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Kim J, Kwon D, Kim SS, Lee K, Yoon H. Measurement of brainstem diameter in small-breed dogs using magnetic resonance imaging. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183412. [PMID: 37519998 PMCID: PMC10374218 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of brainstem diameters (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)is of potential clinical significance, as changes in brainstem size may decrease or increase due to age, neurodegenerative disorders, or neoplasms. In human medicine, numerous studies have reported the normal reference range of brainstem size, which is hitherto unexplored in veterinary medicine, particularly for small-breed dogs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the reference range of brainstem diameters in small-breed dogs and to correlate the measurements with age, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS). Herein, magnetic resonance (MR) images of 544 small-breed dogs were evaluated. Based on the exclusion criteria, 193 dogs were included in the midbrain and pons evaluation, and of these, 119 dogs were included in the medulla oblongata evaluation. Using MR images, the height and width of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata were measured on the median and transverse plane on the T1-weighted image. For the medulla oblongata, two points were measured for each height and width. The mean values of midbrain height (MH), midbrain width (MW), pons height (PH), pons width (PW), medulla oblongata height at the fourth ventricle level (MOHV), medulla oblongata height at the cervicomedullary (CM) junction level (MOHC), rostral medulla oblongata width (RMOW), and caudal medulla oblongata width (CMOW) were 7.18 ± 0.56 mm, 17.42 ± 1.21 mm, 9.73 ± 0.64 mm, 17.23 ± 1.21 mm, 6.06 ± 0.53 mm, 5.77 ± 0.40 mm, 18.93 ± 1.25 mm, and 10.12 ± 1.08 mm, respectively. No significant differences were found between male and female dogs for all the measurements. A negative correlation was found between age and midbrain diameter, including MH (p < 0.001) and MW (p = 0.002). All brainstem diameters were correlated positively with BW (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between BCS and all brainstem diameters. Brainstem diameters differed significantly between breeds (p < 0.05), except for MW (p = 0.137). This study assessed linear measurements of the brainstem diameter in small-breed dogs. We suggest that these results could be useful in assessing abnormal conditions of the brainstem in small-breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Kwon
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- VIP Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Araújo GVD, de Souza-Junior P, Viana-Peçanha S, dos Santos-Sousa CA, Ramos MT, Bernardes FCS, Abidu-Figueiredo M. Linear CT-scan measurements of cerebral ventricles in senile Poodle dogs. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 45:e004922. [PMID: 37288441 PMCID: PMC10243369 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm004922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breed traits seem to influence the dimensions of the cerebral ventricles in dogs. The ratios between the ventricles and the brain are crucial diagnostic criteria for suspected canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD). This study aimed to establish linear computed tomography (CT)-scan measurements of the cerebral ventricles in 55 Poodle dogs aged >7 years. To this end, cross-sectional CT images were evaluated. The measurements in the whole sample were: height of the right ventricle, 6.0 ± 1.6 mm; height of the left ventricle, 5.8 ± 1.6 mm; width of the right ventricle, 6.9 ± 1.4 mm; width of the left ventricle, 7.0 ± 1.3 mm; height of the third ventricle, 3.4 ± 0.8 mm; height of the right cerebral hemisphere, 39.5 ± 2.0 mm; and height of the left cerebral hemisphere, 40.2 ± 2.6 mm. The average ventricular measurements were higher in dogs older than 11 years (p < 0.05). However, the average ratio of the ventricle height to the height of the brain did not reveal differences between age groups, sex, or antimeres. In addition, none of the images showed fused lateral ventricles. Thus, these data can assist in interpreting ventricle size in senile Poodle dogs (aged >7 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce Vaz Diniz Araújo
- Veterinarian, Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropédica, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paulo de Souza-Junior
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Anatomia Animal, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA). Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
| | - Shirley Viana-Peçanha
- Veterinarian, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto dos Santos-Sousa
- Veterinarian, DSc., Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Torres Ramos
- Veterinarian, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Coelho Simas Bernardes
