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Naranjo-Alcazar R, Bendix S, Groth T, Gallego Ferrer G. Research Progress in Enzymatically Cross-Linked Hydrogels as Injectable Systems for Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030230. [PMID: 36975679 PMCID: PMC10048521 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have been developed for different biomedical applications such as in vitro culture platforms, drug delivery, bioprinting and tissue engineering. Enzymatic cross-linking has many advantages for its ability to form gels in situ while being injected into tissue, which facilitates minimally invasive surgery and adaptation to the shape of the defect. It is a highly biocompatible form of cross-linking, which permits the harmless encapsulation of cytokines and cells in contrast to chemically or photochemically induced cross-linking processes. The enzymatic cross-linking of synthetic and biogenic polymers also opens up their application as bioinks for engineering tissue and tumor models. This review first provides a general overview of the different cross-linking mechanisms, followed by a detailed survey of the enzymatic cross-linking mechanism applied to both natural and synthetic hydrogels. A detailed analysis of their specifications for bioprinting and tissue engineering applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Naranjo-Alcazar
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Bendix
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Material Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Carlos III Health Institute (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Elham Badali, Hosseini M, Mohajer M, Hassanzadeh S, Saghati S, Hilborn J, Khanmohammadi M. Enzymatic Crosslinked Hydrogels for Biomedical Application. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Stejskalová A, Vankelecom H, Sourouni M, Ho MY, Götte M, Almquist BD. In vitro modelling of the physiological and diseased female reproductive system. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:288-312. [PMID: 33915315 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The maladies affecting the female reproductive tract (FRT) range from infections to endometriosis to carcinomas. In vitro models of the FRT play an increasingly important role in both basic and translational research, since the anatomy and physiology of the FRT of humans and other primates differ significantly from most of the commonly used animal models, including rodents. Using organoid culture to study the FRT has overcome the longstanding hurdle of maintaining epithelial phenotype in culture. Both ECM-derived and engineered materials have proved critical for maintaining a physiological phenotype of FRT cells in vitro by providing the requisite 3D environment, ligands, and architecture. Advanced materials have also enabled the systematic study of factors contributing to the invasive metastatic processes. Meanwhile, microphysiological devices make it possible to incorporate physical signals such as flow and cyclic exposure to hormones. Going forward, advanced materials compatible with hormones and optimised to support FRT-derived cells' long-term growth, will play a key role in addressing the diverse array of FRT pathologies and lead to impactful new treatments that support the improvement of women's health. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The female reproductive system is a crucial component of the female anatomy. In addition to enabling reproduction, it has wide ranging influence on tissues throughout the body via endocrine signalling. This intrinsic role in regulating normal female biology makes it susceptible to a variety of female-specific diseases. However, the complexity and human-specific features of the reproductive system make it challenging to study. This has spurred the development of human-relevant in vitro models for helping to decipher the complex issues that can affect the reproductive system, including endometriosis, infection, and cancer. In this Review, we cover the current state of in vitro models for studying the female reproductive system, and the key role biomaterials play in enabling their development.
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Balakrishnan B, Payanam U, Laurent A, Wassef M, Jayakrishnan A. Efficacy evaluation of an in situforming tissue adhesive hydrogel as sealant for lung and vascular injury. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33902022 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abfbbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In situforming tissue adhesives based on biopolymers offer advantages over conventional sutures and staples in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of application and improved patient compliance and comfort. Here, we describe the evaluation ofin situgelling hydrogel system based on dextran dialdehyde (DDA) obtained by periodate oxidization of dextran and chitosan hydrochloride (CH) as tissue adhesive. The hydrogel was prepared by reacting aldehyde functions in DDA with the amino functions in CH via Schiff's reaction. The gelation reaction was instantaneous and took just 4 s. The DDA-CH hydrogel as tissue adhesive was evaluated on a sheep lung parenchymal injury model and a pig aortic model and was compared with the commercially available tissue sealant, Bioglue®. The DDA-CH glue could completely seal the sheep lung incision site even at inflation with air way pressure of 30 cm of H2O with no air leak observed in the incision sites (n= 8) in any of the animals. Histological analyses showed mild inflammation after 2 weeks, comparable to Bioglue®. Resorption of test material by giant cells with no adverse effect on lung parenchyma was seen after 3 months. The DDA-CH glue was also very effective in sealing aortic incisions in a pig model (n= 4) with no failures and aneurisms. The endoluminal surface of the sealed incision in all cases showed intact apposition with adequate healing across the incision. No tissue necrosis or inflammation of endothelial surface could be seen grossly. Our studies show that the DDA-CH hydrogel could function as an effective sealant for the prevention of air and blood leaks following lung and vascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Balakrishnan
