was measured. RESULTS On day 2, 4, 6, and 8, the wound fill of the control group (0% SLS) was 15, 35, 67 and 98%, respectively; at 0.01% SLS, it was 10, 20, 65 and 84%; at 0.02%, it was 7, 10, 15 and 25%; at 0.03% SLS, it was only 5% and 8% on day 2 and 4. CONCLUSION Our results showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on HGFs wound fill by SLS; however, future in vivo studies are needed to validate if our in vitro findings using SLS-free dentifrices to avoid the potential delay of wound healing.
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The effectiveness of dentifrices without and with sodium lauryl sulfate on plaque, gingivitis and gingival abrasion--a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:443-50. [PMID: 26293981 PMCID: PMC4799265 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to a dentifrice with SLS in young adults aged 18-34 years on gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred twenty participants (non-dental students) with a moderate gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing at 40-70 % of test sites) were included in this randomized controlled double blind clinical trial. According to randomization, participants had to brush their teeth either with dentifrice without SLS or with SLS for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP). The secondary outcomes were plaque scores and gingival abrasion scores (GA) as well as a visual analogue scale (VAS) score at exit survey. Baseline and end differences were analysed by univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, between group differences by independent t test and within groups by paired sample t test. RESULTS BOMP improved within groups from on average 0.80 at baseline to 0.60 in the group without SLS and to 0.56 in the group with SLS. No statistical difference for BOMP, plaque and gingival abrasion was found between both groups. VAS scores for taste, freshness and foaming effect were significantly in favour of the SLS-containing dentifrice. CONCLUSION The test dentifrice without SLS was as effective as a regular SLS dentifrice on gingival bleeding scores and plaque scores. There was no significant difference in the incidence of gingival abrasion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In patients diagnosed with gingivitis, a dentifrice without SLS seems to be equally effective compared to a dentifrice with SLS and did not demonstrate any significant difference in gingival abrasion. In patient with recurrent aphthous ulcers, the absence of SLS may even be beneficial. However, participants indicate that they appreciate the foaming effect of a dentifrice with SLS more.
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The effectiveness of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate on dental plaque and gingivitis - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:203-210. [PMID: 26853798 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on dental plaque and gingivitis of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) compared to two SLS-containing dentifrices. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this double-blind, parallel study, 90 volunteers having moderate gingival inflammation (≥40%) were randomly divided among three groups: one group using non-SLS dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentrations of zinc and two control groups each using different SLS-containing dentifrices. Dental plaque scores (Turesky modification of Quigley & Hein) and gingivitis scores (Bleeding On Marginal Probing) were assessed at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks. RESULTS Eighty-nine participants provided evaluable data. A slight decrease in gingivitis scores was observed for all groups over 4 weeks, which was statistically significant for the non-SLS group. Mean values for dental plaque scores did not show major differences over 4 weeks. For both parameters, no significant differences between groups could be observed at any time point. Patient appreciation was in favour of the SLS groups especially regarding the foaming effect. CONCLUSION No significant differences could be observed with respect to the effect on plaque and gingivitis between SLS-containing and SLS-free dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentration zinc. Patients enjoyed the duration of taste and the 'foaming effect' of SLS-containing dentifrices better.
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Characterizing the immunological effects of oral healthcare ingredients using an in vitro reconstructed human epithelial model. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Oral mucosal disease has a variety of causes, some of which are due to dysfunction of the immune system. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus are the mucosal diseases of unknown cause seen most frequently in dental practice, and the most likely mucosal diseases for which a dentist will prescribe. This paper briefly reviews the clinical features of these conditions, their causation and pertinent information for managing them in a primary care setting. The prescribing of appropriate medications to treat the conditions in a general dental practice is described and discussed.
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Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcerative disease affecting the oral mucosa. RAS occurs mostly in healthy individuals and has an atypical clinical presentation in immunocompromised individuals. The etiology of RAS is still unknown, but several local, systemic, immunologic, genetic, allergic, nutritional, and microbial factors, as well as immunosuppressive drugs, have been proposed as causative agents. Clinical management of RAS using topical and systemic therapies is based on severity of symptoms and the frequency, size, and number of lesions. The goals of therapy are to decrease pain and ulcer size, promote healing, and decrease the frequency of recurrence.
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The development of T cell-dominated inflammatory responses induced by sodium lauryl sulphate in mouse oral mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:796-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Oral Dis 2012; 18:655-60. [PMID: 22435470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free and SLS-containing dentifrice in patient with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The design of this study was a double-blind crossover trial. The 90 subjects were divided into three groups: group I used SLS-free (a commercially available SLS-free dentifrice) and SLS-A (SLS-free + 1.5% SLS), group II used SLS-A and SLS-B (a commercially available 1.5% SLS-containing dentifrice), and group III used SLS-free and SLS-B. The subjects used one of the two assigned dentifrices for 8 weeks and then the other for the following 8 weeks. The order of the dentifrices used was selected at random, and there was a 2-week washout period between the two phases. The clinical parameters (number of ulcers, number of episodes, duration of ulcers, mean pain score) were compared between the two phases for each group. RESULTS The number of ulcers and episodes did not differ significantly between SLS-A, SLS-B, and SLS-free. Only duration of ulcers and mean pain score was significantly decreased during the period using SLS-free. CONCLUSION Although SLS-free did not reduce the number of ulcers and episodes, it affected the ulcer-healing process and reduces pain in daily lives in patients with RAS.