- Veterinarian, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Veterinarian, DSc., Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, ICBS, UFRRJ. Seropédica, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Doiche DP, Rahal SC, Silva JPD, Oliveira FA, Miqueleto NSML, Mamprim MJ, Vulcano LC. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the ventricular system and brain parenchyma in healthy dogs of different skull conformation on computed tomography scans. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 51:112-118. [PMID: 34854110 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to perform quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the lateral and third ventricles, and brain parenchyma, in healthy dogs of different skull conformations on CT scans. Forty-five adult client-owned dogs were divided into three groups according to skull conformation: G1 (dolichocephalic)-15 German Shepherds; G2 (mesaticephalic)-15 Rottweilers; G3 (brachycephalic)-15 Boxers. Transverse plane images were used for quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle, and pre- and post-contrast brain parenchyma. The height of both ventricles and brain was measured at the level of the interthalamic adhesion. Ventricle height, brain height, and ventricle/brain height ratio were statistically higher in G3 compared with G1 and G2 that were similar. The third ventricle was visible but unmeasurable in five dogs from G1 and three from G2. In G3, all dogs had third ventricle visible and measurable in all images. Asymmetric ventricles were seen in five dogs in Group 1 and Group 2, and seven in Group 3. Brain parenchyma had homogenous density in 80% of the dogs in all groups. Contrast enhancement of the rostral midline was visualized in all dogs. In conclusion, brain CT scans of healthy dogs showed that the qualitative data were similar among groups, but lateral ventricle and brain measurements in brachycephalic dogs differed from the dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Pulz Doiche
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sheila Canevese Rahal
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jeana Pereira da Silva
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávia Augusta Oliveira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Jaqueline Mamprim
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Vulcano
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Watson F, Coppi AA, Volk HA, Packer RMA, Tauro A, Rusbridge C. Comparison of volume of the forebrain, subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles between dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and controls using a stereological approach: Cavalieri's principle. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:3. [PMID: 33691781 PMCID: PMC7944915 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological brain disease in dogs, yet it can only be diagnosed by exclusion of all other potential causes. In people, epilepsy has been associated with a reduction in brain volume. The objective was to estimate the volume of the forebrain (FB), subarachnoid space (SAS) and lateral ventricles (LV) in dogs with IE compared to controls using Cavalieri’s principle. MRI scans of case and control dogs were identified from two neurology referral hospital databases. Eight breeds with increased odds of having IE were included: Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Border terrier, German Shepherd dog, Parson Jack Russell terrier, Boxer, and Border Collie. Five dogs of each breed with IE and up to five controls were systematically and uniformly randomly sampled (SURS). The volume of the FB, SAS and LV were estimated from MRI scans by one blinded observer using Cavalieri’s principle. Results One hundred-two dogs were identified; 56 were diagnosed with IE and 46 were controls. There was no statistically significant difference in FB, SAS and LV volume between dogs with IE and controls. Dogs with a history of status epilepticus had significantly larger FB than those without (p = 0.05). There was a border-line trend for LV volume to increase with increasing length of seizure history in the IE group (p = 0.055). Conclusion The volumes of the FB, SAS and LV are not different between dogs with IE and controls, so IE remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific neuroanatomical biomarkers identified. This is the first time FB and SAS volume has been compared in dogs with IE. Unfortunately, we have shown that the results reporting significantly larger FBs in dogs with status epilepticus and LV volume increase with length of seizure history were likely confounded by breed and should be interpreted cautiously. Whilst these associations are interesting and clinically relevant, further investigation with breed-specific or larger, breed-diverse populations are required to permit strong conclusions. The Cavalieri principle provided an effective estimation of FB, SAS and LV volumes on MRI, but may be too time-intensive for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraje Watson
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK. .,Present Address: University College London, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Aspire CREATe, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - A Augusto Coppi
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rowena M A Packer
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna Tauro
- Chestergates Veterinary Specialists, Telford Court, Units E and F, Gates Lane, Chester, CH1 6LT, UK
