Colorimetric Evaluation of the Influence of Five Different Restorative Materials on the Color of Veneered Densely Sintered Alumina

Effects of Substrate and Cement Shade on the Translucency and Color of CAD/CAM Lithium-Disilicate and Zirconia Ceramic Materials

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of substrate and cement shades on the translucency and color of lithium-disilicate and zirconia CAD/CAM materials. Two light-cured resin cements (RelyX Veneer Cement; 3M; Choice 2 Veneer Cement; Bisco Dental) with a standardized thickness (0.1 mm) were tested in combination with two different monolithic CAD/CAM materials (E-Max CAD (LI2SI2O5); Ivoclar Vivadent; Katana (ZrO2); Kuraray-Noritake Dental) on two different colored composite substrates used as a dentin (Filtek Supreme XTE; 3M); for a total of 12 combinations (n = 10). The specimens’ color was measured with a spectrophotometer (Spectroshade; MHT). Measurements were taken using the CIELAB color coordinate system (L*a*b*) against black and white backgrounds. L*a*b* values were statistically analyzed for the variables Substrate, Ceramic, and Cement by applying a Three-Way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test for post-hoc comparison (p < 0.05). Translucency Parameter (TP) and Constant Ratio (CR) were assessed to evaluate translucency; acceptability and perceptibility thresholds (ΔE00 1.8 and 0.8) were used. Statistically significant influence was found for factors ceramic material, cement shade, and substrate color (p < 0.05). Unacceptable color differences were reported for Li2Si2O5. Opacity was significantly higher when white opaque cement shade was employed. Ceramic type and cement shade significantly influenced L*a*b* color coordinates. The final translucency and color of ceramic restorations can, therefore, be influenced by ceramic material, cement shade, and substrate color.

Cement opacity and color as influencing factors on the final shade of metal-free ceramic restorations

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the influence of opacity and color of luting cements on the final shade of metal-free restorations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five resin cement colors in combination with four different thicknesses of CAD/CAM ceramic materials were tested, and a composite substrate was used as dentin color reference (n = 3). Specimen color was measured with a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere before and after cementation (CIELAB). Cement and ceramic color and opacity (TP) were assessed by measuring the tested ceramic thickness as a 1-mm thick disk for each of the cement shades. The differences in color were evaluated (ΔE₀₀ ). Data were statistically analyzed by a Two-Way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test for post-hoc comparison (P < .05) and multiple comparison Pearson's test (P < .05); the acceptability and perceptibility threshold were evaluated.

RESULTS

Statistically significant influence was found for factors ceramic thickness and cement shade (P < .001). Perceptible and unacceptable color changes were induced on the final restoration by resin cements (ranging from ΔE₀₀  = 0.69 ± 0.54 to ΔE₀₀  = 5.53 ± 0.46), the correlation between factors became strong (r²  > 0.6) in case of mismatch between color and translucency of cement and ceramic. Only the clear shade in combination with the thickest ceramic, resulted in an imperceptible color change (ΔE₀₀  = 0.69 ± 0.54).

CONCLUSIONS

The final shade of ceramic restorations can be influenced by resin cements; the magnitude of influence is related to the cement optical properties.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

In order to influence the final shade of a ceramic restoration, a cement more opaque than the restorative material should be used. Conversely, in the case of a fitting shade of the restoration, a cement more translucent than the restoration should be used to avoid undesired changes.

Achieving the desired colour in discoloured teeth, using leucite-based CAD-CAM laminate systems

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the cumulative effect of the abutment tooth and resin cement colour on the resultant optical properties of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) fabricated with leucite-based CAD/CAM blocks with different shades and thicknesses.

METHODS

A total of 224 ceramic specimens were prepared from the IPS Empress CAD with four different shades of HT-A1, LT-A1, MT-A1 and Bl-1. Resin composite discs were prepared with shade A3.5. For the cementation, 4 different shades of light-cure resin cements were chosen. L*, a*, and b* values, as well as the chroma (C) and hue (h) values of each cemented ceramic and the A1 shade table, were recorded.

RESULTS

L*, Cab* and hab* values of the cemented ceramics were influenced by ceramic shade, ceramic thickness, cement shade, and interaction terms of the three variables. There were significant differences between the 1-mm-thick ceramic veneers that exhibited higher L* and lower Cab* values compared with veneers that were 0.5mm in thickness. Using the Tr shade cement resulted in lower L* and higher Cab* values for all thicknesses and ceramic shades, whereas the WO shade cement resulted in higher values.