- Nanotherapeutics and Biosensor Section, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay 400 085 Maharashtra, India
| | - Umashanker Payanam
- In Vivo Models and Testing Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Alexandre Laurent
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Michel Wassef
- Department of Pathology, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
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Bovone G, Dudaryeva OY, Marco-Dufort B, Tibbitt MW. Engineering Hydrogel Adhesion for Biomedical Applications via Chemical Design of the Junction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4048-4076. [PMID: 33792286 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel adhesion inherently relies on engineering the contact surface at soft and hydrated interfaces. Upon contact, adhesion normally occurs through the formation of chemical or physical interactions between the disparate surfaces. The ability to form these adhesion junctions is challenging for hydrogels as the interfaces are wet and deformable and often contain low densities of functional groups. In this Review, we link the design of the binding chemistries or adhesion junctions, whether covalent, dynamic covalent, supramolecular, or physical, to the emergent adhesive properties of soft and hydrated interfaces. Wet adhesion is useful for bonding to or between tissues and implants for a range of biomedical applications. We highlight several recent and emerging adhesive hydrogels for use in biomedicine in the context of efficient junction design. The main focus is on engineering hydrogel adhesion through molecular design of the junctions to tailor the adhesion strength, reversibility, stability, and response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bovone
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Y Dudaryeva
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Marco-Dufort
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Maddock RMA, Pollard GJ, Moreau NG, Perry JJ, Race PR. Enzyme-catalysed polymer cross-linking: Biocatalytic tools for chemical biology, materials science and beyond. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23390. [PMID: 32640085 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular cross-linking is one of the most important techniques that can be used to fundamentally alter the material properties of a polymer. The introduction of covalent bonds between individual polymer chains creates 3D macromolecular assemblies with enhanced mechanical properties and greater chemical or thermal tolerances. In contrast to many chemical cross-linking reactions, which are the basis of thermoset plastics, enzyme catalysed processes offer a complimentary paradigm for the assembly of cross-linked polymer networks through their predictability and high levels of control. Additionally, enzyme catalysed reactions offer an inherently 'greener' and more biocompatible approach to covalent bond formation, which could include the use of aqueous solvents, ambient temperatures, and heavy metal-free reagents. Here, we review recent progress in the development of biocatalytic methods for polymer cross-linking, with a specific focus on the most promising candidate enzyme classes and their underlying catalytic mechanisms. We also provide exemplars of the use of enzyme catalysed cross-linking reactions in industrially relevant applications, noting the limitations of these approaches and outlining strategies to mitigate reported deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M A Maddock
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gregory J Pollard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicolette G Moreau
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Justin J Perry
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kazi GAS, Rahman KA, Farahat M, Matsumoto T. Fabrication of single gel with different mechanical stiffness using three-dimensional mold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:6-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulsan Ara Sathi Kazi
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering; Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16; Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Kazi Anisur Rahman
- Department of Biomaterials; Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho; Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Biomaterials; Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho; Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials; Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho; Okayama 700-8558 Japan
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Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110562. [PMID: 30715061 PMCID: PMC6265872 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments' quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.