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Present Address: University College London, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Aspire CREATe, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Healthy & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Main Academic Building (VSM), Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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Gunde E, Czeibert K, Gábor A, Szabó D, Kis A, Arany-Tóth A, Andics A, Gácsi M, Kubinyi E. Longitudinal Volumetric Assessment of Ventricular Enlargement in Pet Dogs Trained for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030127. [PMID: 32899680 PMCID: PMC7558420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies suggest that clinically sound ventriculomegaly in dogs could be a preliminary form of the clinically significant hydrocephalus. We evaluated changes of ventricular volumes in awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) trained dogs with indirectly assessed cognitive abilities over time (thus avoiding the use of anaesthetics, which can alter the pressure). Our research question was whether ventricular enlargement developing over time would have any detrimental effect on staying still while being scanned; which can be extrapolated to the ability to pay attention and to exert inhibition. Methods: Seven healthy dogs, 2–8 years old at the baseline scan and 4 years older at rescan, participated in a rigorous and gradual training for staying motionless (<2 mm) in the magnetic resonance (MR) scanner without any sedation during 6 minute-long structural MR sequences. On T1 structural images, volumetric analyses of the lateral ventricles were completed by software guided semi-automated tissue-type segmentations performed with FMRIB Software Library (FSL, Analysis Group, Oxford, UK). Results and conclusion: We report significant enlargement for both ventricles (left: 47.46 %, right: 46.07 %) over time while dogs retained high levels of attention and inhibition. The results suggest that even considerable ventricular enlargement arising during normal aging does not necessarily reflect observable pathological changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gunde
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (E.G.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Kálmán Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Gábor
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE (Hungarian Academy of Sciences–Eötvös Loránd University) ‘Lendūlet Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Anna Kis
- Psychobiology Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Attila Arany-Tóth
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (E.G.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Attila Andics
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE (Hungarian Academy of Sciences–Eötvös Loránd University) ‘Lendūlet Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
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6
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Korff CP, Williamson BG. Clinical Presentation of Chiari-like Malformation in 2 Persian Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100460. [PMID: 32823159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two Persian breed cats, 10 and 5 years of age, were presented separately for difficulty prehending food as well as behavioral abnormalities including interanimal aggression and restlessness, pacing, or compulsive overgrooming. Both cats would regularly rest their head and neck in an extended position. Neurologic examination demonstrated calvarial and craniocervical junction pain in both and an L4-S3 myelopathy in one. Brain MRI of both cases, and CT and necropsy in 1 case, demonstrated ventriculomegaly and caudal fossa crowding, cerebellar indentation, and foramen magnum herniation consistent with Chiari-like malformation. No syringomyelia was present in either cat. The 2 cats were treated with anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone with little to no clinical response, but experienced improvement with pregabalin and omeprazole. The 2 cats' clinical signs were consequently attributed to neuropathic and posture-related pain secondary to Chiari-like malformation. Persian breed cats may have a predisposition to Chiari-like malformation, which may not be solely a morphometric variant, and symptomatic cats may present with manifestations of neuropathic pain different from the classic signs reported in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Korff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Baye G Williamson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Yun T, Lee W, Kang JH, Yang MP, Kang BT. Temporal and anatomical distribution of 18F-flutemetamol uptake in canine brain using positron emission tomography. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:17. [PMID: 31952531 PMCID: PMC6969467 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly being used as an imaging modality for clinical and research applications in veterinary medicine. Amyloid PET has become a useful tool for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans, by accurately identifying amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs shows cognitive and pathophysiologic characteristics similar to AD. Therefore, we assessed the physiologic characteristics of uptake of 18F-flutemetamol, an Aβ protein-binding PET tracer in clinical development, in normal dog brains, for distinguishing an abnormal state. Static and dynamic PET images of six adult healthy dogs were acquired after 18F-flutemetamol was administered intravenously at approximately 3.083 MBq/kg. For static images, PET data were acquired at 30, 60, and 90 min after injection. One week later, dynamic images were acquired for 120 min, from the time of tracer injection. PET data were reconstructed using an iterative technique, and corrections for attenuation and scatter were applied. Regions of interest were manually drawn over the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and cerebellar cortices, cerebral white matter, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. After calculating standardized uptake values with an established formula, standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were obtained, using the cerebellar cortex as a reference region. RESULTS Among the six cerebral cortical regions, the cingulate cortices and frontal lobe showed the highest SUVRs. The lowest SUVR was observed in the occipital lobe. The average values of the cortical SUVRs were 1.25, 1.26, and 1.27 at 30, 60, and 90 min post-injection, respectively. Tracer uptake on dynamic scans was rapid, peaking within 4 min post-injection. After reaching this early maximum, cerebral cortical regions showed a curve with a steep descent, whereas cerebral white matter demonstrated a curve with a slow decline, resulting in a large gap between cerebral cortical regions and white matter. CONCLUSION This study provides normal baseline data of 18F-flutemetamol PET that can facilitate an objective diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in dogs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Yun