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Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS; aphthae; canker sores) is a common condition which is characterized by multiple recurrent small, round or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or grey floors typically presenting first in childhood or adolescence. RAS occurs worldwide although it appears most common in the developed world. The aetiology of RAS is not entirely clear. Despite many studies trying to identify a causal microorganism, RAS does not appear to be infectious. A genetic predisposition is present, as shown by strong associations with genotypes of IL-1beta; IL-6 in RAS patients, and a positive family history in about one-third of patients with RAS. Haematinic deficiency is found in up to 20% of patients. Cessation of smoking may precipitate or exacerbate RAS in some cases. Ulcers similar to RAS may be seen in human immunodeficiency virus disease and some other immune defects, and drugs, especially non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nicorandil may produce lesions clinically similar to RAS. Topical corticosteroids can often control RAS. However, the treatment of RAS remains unsatisfactory, as most therapies only reduce the severity of the ulceration and do not stop recurrence.
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Abstract
The cause of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown despite considerable research. This article reviews the evidence for current theories regarding this disorder, including possible suspected relationships with microbial and immunologic factors, and presents medical diseases that mimic RAS lesions in certain patients. Topical management of the common form of minor RAS is described along with systemic therapy currently available to patients with severe forms of this disease.
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Abstract
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is an ulcerative condition that affects the oral mucosa without evidence of an underlying medical disorder. RAS is characterized by the appearance of round, shallow ulcerations surrounded by inflammation that chiefly involves the nonkeratinized mucosa. The etiology of RAS is unknown, but has a strong hereditary component and appears to be related to an immune reaction against the oral mucosa. RAS must be distinguished from other diseases that cause recurring oral ulcers such as Behçet's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn's disease. This paper reviews the current theories regarding the etiology of RAS, the clinical evaluation of patients with recurring aphthous ulcers, and describes current treatment options for this condition.
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Betaine reduces the irritating effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on human oral mucosa in vivo. Acta Odontol Scand 2002; 60:306-10. [PMID: 12418722 DOI: 10.1080/00016350260248292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether betaine has a protective effect during exposure of the human oral mucosa in vivo to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) as measured with a multifrequency electrical impedance spectrometer (EI). Both detergents were used at the concentration of 2.0% w/v with and without 4.0% w/v betaine in distilled water in 20 volunteers, and 0.5% and 1.0% w/v SLS combined with 4.0% w/v betaine in 5 volunteers. EI measurements were taken before application of the test solutions, after their removal, and every 15 min up to 45 min. Both 0.5% and 1% SLS solutions showed a significant reduction in 3 of the 4 indices, indicating mucosal irritation after the 15-min exposure (P < 0.05), whereas 2% SLS did so in all 4 indices (P < 0.001). Betaine had no effect on the detergent-induced decline with either the 2% or the 0.5% SLS solutions. However, when combined with the 1% SLS solution, betaine significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mucosal irritation by abolishing decreases in indices MIX (magnitude index) and IMIX (imaginary part index) and lowering it for PIX (phase index). The 2% CAPB solution showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in all 4 indices after the 15-min exposure, but the effect was significantly weaker than that of 2% SLS (P < 0.05). Betaine did not reduce the irritating effect of 2% CAPB. These findings can be used in the development of less irritating products for oral health care.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), an important component in many oral health products, is well established as a contact irritant in skin. Recent studies have suggested that it may also affect the structural integrity of oral mucosa. SLS is rarely used alone in dentifrices or mouthwashes and the aim of this study was to establish the effect of SLS both alone and in combination with Triclosan (TCN) and zinc (Zn) on the permeability barrier properties of normal human oral mucosa. METHOD Ventral tongue mucosa was obtained from nine males and seven females within 60 h of death and stored frozen at -70 degrees C until use. The permeability of the tissue to tritiated water was measured after pretreatment for 15 min with SLS alone, SLS/TCN, SLS/Zn and a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture. Treatment with distilled water (DW) served as control. The histological appearance of the tissue before and after treatment was also examined by light microscopy. RESULTS SLS treatment caused a significant increase in water permeability compared to control tissue (Kp = 11.7 +/- 1.00; 4.96 +/- 0.50 respectively; P < 0.005). Treatment with a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture, however, had no effect on the permeability to water (Kp = 5.5 +/- 0.56). Histological examination revealed that tissue exposed to SLS had a marked disruption of the epithelial surface whilst tissue treated with a SLS/TCN/Zn mixture was indistinguishable from controls. CONCLUSION Although mucosa exposed to SLS alone showed an increase in permeability to water, the addition of TCN and Zn to SLS appeared to prevent this effect. As SLS is included in some dental products to solubilise compounds such as TCN, its presence may have no effect on the permeability barrier property of oral mucosa.
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