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Brannan EO, Hartley GA, O’Neill RJ. Mechanisms of Rapid Karyotype Evolution in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:62. [PMID: 38254952 PMCID: PMC10815390 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosome reshuffling events are often a foundational mechanism by which speciation can occur, giving rise to highly derivative karyotypes even amongst closely related species. Yet, the features that distinguish lineages prone to such rapid chromosome evolution from those that maintain stable karyotypes across evolutionary time are still to be defined. In this review, we summarize lineages prone to rapid karyotypic evolution in the context of Simpson's rates of evolution-tachytelic, horotelic, and bradytelic-and outline the mechanisms proposed to contribute to chromosome rearrangements, their fixation, and their potential impact on speciation events. Furthermore, we discuss relevant genomic features that underpin chromosome variation, including patterns of fusions/fissions, centromere positioning, and epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation. Finally, in the era of telomere-to-telomere genomics, we discuss the value of gapless genome resources to the future of research focused on the plasticity of highly rearranged karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emry O. Brannan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
| | - Gabrielle A. Hartley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
| | - Rachel J. O’Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (E.O.B.); (G.A.H.)
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Espada R, Olaya-Ponzone L, Haasova L, Martín E, García-Gómez JC. Hybridization in the wild between Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821) and Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus 1758). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215020. [PMID: 30990845 PMCID: PMC6467441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of intergeneric hybridization in the wild between a female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and a short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), considered members of 'vulnerable' and 'endangered' subpopulations in the Mediterranean, respectively, by the International Union of Conservation of Nature is described in this paper. The birth of the hybrid was registered in the Bay of Algeciras (southern Spain) in August 2016, and the animal has been tracked on frequent trips aboard dolphin-watching platforms. This unique occurrence is the result of an apparent ongoing interaction (10 years) between a female bottlenose dolphin and common dolphins. The calf has a robust body with length similar to Tursiops, while its lateral striping and coloration are typical of Delphinus. It displays the common dolphin's 'criss-cross' pattern. However, the thoracic patch is lighter than in D. delphis and its dorsal area is light grey, with a 'V' shape under the dorsal fin. This paper also provides a comprehensive mini-review of hybridizations of T. truncatus with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Espada
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Dolphin Adventure, Gibraltar, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Olaya-Ponzone
- R+ D+I Biological Research Area, Seville Aquarium, Seville, Spain.,Research Foundation for University of Seville, (FIUS), Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - José C García-Gómez
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,R+ D+I Biological Research Area, Seville Aquarium, Seville, Spain
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Kulemzina AI, Proskuryakova AA, Beklemisheva VR, Lemskaya NA, Perelman PL, Graphodatsky AS. Comparative Chromosome Map and Heterochromatin Features of the Gray Whale Karyotype (Cetacea). Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:25-34. [PMID: 27088853 DOI: 10.1159/000445459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetacean karyotypes possess exceptionally stable diploid numbers and highly conserved chromosomes. To date, only toothed whales (Odontoceti) have been analyzed by comparative chromosome painting. Here, we studied the karyotype of a representative of baleen whales, the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus, Mysticeti), by Zoo-FISH with dromedary camel and human chromosome-specific probes. We confirmed a high degree of karyotype conservation and found an identical order of syntenic segments in both branches of cetaceans. Yet, whale chromosomes harbor variable heterochromatic regions constituting up to a third of the genome due to the presence of several types of repeats. To investigate the cause of this variability, several classes of repeated DNA sequences were mapped onto chromosomes of whale species from both Mysticeti and Odontoceti. We uncovered extensive intrapopulation variability in the size of heterochromatic blocks present in homologous chromosomes among 3 individuals of the gray whale by 2-step differential chromosome staining. We show that some of the heteromorphisms observed in the gray whale karyotype are due to distinct amplification of a complex of common cetacean repeat and heavy satellite repeat on homologous autosomes. Furthermore, we demonstrate localization of the telomeric repeat in the heterochromatin of both gray and pilot whale (Globicephala melas, Odontoceti). Heterochromatic blocks in the pilot whale represent a composite of telomeric and common repeats, while heavy satellite repeat is lacking in the toothed whale consistent with previous studies.