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Wonguk Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
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Network analysis of canine brain morphometry links tumour risk to oestrogen deficiency and accelerated brain ageing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12506. [PMID: 31467332 PMCID: PMC6715702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural ‘brain age’ is a valuable but complex biomarker for several brain disorders. The dog is an unrivalled comparator for neurological disease modeling, however canine brain morphometric diversity creates computational and statistical challenges. Using a data-driven approach, we explored complex interactions between patient metadata, brain morphometry, and neurological disease. Twenty-four morphometric parameters measured from 286 canine brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were combined with clinical parameters to generate 9,438 data points. Network analysis was used to cluster patients according to their brain morphometry profiles. An ‘aged-brain’ profile, defined by a small brain width and volume combined with ventriculomegaly, was revealed in the Boxer breed. Key features of this profile were paralleled in neutered female dogs which, relative to un-neutered females, had an 11-fold greater risk of developing brain tumours. Boxer dog and geriatric dog groups were both enriched for brain tumour diagnoses, despite a lack of geriatric Boxers within the cohort. Our findings suggest that advanced brain ageing enhances brain tumour risk in dogs and may be influenced by oestrogen deficiency—a risk factor for dementia and brain tumours in humans. Morphometric features of brain ageing in dogs, like humans, might better predict neurological disease risk than patient chronological age.
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Schmidt MJ, Kolecka M, Kirberger R, Hartmann A. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Demonstrates Reduced Periventricular Cerebral Blood Flow in Dogs with Ventriculomegaly. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:137. [PMID: 28879204 PMCID: PMC5572229 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of ventriculomegaly in dogs is still a matter of debate. Signs of increased intraventricular pressure and atrophy of the cerebral white matter have been found in dogs with ventriculomegaly, which would imply increased intraventricular pressure and, therefore, a pathological condition, i.e., to some extent. Reduced periventricular blood flow was found in people with high elevated intraventricular pressure. The aim of this study was to compare periventricular brain perfusion in dogs with and without ventriculomegaly using perfusion weighted-magnetic-resonance-imaging to clarify as to whether ventriculomegaly might be associated with an increase in intraventricular pressure. Perfusion was measured in 32 Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS) with ventriculomegaly, 10 CKCSs were examined as a control group. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using free-hand regions of interest (ROI) in five brain regions: periventricular white matter, caudate nucleus, parietal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. CBF was significantly lower in the periventricular white matter of the dogs with ventriculomegaly (p = 0.0029) but not in the other ROIs. Reduction of periventricular CBF might imply increase of intraventricular pressure in ventriculomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Kirberger
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Pilegaard AM, Berendt M, Holst P, Møller A, McEvoy FJ. Effect of Skull Type on the Relative Size of Cerebral Cortex and Lateral Ventricles in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:30. [PMID: 28361057 PMCID: PMC5352664 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume measurements of the brain are of interest in the diagnosis of brain pathology. This is particularly so in the investigation hydrocephalus and canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), both of which result in thinning of the cerebral cortex and enlarged ventricles. Volume assessment can be made using computed tomography or more usually magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is, however, some uncertainty in the interpretation of such volume data due to the great variation in skull size and shape seen in dog. In this retrospective study, we examined normal MRI images from 63 dogs <6 years of age. We used a continuous variable, the cranial index (CrI) to indicate skull shape and compared it with MRI volume measurements derived using Cavalieri’s principle. We found a negative correlation between CrI and the ratio of cortical to ventricular volume. Breeds with a high CrI (large laterolateral compared to rostrocaudal cranial cavity dimension) had a smaller ratio of cortical to ventricular volume (low C:V ratio) than breeds with lower CrI skull types. It is important to consider this effect of skull shape on the relative volume estimates of the cerebral cortex and ventricles when trying to establish if pathology is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Pilegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Pernille Holst