CONCLUSIONS

The selected colour of a laminate restoration is significantly affected by the ceramic shade, ceramic thickness and resin cement shade. Using the WO shade resin cement seems to be more effective in masking the discoloured abutment tooth. Clinicians should also select the translucency level of the ceramic block with the shade when a leucite-based CAD/CAM system is chosen to treat a discoloured tooth.

Effect of resin cement and ceramic thickness on final color of laminate veneers: an in vitro study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Different shades of resin cements may adversely affect the final color of translucent restorations, especially thin laminates.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different types and shades of resin cement and different thicknesses and shades of IPS Empress Esthetic ceramics on the final color of laminate restorations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 392 disks were made with A1, A3, EO, and ET shades of IPS Empress Esthetic with 0.5-mm and 1-mm thicknesses. Two dual-polymerizable and 2 light-polymerizable resin cement systems from different manufacturers (a total of 13 shades) were selected for cementation (n=7). Similarly, with porcelain ingot shades A1 and A3, opaque and translucent shades were selected from the Rely X Veneer and Maxcem Elite cement systems. For the opaque and translucent shades of the Variolink II resin cement system, the highest and lowest (+3 and -3) and medium (0) shades of Variolink Veneer cement were included in the study. Color changes in the porcelain substructures after cementation were examined with a colorimeter, and color differences (ΔE) were calculated. The results were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-ranks and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=.05).

RESULTS

The results indicated that the color of porcelain disks changed significantly after cementation (P<.001). Most of the color changes appeared after cementation with Variolink-3 Veneer in all porcelain shades. The smallest color change was obtained from Variolink II Tr in the EO shade of porcelain. The colors of the same shades of different resin cement systems were found at different coordinates in the CIE L*a*b* system. The final color difference (ΔE) of cemented veneers decreased when ceramic thickness increased.

CONCLUSIONS

The type and shade of resin cement and the thickness and shade of the ceramic all influenced the resulting optical color of laminate restorations.

Effect of abutment tooth color, cement color, and ceramic thickness on the resulting optical color of a CAD/CAM glass-ceramic lithium disilicate-reinforced crown

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A dark-colored prepared abutment tooth may negatively affect the esthetic outcome of a ceramic restoration if the tooth is restored using translucent enamel-like ceramic materials.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cumulative effect that the tooth abutment color, cement color, and ceramic thickness have on the resulting optical color of a CAD/CAM glass-ceramic lithium disilicate-reinforced crown.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A CAD/CAM glass-ceramic lithium disilicate-reinforced monolithic crown (IPS e.max CAD LT) was fabricated. Three possible crown restoration variables were tested in vitro. The procedure examined 4 prepared abutment tooth colors (light, medium light, medium dark, and dark), 2 cement (Variolink II) colors (translucent and opaque), and 4 ceramic thickness values (1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.5 mm). The color of each combination was measured using a spectrophotometer, and the average values of the color difference (ΔE) were calculated. The data were analyzed with a 3-way ANOVA (tooth abutment color, ceramic thickness, and luting agent) and Tukey's HSD test (α=.05), which evaluated within-group effects of the tooth abutment color to the ΔE at each ceramic thickness.

RESULTS

The ΔE values of a CAD/CAM glass-ceramic lithium disilicate-reinforced crown were significantly influenced by the tooth abutment color (P<.001), cement color (P<.001), and ceramic thickness (P<.001). Significant interactions were present among these 3 variables (P<.001). A dark-colored abutment tooth demonstrated the greatest ΔE values relative to other variables tested. An increase in ceramic thickness resulted in a significant decrease in ΔE values (P<.01). The ΔE values were slightly decreased when the crowns were cemented using the opaque cement.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that underlying tooth abutment color, cement color, and ceramic thickness all influence the resulting optical color of CAD/CAM glass-ceramic lithium disilicate-reinforced restorations.

Influence of Abutment Materials on the Resultant Color of Heat-pressed Lithium Disilicate Ceramics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of abutment materials on the color of IPS Empress 2 ceramic coping with different thicknesses. Ceramic coping specimens (12.0x12.0x0.8-2.0 mm) were fabricated from IPS Empress 2 material (Ingot-100, n=5/group). Abutment specimens were fabricated from a build-up composite, a gold alloy, or a silver-palladium alloy. Color was evaluated using a colorimeter according to the CIE L*a*b* system. The L*a*b* values of the ceramic coping specimens of different thicknesses on each abutment specimen were measured. Following which, the color difference (deltaE*ab) values between the ceramic coping specimens on various abutment specimens were calculated. Significant differences in deltaE*ab value were observed among different abutment specimens at certain ceramic coping thicknesses (P<0.05). Thus, it was concluded that the color of IPS Empress 2 coping material was influenced significantly by both the thickness of the coping and the color of the abutment material.