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El-Sherbiny IM, Khalil IA, Ali IH. Updates on Stimuli-Responsive Polymers: Synthesis Approaches and Features. POLYMER GELS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6086-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Sun Z, Chen X, Ma X, Cui X, Yi Z, Li X. Cellulose/keratin–catechin nanocomposite hydrogel for wound hemostasis. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6133-6141. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid wound hemostatic was achieved by a composite hydrogel based on human hair keratin–catechin nanoparticles and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Bochyńska A, Hannink G, Buma P, Grijpma D. Adhesion of tissue glues to different biological substrates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Bochyńska
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine and Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; University of Twente; Enschede the Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - G. Hannink
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - P. Buma
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - D.W. Grijpma
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine and Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; University of Twente; Enschede the Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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12
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Bochyńska AI, Hannink G, Grijpma DW, Buma P. Tissue adhesives for meniscus tear repair: an overview of current advances and prospects for future clinical solutions. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:85. [PMID: 26970767 PMCID: PMC4789195 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Menisci are crucial structures in the knee joint as they play important functions in load transfer, maintaining joint stability and in homeostasis of articular cartilage. Unfortunately, ones of the most frequently occurring knee injuries are meniscal tears. Particularly tears in the avascular zone of the meniscus usually do not heal spontaneously and lead to pain, swelling and locking of the knee joint. Eventually, after a (partial) meniscectomy, they will lead to osteoarthritis. Current treatment modalities to repair tears and by that restore the integrity of the native meniscus still carry their drawbacks and a new robust solution is desired. A strong tissue adhesive could provide such a solution and could potentially improve on sutures, which are the current gold standard. Moreover, a glue could serve as a carrier for biological compounds known to enhance tissue healing. Only few tissue adhesives, e.g., Dermabond(®) and fibrin glue, are already successfully used in clinical practice for other applications, but are not considered suitable for gluing meniscus tissue due to their sub-optimal mechanical properties or toxicity. There is a growing interest and research field focusing on the development of novel polymer-based tissue adhesives, but up to now, there is no material specially designed for the repair of meniscal tears. In this review, we discuss the current clinical gold standard treatment of meniscal tears and present an overview of new developments in this field. Moreover, we discuss the properties of different tissue adhesives for their potential use in meniscal tear repair. Finally, we formulate recommendations regarding the design criteria of material properties and adhesive strength for clinically applicable glues for meniscal tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Bochyńska
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - G Hannink
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - D W Grijpma
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Buma
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Romanelli SM, Fath KR, Davidov R, Phekoo AP, Banerjee IA. Supramolecular Fmoc-valyl based nanoassemblies for delivery of mitoxantrone into HeLa cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials. J Control Release 2014; 190:254-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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de Carvalho MVH, Marchi E, Pantoroto M, Rossini M, da Silva DMS, Teodoro LFF, Pantaroto A. [Topical haemostatic agents and tissue adhesives]. Rev Col Bras Cir 2014; 40:66-71. [PMID: 23538542 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912013000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years the hemostatic agents and tissue adhesives have been frequently used and they are positive alternatives to prevent excessive blood loss. The objective of this review is to discuss the characteristics of each of these agents to facilitate the surgeon's decision when choosing the most suitable product for every type of bleeding and nature of hemorrhage. A survey of the literature on the subject, in English and in Portuguese, was conducted using PubMed (www.pubmed.com) and Google (www.google.com.br) to find recent articles on the topic. Based on these studies, the authors conducted a didactic review on the hemostatic agents and tissue adhesives and concluded that there is a hemostatic agent to be used in each specific scenario.
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Chen PY, Yang KC, Wu CC, Yu JH, Lin FH, Sun JS. Fabrication of large perfusable macroporous cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds using microbial transglutaminase. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:912-20. [PMID: 24262131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a method to fabricate large, perfusable, macroporous, cell-laden hydrogels. This method is suitable for efficient cell seeding, and can maintain sufficient oxygen delivery and mass transfer. We first loaded three types of testing cells (including NIH 3T3, ADSC and Huh7) into gelatin hydrogel filaments, then cross-linked the cell-laden gelatin hydrogel filaments using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase). In situ cross-linking by mTGase was found to be non-cytotoxic and prevented the scattering of the cells after delivery. The gelatin hydrogel constructs kept the carried cells viable; also, the porosity and permeability were adequate for a perfusion system. Cell proliferation was better under perfusion culture than under static culture. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells were seeded into the constructs, we demonstrated that they stably formed an even coverage on the surface of the hydrogel filaments, serving as a preliminary microvasculature network. We concluded that this method provides a viable solution for cell seeding, oxygen delivery, and mass transfer in large three-dimensional (3-D) tissue engineering. Furthermore, it has the potential for being a workhorse in studies involving 3-D cell cultures and tissue engineering.