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Fintan J McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
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Kent M, Glass EN, Haley AC, Shaikh LS, Sequel M, Blas-Machado U, Bishop TM, Holmes SP, Platt SR. Hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the lateral apertures in two dogs. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:415-422. [PMID: 27785804 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, hydrocephalus is divided into communicating or non-communicating (obstructive) based on the identification of a blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the ventricular system. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo refers to ventricular enlargement as a consequence of neuroparenchymal loss. Hydrocephalus related to obstruction of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricles has rarely been described. CASE REPORT The clinicopathologic findings in two dogs with hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle are reported. Signs were associated with a caudal cervical spinal cord lesion in one dog and a caudal brain stem lesion in the other dog. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed dilation of the ventricular system, including the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle. In one dog, postmortem ventriculography confirmed obstruction of the lateral apertures. Microscopic changes were identified in the choroid plexus in both dogs, yet a definitive cause of the obstructions was not identified. The MRI findings in both dogs are similar to membranous occlusion of the lateral and median apertures in human patients. CONCLUSION MRI detection of dilation of the entire ventricular system in the absence of an identifiable cause should prompt consideration of an obstruction of the lateral apertures. In future cases, therapeutic interventions aimed at re-establishing CSF flow or ventriculoperitoneal catheterisation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kent
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - E N Glass
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, USA
| | - A C Haley
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - L S Shaikh
- University of Georgia, Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic imaging, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M Sequel
- University of Georgia, Department of Pathology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - U Blas-Machado
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - T M Bishop
- Upstate Veterinary Specialists, Latham, New York, USA
| | - S P Holmes
- University of Georgia, Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic imaging, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Platt
- University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Laubner S, Ondreka N, Failing K, Kramer M, Schmidt MJ. Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure--comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:181. [PMID: 26231840 PMCID: PMC4522113 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of canine brains with enlarged ventricles in asymptomatic dogs were compared to those in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus, in order to determine the imaging findings indicative of a relevant increase in intraventricular pressure. Discrimination between clinically relevant hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly based on MRI findings has not been established yet and is anything but trivial because of the wide variation in ventricular size in different dog breeds and individuals. The MRI scans of the brains of 67 dogs of various breeds, skull conformation and weight were reviewed retrospectively. Based on clinical and imaging findings, the dogs were divided into three groups: a normal group (n = 20), a group with clinically silent ventriculomegaly (n = 25) and a group with severe clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus (n = 22). In addition to the ventricle/brain-index, a number of potential subjective signs of increased intraventricular pressure were recorded and compared between the groups. Results The ventricle/brain-index was significantly higher in dogs with relevant hydrocephalus (p < 0.001) and a threshold value of 0.6 was specified as a discriminator between internal hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly. Other MR imaging findings associated with clinically relevant hydrocephalus were an elevation of the corpus callosum (p < 0.01), dorsoventral flattening of the interthalamic adhesion (p < 0.0001), periventricular edema (p < 0.0001), dilation of the olfactory recesses (p < 0.0001), thinning of the cortical sulci (p < 0.0001) and/or the subarachnoid space (p < 0.0027) and disruption of the internal capsule adjacent to the caudate nucleus (p < 0.0001). Conclusion A combination of the abovementioned criteria may support a diagnosis of hydrocephalus that requires treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0479-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Laubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Klaus Failing