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Arnason U. Karyotypes of a male sperm whale (Physeter catodon L.) and a female sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis Less.). Hereditas 2009; 64:291-3. [PMID: 5525746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1970.tb02302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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ÁRNASON ÚLFUR. The role of chromosomal rearrangement in mammalian speciation with special reference to Cetacea and Pinnipedia. Hereditas 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1972.tb00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Arnason U, Benirschke K, Mead JG, Nichols WW. Banded karyotypes of three whales: Mesoplodon europaeus, M. carlhubbsi and Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Hereditas 2009; 87:189-200. [PMID: 608843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Arnason U. Southern blot hybridization in cetaceans, using killer whale restriction fragment as a probe. Hereditas 2008; 97:47-9. [PMID: 6290428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Arnason U, Purdom IF, Jones KW. Cetacean molecular hybridization using balenopterid satellite DNA cRNAs as probes. Hereditas 2008; 97:33-6. [PMID: 7129939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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ÁRNASON Ú, BELLAMY H, EYPÓRSSON P, LUTLEY R, SIGURJÓNSSON J, WIDEGREN B. Conventionally stained and C-banded karyotypes of a female blue whale. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1985.tb00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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ARNASON ULFUR, BEST PETERB. Phylogenetic relationships within the Mysticeti (whalebone whales) based upon studies of highly repetitive DNA in all extant species. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1991.tb00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Pause KC, Bonde RK, McGuire PM, Zori RT, Gray BA. G-banded karyotype and ideogram for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). J Hered 2006; 97:303-6. [PMID: 16598035 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esj033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Published cytogenetic data for extant cetacean species remain incomplete. In a review of the literature, we found karyotypic information for 6 of the 13 tentatively recognized species of the suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales). Among those yet to be described is the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Herein, we describe and propose a first-generation G-banded karyotype and ideogram for this species (2n = 42), obtained from peripheral blood chromosome preparations from a stranded male calf. This information may prove useful for future genetic mapping projects and for interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo-FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Pause
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 100245 University of Florida Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Arnason U, Gullberg A, Janke A. Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution. Gene 2004; 333:27-34. [PMID: 15177677 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Revised: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) has, for a long time, attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Here we examine cetacean phylogenetic relationships on the basis of analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes that represent all extant cetacean families. The results suggest that the ancestors of recent cetaceans had an explosive evolutionary radiation 30-35 million years before present. During this period, extant cetaceans divided into the two primary groups, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Soon after this basal split, the Odontoceti diverged into the four extant lineages, sperm whales, beaked whales, Indian river dolphins and delphinoids (iniid river dolphins, narwhals/belugas, porpoises and true dolphins). The current data set has allowed test of two recent morphological hypotheses on cetacean origin. One of these hypotheses posits that Artiodactyla and Cetacea originated from the extinct group Mesonychia, and the other that Mesonychia/Cetacea constitutes a sister group to Artiodactyla. The current results are inconsistent with both these hypotheses. The findings suggest that the claimed morphological similarities between Mesonychia and Cetacea are the result of evolutionary convergence rather than common ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulfur Arnason
- Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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GRAY BRIANA, ZORI ROBERTT, MCGUIRE PETERM, BONDE ROBERTK. A first generation cytogenetic ideogram for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) based on multiple chromosome banding techniques. Hereditas 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Árnason Ú, Grétarsdóttir S, Gullberg A. Comparisons between the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, NADH1 and COI genes of sperm and fin whale mitochondrial DNA. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90016-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Arnason U, Spilliaert R, Pálsdóttir A, Arnason A. Molecular identification of hybrids between the two largest whale species, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and the fin whale (B. physalus). Hereditas 1991; 115:183-9. [PMID: 1687408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1991.tb03554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Three anomalous balaenopterid whales, one pregnant female and two sterile males, were investigated by applying molecular approaches in order to establish their identity. The analysis showed that the whales were species hybrids between the blue and the fin whales. The female and one of the males had a blue whale mother and a fin whale father. The other male had a fin whale mother and a blue whale father. The difference between the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the two species suggests that they separated greater than or equal to 3.5 million years ago. The sequences of the mitochondrial control region of the blue and the fin whales differ by 7%. The difference in the mtDNA control region between three blue whale mtDNA haplotypes was less than or equal to 1%, about one tenth of the difference between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arnason
- Department of Genetics--Molecular Genetics, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Lund, Sweden
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Arnason U, Widegren B. Composition and chromosomal localization of cetacean highly repetitive DNA with special reference to the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus. Chromosoma 1989; 98:323-9. [PMID: 2612291 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three highly repetitive DNA components--the common cetacean component, the heavy (GC-rich) satellite and the light (AT-rich) satellite--were were studied in the blue whale. Consensus sequences of the common component and the heavy satellite were determined on the basis of three repeats of the common component and eight repeats of the heavy satellite. The tandemly organized common cetacean component, which comprises a large portion of all cetacean--both odontocete (toothed whale) and mysticete (whalebone whale)--genomes has a repeat length of 1,760 bp and the three clones analysed showed a high degree of conformity. The repeat contains a 72 bp sequence with dyad symmetry and striking intrastrand complementarity. The rest of the repeat comprises a unique sequence. The repeat unit of the heavy satellite of the blue whale is 422 bp. Also this component is tandemly organized. About half the length of the repeat constitutes a unique sequence and the other half is made up of subrepeats with TTAGGG as a frequent motif. The light satellite has not been sequenced and its basic repeat unit has not yet been identified. The chromosomal localization of the three components was determined by in situ hybridization using 3H-labelled cloned fragments as probes. The common cetacean component was located in most interstitial and terminal C-bands. The heavy satellite occurred primarily in terminal C-bands. When the two components hybridized to the same terminal C-bands, the localization of the heavy satellite was distal to that of the common cetacean component. Neither component shared localization with the light satellite which is located in centromeric C-bands in just a few chromosome pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arnason
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Wallenberg Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
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