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Thirupathi Kumara Raja S, Thiruselvi T, Sailakshmi G, Ganesh S, Gnanamani A. Rejoining of cut wounds by engineered gelatin–keratin glue. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4030-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Page JM, Harmata AJ, Guelcher SA. Design and development of reactive injectable and settable polymeric biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3630-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Page
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Andrew J. Harmata
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Scott A. Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
- Center for Bone Biology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
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Matos-Pérez CR, Wilker JJ. Ambivalent Adhesives: Combining Biomimetic Cross-Linking With Antiadhesive Oligo(ethylene glycol). Macromolecules 2012; 45:6634-6639. [PMID: 23293396 PMCID: PMC3534954 DOI: 10.1021/ma300962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) exhibit several desirable properties including biocompatibility and resistance to fouling by protein adsorption. Still needed are surgical glues and orthopedic cements, among several other materials, that display similar traits. However the very lack of interactions with other molecules that prevents toxicity and fouling also makes adhesion elusive. In work described here the cross-linking chemistry of marine mussel adhesive is combined with OEG to make a family of terpolymers. The effect of polymer composition upon bulk adhesion was examined. High strength bonding was found with a subset of the polymers containing appreciable OEG content. These structure-property insights may help the design of new materials for which the properties of OEG and high strength adhesion are both being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan J. Wilker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Matos-Pérez CR, White JD, Wilker JJ. Polymer composition and substrate influences on the adhesive bonding of a biomimetic, cross-linking polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9498-505. [PMID: 22582754 DOI: 10.1021/ja303369p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical biological materials such as bone, sea shells, and marine bioadhesives are providing inspiration for the assembly of synthetic molecules into complex structures. The adhesive system of marine mussels has been the focus of much attention in recent years. Several catechol-containing polymers are being developed to mimic the cross-linking of proteins containing 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) used by shellfish for sticking to rocks. Many of these biomimetic polymer systems have been shown to form surface coatings or hydrogels; however, bulk adhesion is demonstrated less often. Developing adhesives requires addressing design issues including finding a good balance between cohesive and adhesive bonding interactions. Despite the growing number of mussel-mimicking polymers, there has been little effort to generate structure-property relations and gain insights on what chemical traits give rise to the best glues. In this report, we examine the simplest of these biomimetic polymers, poly[(3,4-dihydroxystyrene)-co-styrene]. Pendant catechol groups (i.e., 3,4-dihydroxystyrene) are distributed throughout a polystyrene backbone. Several polymer derivatives were prepared, each with a different 3,4-dihyroxystyrene content. Bulk adhesion testing showed where the optimal middle ground of cohesive and adhesive bonding resides. Adhesive performance was benchmarked against commercial glues as well as the genuine material produced by live mussels. In the best case, bonding was similar to that obtained with cyanoacrylate "Krazy Glue". Performance was also examined using low- (e.g., plastics) and high-energy (e.g., metals, wood) surfaces. The adhesive bonding of poly[(3,4-dihydroxystyrene)-co-styrene] may be the strongest of reported mussel protein mimics. These insights should help us to design future biomimetic systems, thereby bringing us closer to development of bone cements, dental composites, and surgical glues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Matos-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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Samuel NT, Vailhé E, Vailhé C, Vetrecin R, Liu C, Maziarz PE. Comprehensive characterization of the effect of tissue storage conditions on tissue–adhesive interaction. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 19:1455-68. [PMID: 18973723 DOI: 10.1163/156856208786140337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Newton T. Samuel
- a Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vailhé
- b Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Christophe Vailhé
- c Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Robert Vetrecin
- d Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Changdeng Liu
- e Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Peter E. Maziarz
- f Analytical Characterization and Performance Evaluation Group, Ethicon Inc., Route 22 West, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Teixeira LSM, Feijen J, van Blitterswijk CA, Dijkstra PJ, Karperien M. Enzyme-catalyzed crosslinkable hydrogels: emerging strategies for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1281-90. [PMID: 22118821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art bioactive hydrogels can easily and efficiently be formed by enzyme-catalyzed mild-crosslinking reactions in situ. Yet this cell-friendly and substrate-specific method remains under explored. Hydrogels prepared by using enzyme systems like tyrosinases, transferases and lysyl oxidases show interesting characteristics as dynamic scaffolds and as systems for controlled release. Increased attention is currently paid to hydrogels obtained via crosslinking of precursors by transferases or peroxidases as catalysts. Enzyme-mediated crosslinking has proven its efficiency and attention has now shifted to the development of enzymatically crosslinked hydrogels with higher degrees of complexity, mimicking extracellular matrices. Moreover, bottom-up approaches combining biocatalysts and self-assembly are being explored for the development of complex nano-scale architectures. In this review, the use of enzymatic crosslinking for the preparation of hydrogels as an innovative alternative to other crosslinking methods, such as the commonly used UV-mediated photo-crosslinking or physical crosslinking, will be discussed. Photo-initiator-based crosslinking may induce cytotoxicity in the formed gels, whereas physical crosslinking may lead to gels which do not have sufficient mechanical strength and stability. These limitations can be overcome using enzymes to form covalently crosslinked hydrogels. Herewith, we report the mechanisms involved and current applications, focusing on emerging strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Serrero A, Trombotto S, Bayon Y, Gravagna P, Montanari S, David L. Polysaccharide-Based Adhesive for Biomedical Applications: Correlation between Rheological Behavior and Adhesion. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1556-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101505r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Serrero