- Department of Biomathematics, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 95, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
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13
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Schmidt MJ, Laubner S, Kolecka M, Failing K, Moritz A, Kramer M, Ondreka N. Comparison of the Relationship between Cerebral White Matter and Grey Matter in Normal Dogs and Dogs with Lateral Ventricular Enlargement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124174. [PMID: 25938575 PMCID: PMC4418575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large cerebral ventricles are a frequent finding in brains of dogs with brachycephalic skull conformation, in comparison with mesaticephalic dogs. It remains unclear whether oversized ventricles represent a normal variant or a pathological condition in brachycephalic dogs. There is a distinct relationship between white matter and grey matter in the cerebrum of all eutherian mammals. The aim of this study was to determine if this physiological proportion between white matter and grey matter of the forebrain still exists in brachycephalic dogs with oversized ventricles. The relative cerebral grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid volume in dogs were determined based on magnetic-resonance-imaging datasets using graphical software. In an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using body mass as the covariate, the adjusted means of the brain tissue volumes of two groups of dogs were compared. Group 1 included 37 mesaticephalic dogs of different sizes with no apparent changes in brain morphology, and subjectively normal ventricle size. Group 2 included 35 brachycephalic dogs in which subjectively enlarged cerebral ventricles were noted as an incidental finding in their magnetic-resonance-imaging examination. Whereas no significant different adjusted means of the grey matter could be determined, the group of brachycephalic dogs had significantly larger adjusted means of lateral cerebral ventricles and significantly less adjusted means of relative white matter volume. This indicates that brachycephalic dogs with subjective ventriculomegaly have less white matter, as expected based on their body weight and cerebral volume. Our study suggests that ventriculomegaly in brachycephalic dogs is not a normal variant of ventricular volume. Based on the changes in the relative proportion of WM and CSF volume, and the unchanged GM proportions in dogs with ventriculomegaly, we rather suggest that distension of the lateral ventricles might be the underlying cause of pressure related periventricular loss of white matter tissue, as occurs in internal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffi Laubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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Bittermann S, Lang J, Henke D, Howard J, Gorgas D. Magnetic resonance imaging signs of presumed elevated intracranial pressure in dogs. Vet J 2014; 201:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Leclerc MK, d'Anjou MA, Blond L, Carmel ÉN, Dennis R, Kraft SL, Matthews AR, Parent JM. Interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy of brain magnetic resonance imaging in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 242:1688-95. [PMID: 23725432 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy of brain MRI in dogs. DESIGN Evaluation study. ANIMALS 44 dogs. PROCEDURES 5 board-certified veterinary radiologists with variable MRI experience interpreted transverse T2-weighted (T2w), T2w fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and T1-weighted-FLAIR; transverse, sagittal, and dorsal T2w; and T1-weighted-FLAIR postcontrast brain sequences (1.5 T). Several imaging parameters were scored, including the following: lesion (present or absent), lesion characteristics (axial localization, mass effect, edema, hemorrhage, and cavitation), contrast enhancement characteristics, and most likely diagnosis (normal, neoplastic, inflammatory, vascular, metabolic or toxic, or other). Magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses were determined initially without patient information and then repeated, providing history and signalment. For all cases and readers, MRI diagnoses were compared with final diagnoses established with results from histologic examination (when available) or with other pertinent clinical data (CSF analysis, clinical response to treatment, or MRI follow-up). Magnetic resonance scores were compared between examiners with κ statistics. RESULTS Reading agreement was substantial to almost perfect (0.64 < κ < 0.86) when identifying a brain lesion on MRI; fair to moderate (0.14 < κ < 0.60) when interpreting hemorrhage, edema, and pattern of contrast enhancement; fair to substantial (0.22 < κ < 0.74) for dural tail sign and categorization of margins of enhancement; and moderate to substantial (0.40 < κ < 0.78) for axial localization, presence of mass effect, cavitation, intensity, and distribution of enhancement. Interobserver agreement was moderate to substantial for categories of diagnosis (0.56 < κ < 0.69), and agreement with the final diagnosis was substantial regardless of whether patient information was (0.65 < κ < 0.76) or was not (0.65 < κ < 0.68) provided. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study found that whereas some MRI features such as edema and hemorrhage were interpreted less consistently, radiologists were reasonably constant and accurate when providing diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène-Kim Leclerc
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada.
