1
|
Soto-Moreno A, Muñoz-Barba D, Martín-Torregrosa D, Ramos-Pleguezuelos FM, Santos-Briz Á. Hookworm Folliculitis: Report of Two Cases of Cutaneous Larva Migrans With Histologically Identified Follicular Involvement. Am J Dermatopathol 2024:00000372-990000000-00396. [PMID: 39141757 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is an ectoparasitic infestation predominantly caused by nematodes, specifically Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum, found in tropical and subtropical regions. Although follicular involvement by the parasite is a rare manifestation, with approximately 20 cases reported in the English literature, its pathogenesis remains underexplored. The present study reports 2 cases of CLM presenting with follicular involvement in patients with pruritic lesions following travel to subtropical areas. The first of them is a 32-year-old woman who developed an abdominal skin lesion subsequent to a trip to Thailand and the second is a 28-year-old woman who exhibited a knee lesion after a volunteer mission in Senegal. Histologic examination revealed characteristic features of CLM, such as nematode larvae traversing the hair follicle. The hookworm larvae were observed creating tunnels within the external root sheath. In addition, they were interfacing with the vitreous layer, sparing the perifollicular connective tissue sheath and the Henle layer, and approaching the vicinity of the hair bulb. The application of skin ultrasound to guide the biopsy facilitated the visualization and identification of the parasite within the follicle in the latter case. This study not only underscores follicular involvement in CLM but also provides insights into its anatomopathological presentation and spread through the hair follicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Soto-Moreno
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Barba
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Ángel Santos-Briz
- Pathology Derpartment, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; and
- Dermatology Derpartment, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veraldi S, Genovese G, Cerino U, Nazzaro G. Follicular larva migrans. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102872. [PMID: 38428565 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Follicular larva migrans (FLM) is a rare and atypical clinical presentation of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM). FLM is characterized clinically by follicular, round, small, erythematous papules that are sometimes topped by vesicles or pustules. These lesions are usually located on the abdomen, back, buttocks and thighs and are accompanied by more or less severe pruritus. Some typical and/or short and fragmented tracks may also be visible. FLM is more resistant to anti-helminthic drugs than classical HrCLM: this is likely due to the deep location of larvae in hair follicles. We present two cases of FLM and a review of the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Dermatological Centre in Milan, Corso Venezia, 39, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Genovese
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Umberto Cerino
- Department of Physiopatology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace, 9, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Osman S, Tarnari N, Ahsan A, Ahmed KAHM. Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) may not be easy to diagnose: a case report and narrative review. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024; 2024:omae025. [PMID: 38680772 PMCID: PMC11049579 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) is one of the most common zoonotic dermatoses in subtropical and tropical regions and some European countries. It is caused by different types of hookworm, such as Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. It is usually easy to diagnose, but the atypical presentation may occasionally mimic other dermatoses. CASE REPORT A 32-year-old man presented with an extensive eczematous rash that developed during a recent vacation in Thailand. He didn't respond to antihistamines and systemic steroids. Finally, he was diagnosed with an atypical presentation of CLM and treated successfully with anthelminthic therapy. CONCLUSION The report of an atypical presentation of CLM is crucial to increase awareness among healthcare workers, helping in early diagnosis and reducing potential psychological distress that patients may face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solafa Osman
- Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Internal Security Force, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nectaria Tarnari
- Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Internal Security Force, Doha, Qatar
| | - Areeba Ahsan
- School of Health Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrestha A, K.C. K, Baral A, Shrestha R, Shrestha R. Cutaneous larva migrans in a child: a case report and review of literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:530-534. [PMID: 38222776 PMCID: PMC10783223 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a dermatitis caused by the invasion and migration of parasitic larvae of hookworms, primarily affecting tropical and subtropical regions. This report presents a case of CLM in a Nepali child and provides an overview of the literature on this condition. Case report A 4-year-old boy from a rural area in Nepal presented with a pruritic skin lesion on his left foot, initially misdiagnosed as fungal infection. The lesion gradually expanded, forming a serpiginous erythema, and became intensely pruritic. The patient's family had poor socioeconomic conditions, and the child frequently walked barefoot in an area with many domestic and stray dogs. Diagnosis was confirmed clinically, and treatment with oral albendazole and antihistamines resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. Discussion CLM is a neglected zoonotic disease, with an underestimated burden in developing countries due to underreporting and misdiagnosis. The larvae of Ancylostoma spp. are common culprits, causing a localized inflammatory reaction as they migrate through the skin. Diagnosis is mainly clinical and routine investigations usually reveal no abnormality. Complications may include secondary bacterial infections, allergies, and rare migration to internal organs. Treatment options include albendazole or ivermectin, with preventive measures emphasizing hygiene, footwear use, and pet deworming. Conclusion CLM is a neglected disease that primarily affects marginalized communities in tropical regions. Raising awareness among healthcare providers, conducting observational studies, and developing treatment guidelines, especially for children, are essential steps to address this public health concern. Preventive efforts, such as promoting hygiene and footwear use, should be encouraged to reduce CLM incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kusha K.C.
- Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division
| | | | | | - Rabina Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchowk, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saravanan G, Gopinath H, Karthikeyan K, Meghana V. Widespread Polymorphous Pruritic Eruptions: The Neglected Parasitic Imitator. Indian Dermatol Online J 2023; 14:543-546. [PMID: 37521238 PMCID: PMC10373814 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_389_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Saravanan
- Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Hima Gopinath
- AIIMS Mangalagiri, Mangalagiri, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Valeti Meghana
- Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Madagadipet, Kalitheerthalkuppam, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hookworm: An Uncommon Cause of Folliculitis in Travelers. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
8
|
Saenz Aguirre A, Martínez de Salinas Quintana A, de la Torre Gomar F, Fatsini Blanch V. Foliculitis por larvas de nematodo: una infrecuente causa de foliculitis en viajeros. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 111:275-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
Veraldi S, Persico MC, Francia C, Nazzaro G, Gianotti R. Follicular cutaneous larva migrans: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:327-30. [PMID: 23414157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is characterized clinically by erythematous and slightly raised tracks, located especially on the feet. These tracks may be single or multiple, linear or serpiginous, more or less ramified and intertwined. The length is variable (up to many cm); the width ranges from 1 mm to 4 mm. Tracks are often accompanied by severe pruritus. METHODS Three adult Caucasian patients recently returned from trips to Malaysia and Thailand, presented with follicular CLM. The disease was characterized clinically by follicular, erythematous, small papules that were sometimes topped with vesicles or pustules, located on the buttocks. Pruritus was severe. RESULTS Histopathological examinations revealed a perifollicular infiltrate predominantly consisting of lymphocytes and eosinophils. All patients were successfully treated with oral albendazole (400 mg/day for seven days). In the first patient, two courses were necessary. CONCLUSIONS Dermatologists should be aware of the existence of this rare and atypical, although emerging, clinical presentation of hookworm-related CLM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Dermatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cutaneous larva migrans syndrome: a case report. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013; 30:119-21. [PMID: 24278060 PMCID: PMC3834679 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.34164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous larva migrans (CML) is a frequent parasitic infestation caused by migration of animal hookworm larvae into the human epidermis. This skin disease is common in warmer climates among people, who have contact with contaminated soil. Clinical manifestation of CML is an itchy, erythematous, linear tract, which appears days to even months after exposure to infested sand or soil. Diagnosis is established on the clinical presentation. We describe a case of CML acquired during a holiday in Brazil.
Collapse
|
11
|
Durdu M, Ilkit M. First step in the differential diagnosis of folliculitis: cytology. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:9-25. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.682051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
12
|
Traversa D. Pet roundworms and hookworms: a continuing need for global worming. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:91. [PMID: 22574783 PMCID: PMC3418564 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascarids and ancylostomatids are the most important parasites affecting dogs and cats worldwide, in terms of diffusion and risk for animal and human health. Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of these intestinal worms. A low grade of interest is also registered among veterinary professions, although there is a significant merit in keeping our guard up against these parasites. This article reviews current knowledge of ascarids and ancylostomatids, with a special focus on pathogenicity, epidemiology and control methods in veterinary and human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mahdy MAK, Lim YAL, Ngui R, Siti Fatimah MR, Choy SH, Yap NJ, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ibrahim J, Surin J. Prevalence and zoonotic potential of canine hookworms in Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:88. [PMID: 22564445 PMCID: PMC3461414 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine hookworm infection is endemic in Southeast Asian countries with a prevalence ranging from 70% to 100%, with zoonotic transmission representing a potentially significant public health concern. However, there are limited data available on the prevalence of canine hookworms in Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hookworm and Ancylostoma species among dogs in Malaysia. METHODS Faecal samples were collected from 221 dogs living in urban areas, rural areas and animal shelters in Selangor. Faecal samples were processed using the formal-ether concentration technique followed by wet mount preparation and iodine staining for the detection of hookworm eggs. Samples positive for hookworm eggs were examined using PCR, targeting ITS2 and 28 s rRNA region, and subsequently sequenced in both directions. The sequences were phylogenetically analysed using MrBayes for Bayesian Inference. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hookworm among dogs was 48% (95%CI; 41.41-54.95). Rural stray dogs had the highest prevalence 71.4% (95%CI; 61.13-81.49) followed by urban stray dogs, recording 48% (95%CI; 34.15-61.85) and lastly dogs in shelters with 28.7% (95%CI; 19.56-37.84). Logistic regression identified rural stray dogs as a high risk group (OR = 4.55, 95%; 2.50-8.31) and keeping dogs in shelters as a protective factor (OR = 0.24, 95%; 0.14-0.43). Molecular methods identified both Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum with A. ceylanicum being predominant among urban stray dogs. Rural dogs had a higher prevalence of A. caninum than A. ceylanicum, while both species showed equal distribution among dogs in shelters. Phylogenetic analysis placed A. ceylanicum isolated from dogs in one group with A. ceylanicum human isolates. CONCLUSION This study indicates that dogs have the potential to act as reservoir hosts of human hookworm infection in Malaysia. This finding necessitates the inclusion of dogs in any interventions to combat hookworm in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A K Mahdy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mini review: Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:915-8. [PMID: 21922198 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) is a parasitic skin disease caused by the migration of animal hookworm larvae in the epidermis. Since these larvae cannot penetrate the basal membrane of human skin, they remain confined to the epidermis and are unable to develop and complete their lifecycle. By consequence, HrCLM is a self-limiting disease. However, if not treated promptly, the skin pathology may persist for months. HrCLM is endemic in many resource-poor communities in the developing world. In high-income countries, HrCLM occurs sporadically or in the form of small epidemics. Travelers account for the great majority of cases seen by health-care professionals in high-income countries. Transmission occurs when naked skin comes into contact with contaminated soil. Exposure may also occur indoors. Exceptionally, larvae may be transmitted through fomites. The first clinical sign is a small reddish papule. Thereafter, the characteristic serpiginous, slightly elevated, erythematous track becomes visible. Itching becomes more and more intense. Excoriations induced by scratching facilitate bacterial superinfection of the lesion. The diagnosis is essentially clinical. It is supported by a recent travel history and the possibility of exposure. The drug of choice is ivermectin in a single dose (200 μg per kg bodyweight). Repeated treatments with albendazole (400 mg daily) are a good alternative in countries where ivermectin is not available.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN. A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:22-40. [PMID: 21846580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic zoonoses are common and widely distributed in the Southeast Asian region. However, the interactions between parasites, hosts and vectors are influenced by environmental, socio-cultural and livestock production changes that impact on the distribution, prevalence and severity of disease. In this review we provide an update on new knowledge in the context of ongoing changes for the food-borne pig associated zoonoses Taenia solium and Trichinella spp., the food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, the water-borne trematodes Schistosoma spp., the vector-borne zoonotic protozoa Plasmodium knowlesi and Leishmania spp. and the soil-borne zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. These various changes need to be considered when assessing or developing regional control programs or devising new research initiatives in a changing SE Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James V Conlan
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
Santiago Sánchez-Mateos J, Aboín González S, López-Vélez R, Moreno García del Real C, Harto Castaño A. Prurito y erupción cutánea serpiginosa tras estancia en el Pirineo. Rev Clin Esp 2008; 208:411-3. [DOI: 10.1157/13126346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:302-9. [PMID: 18471775 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans is caused by the migration of animal hookworm larvae in the human skin. The disease mainly occurs in resource-poor communities in the developing world, but it is also reported sporadically in high-income countries and in tourists who have visited the tropics. Diagnosis is made clinically in the presence of a linear serpiginous track moving forward in the skin, associated with itching and a history of exposure. Itching is typically very intense and can prevent patients from sleeping. Bacterial superinfection occurs as a result of scratching. Treatment is based on oral drugs (albendazole or ivermectin) or the topical application of tiabendazole. To control hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans at the community level, regular treatment of dogs and cats with anthelmintic drugs is necessary, but this is seldom feasible in resource-poor settings. Animals should be banned from beaches and playgrounds. For protection at the individual level, unprotected skin should not come into contact with possibly contaminated soil.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jensenius M, Mæland A, Brubakk O. Extensive hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in Norwegian travellers to the tropics. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008; 6:45-7. [PMID: 18342274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
Giant Blister Due to Cutaneous Larva Migrans. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(08)70360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
24
|
Young CC, Niedfeldt MW, Gottschlich LM, Peterson CS, Gammons MR. Infectious Disease and the Extreme Sport Athlete. Clin Sports Med 2007; 26:473-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|