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et Biomatériaux (IMP/LMPB), F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Research and Development, Covidien, F-01600 Trévoux, France
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et Biomatériaux (IMP/LMPB), F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yves Bayon
- Research and Development, Covidien, F-01600 Trévoux, France
| | | | | | - Laurent David
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et Biomatériaux (IMP/LMPB), F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Rohm HW, Lurtz C, Wegmann J, Odermatt EK, Behrend D, Schmitz KP, Sternberg K. Development of a biodegradable tissue adhesive based on functionalized 1,2-ethylene glycol bis(dilactic acid). II. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:66-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pourjavadi A, Hosseinzadeh H. Synthesis and Properties of Partially Hydrolyzed Acrylonitrile-co-Acrylamide Superabsorbent Hydrogel. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ward J, Kelly J, Wang W, Zeugolis DI, Pandit A. Amine functionalization of collagen matrices with multifunctional polyethylene glycol systems. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3093-101. [PMID: 20942484 DOI: 10.1021/bm100898p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method to functionalize collagen-based biomaterials with free amine groups was established in an attempt to improve their potential for tethering of bioactive molecules. Collagen sponges were incorporated with amine-terminated multifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives after N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) cross-linking. The extent of the incorporation of different amounts and different numbers of active moieties of amine-terminated PEG systems into the collagen scaffolds was evaluated using ninhydrin assay, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), collagenase degradation assay, denaturation temperature measurements, and in vitro cell studies. A 3% 8-arm amine-terminated PEG was found to be the minimum required effective concentration to functionalize EDC/NHS stabilized collagen scaffolds. EDC/NHS stabilized scaffolds treated with 3% 8-arm amine-terminated PEG exhibited significantly improved denaturation temperature and resistance to collagenase degradation over non-cross-linked scaffolds (p < 0.002). Biological evaluation using 3T3 cells demonstrated that the produced scaffolds facilitated maintenance of the cells' morphology, metabolic activity, and ability to proliferate in vitro. Overall, our results indicate that amine-terminated PEG systems can be used as means to enhance the functionality of collagenous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ward
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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Zeugolis DI, Panengad PP, Yew ESY, Sheppard C, Phan TT, Raghunath M. An in situ and in vitro investigation for the transglutaminase potential in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1310-20. [PMID: 19353617 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) constitute a family of enzymes that stabilize protein assemblies by gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinks. The role of tissue transglutaminase (TGase 2) in several pathophysiologies, wound healing applications, biomaterials functionalization, and drug delivery systems provides grounds for its use in tissue engineering. Herein, we initially studied the endogenous TGase activity and expression under normal (skin, duodenum, colon, and small bowel) and pathophysiological (keloid scar) conditions on cadaveric human tissues. Successful inhibition was achieved using low concentrations of BOC-DON-QIV-OMe (0.1 mM and 1 mM for normal skin and keloid scar, respectively), iodoacetamide (0.1 mM and 1 mM for normal skin and keloid scar, respectively), and cystamine dihydrochloride (1 mM and 10 mM for normal skin and keloid scar, respectively), whilst di-BOC-cystamine was found ineffective even at 100 mM concentration. Secondly, the addition of exogenous guinea pig liver transglutaminase (gpTGase) onto the inhibited tissues and collagen scaffolds was studied, and results presented advocate its use as potential tissue adhesive and drug delivery tool. However, the investigation of its crosslinking extent using second harmonic generation microscopy and differentially scanning calorimetry revealed rather poor stabilization function. Overall, our study indicates that TGase 2 has a role as a biological glue to consolidate various micro-structural components of tissues and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Zeugolis
- Tissue Modulation Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Elvin CM, Brownlee AG, Huson MG, Tebb TA, Kim M, Lyons RE, Vuocolo T, Liyou NE, Hughes TC, Ramshaw JAM, Werkmeister JA. The development of photochemically crosslinked native fibrinogen as a rapidly formed and mechanically strong surgical tissue sealant. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2059-65. [PMID: 19147224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the generation of a highly elastic, crosslinked protein biomaterial via a rapid photochemical process using visible light illumination. In light of these findings, we predicted that other unmodified, tyrosine-rich, self-associating proteins might also be susceptible to this covalent crosslinking method. Here we show that unmodified native fibrinogen can also be photochemically crosslinked into an elastic hydrogel biomaterial through the rapid formation of intermolecular dityrosine. Photochemically crosslinked fibrinogen forms tissue sealant bonds at least 5-fold stronger than commercial fibrin glue and is capable of producing maximum bond strength within 20s. In vitro studies showed that components of the photochemical crosslinking reaction are non-toxic to cells. This material will find useful application in various surgical procedures where rapid curing for high strength tissue sealing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Elvin
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Australia.
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Abbasi A, Eslamian M, Heyd D, Rousseau D. Controlled Release of DSBP from Genipin-Crosslinked Gelatin Thin Films. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 13:549-57. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450802309679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Transglutaminase 2 cross-linking of matrix proteins: biological significance and medical applications. Amino Acids 2008; 36:659-70. [PMID: 18982407 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the functions of the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) both as a matrix stabiliser through its protein cross-linking activity and as an important cell adhesion protein involved in cell survival. The contribution of extracellular TG2 to the pathology of important diseases such as cancer and fibrosis are discussed with a view to the potential importance of TG2 as a therapeutic target. The medical applications of TG2 are further expanded by detailing the use of transglutaminase cross-linking in the development of novel biocompatible biomaterials for use in soft and hard tissue repair.
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Burke SA, Ritter-Jones M, Lee BP, Messersmith PB. Thermal gelation and tissue adhesion of biomimetic hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2007; 2:203-10. [PMID: 18458476 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/2/4/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater mussels are notorious foulers of natural and manmade surfaces, secreting specialized protein adhesives for rapid and durable attachment to wet substrates. Given the strong and water-resistant nature of mussel adhesive proteins, significant potential exists for mimicking their adhesive characteristics in bioinspired synthetic polymer materials. An important component of these proteins is L-3,4-dihydroxylphenylalanine (DOPA), an amino acid believed to contribute to mussel glue solidification through oxidation and crosslinking reactions. Synthetic polymers containing DOPA residues have previously been shown to crosslink into hydrogels upon the introduction of oxidizing reagents. Here we introduce a strategy for stimuli responsive gel formation of mussel adhesive protein mimetic polymers. Lipid vesicles with a bilayer melting transition of 37 degrees C were designed from a mixture of dipalmitoyl and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholines and exploited for the release of a sequestered oxidizing reagent upon heating from ambient to physiologic temperature. Colorimetric studies indicated that sodium-periodate-loaded liposomes released their cargo at the phase transition temperature, and when used in conjunction with a DOPA-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) polymer gave rise to rapid solidification of a crosslinked polymer hydrogel. The tissue adhesive properties of this biomimetic system were determined by in situ thermal gelation of liposome/polymer hydrogel between two porcine dermal tissue surfaces. Bond strength measurements showed that the bond formed by the adhesive hydrogel (mean = 35.1 kPa, SD = 12.5 kPa, n = 11) was several times stronger than a fibrin glue control tested under the same conditions. The results suggest a possible use of this biomimetic strategy for repair of soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Burke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Jones MER, Messersmith PB. Facile coupling of synthetic peptides and peptide-polymer conjugates to cartilage via transglutaminase enzyme. Biomaterials 2007; 28:5215-24. [PMID: 17869334 PMCID: PMC2093941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of synthetic and biological molecules to tissue surfaces can be used to enhance local drug delivery, reduce adhesions after surgery, and attach reconstructive biomaterials and tissue-engineered matrices to tissues. We present here a mild approach to coupling polymers to tissue surfaces through an enzyme catalyzed reaction between peptide modified polymer and native protein components of the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between lysine and glutamine residues to form a epsilon(gamma-glutaminyl) lysine isopeptide bond, was incubated with cartilage in the presence of lysine (FKG-NH2) and glutamine (GQQQLG-NH2) peptides as well as peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of covalently bound PEG polymer at the tissue surface as well as to a depth of as much as 10 microm below the surface. Collagen II, fibronectin, osteopontin and osteonectin were found to react with the peptides and peptide modified PEG in the presence of tTG in solution, suggesting these cartilage ECM components as being substrates in the tissue reaction. The results illustrate the use of tTG as a simple, effective and biologically compatible method of coupling synthetic and biological molecules to cartilage and other tissues containing ECM proteins that are substrates of tTG.
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