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16
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Biel M, Kramer M, Forterre F, Jurina K, Lautersack O, Failing K, Schmidt MJ. Outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation for treatment of congenital internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats: 36 cases (2001-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:948-58. [PMID: 23517207 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.7.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine outcome data for cats and dogs with congenital internal hydrocephalus following treatment via ventriculoperitoneal shunting to determine treatment-associated changes in neurologic signs, the nature and incidence of postoperative complications, and survival time. DESIGN Retrospective multicenter case series. ANIMALS 30 dogs and 6 cats with congenital internal hydrocephalus (confirmed via CT or MRI). PROCEDURES Medical records for dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus that underwent unilateral ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation from 2001 through 2009 were evaluated. Data collected included the nature and incidence of postoperative complications, change in clinical signs following surgery, and survival time. To compare pre- and postoperative signs, 2-way frequency tables were analyzed with a 1-sided exact McNemar test. RESULTS 8 of 36 (22%) animals developed postoperative complications, including shunt malfunction, shunt infection, and seizure events. Three dogs underwent shunt revision surgery. Thirteen (36%) animals died as a result of hydrocephalus-related complications or were euthanized. Following shunt implantation, clinical signs resolved in 7 dogs and 2 cats; overall, 26 (72%) animals had an improvement of clinical signs. After 18 months, 20 animals were alive, and the longest follow-up period was 9.5 years. Most deaths and complications occurred in the first 3 months after shunt placement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation is a viable option for treatment of dogs or cats with congenital hydrocephalus. Because complications are most likely to develop in the first 3 months after surgery, repeated neurologic and imaging evaluations are warranted during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Biel
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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17
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Pivetta M, De Risio L, Newton R, Dennis R. PREVALENCE OF LATERAL VENTRICLE ASYMMETRY IN BRAIN MRI STUDIES OF NEUROLOGICALLY NORMAL DOGS AND DOGS WITH IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:516-21. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pivetta
- Animal Health Trust; Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; United Kingdom
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust; Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; United Kingdom
| | - Richard Newton
- Animal Health Trust; Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Animal Health Trust; Kentford; Newmarket; Suffolk; United Kingdom
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18
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MacKillop E. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial malformations in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S42-51. [PMID: 21392155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial malformations may occur because of an inherent developmental defect or secondary to in utero injury to the brain with subsequent hypoplasia and atrophy. They can cause neurologic deficits in growing animals, although some anomalies may not produce clinical signs until adulthood. Malformations of the brain include hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly/porencephaly, holoprosencephaly, corpus callosum agenesis/dysgenesis, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, meningoencephalocele, intracranial cysts, cerebellar malformations, and hamartomas. These conditions are defined and reviewed with an emphasis on their features in magnetic resonance images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward MacKillop
- Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center (PVS-EC), Pittsburgh, PA 15237, USA.
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19
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Hecht S, Adams WH. MRI of Brain Disease in Veterinary Patients Part 1: Basic Principles and Congenital Brain Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:21-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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21
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Young BD, Levine JM, Fosgate GT, de Lahunta A, Flegel T, Matiasek K, Miller A, Silver G, Sharp N, Greer K, Schatzberg SJ. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Pug dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:527-35. [PMID: 19645838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) are not well documented. OBJECTIVES To describe common MRI features of NME, to compare the MRI features to histopathologic findings, and to determine whether or not MRI lesions are predictive of survival time. ANIMALS Eighteen Pugs with NME. METHODS Retrospective MRI case study of Pugs identified by a search of medical records at 6 veterinary institutions. Eighteen dogs met inclusion criteria of histopathologically confirmed NME and antemortem MRI exam. MRI lesions were characterized and compared with histopathology with the kappa statistic. Survival times were compared with MRI findings by use of Mann-Whitney U-tests and Spearman's rho. RESULTS Twelve of 18 lesions were indistinctly marginated with mild parenchymal contrast enhancement. Prosencephalic (17/18) lesion distribution included the parietal (16/18), temporal (16/18), and occipital (16/18) lobes. There were cerebellar (4/18) and brainstem (3/18) lesions. Asymmetric lesions were present in both gray and white matter in all dogs. Falx cerebri shift was common (11/18), and 6 dogs had brain herniation. Leptomeningeal enhancement was present in 9/18 dogs. A moderate positive association was found between parenchymal contrast enhancement and both necrosis (kappa= 0.45; P= .045) and monocytic inflammation (kappa= 0.48; P= .025). Higher MRI lesion burden was correlated with longer time from disease onset to MRI (P= .045). MRI lesion burden did not correlate to survival time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Asymmetric prosencephalic grey and white matter lesions with variable contrast enhancement were consistent MRI changes in Pugs with confirmed NME. While not pathognomonic for NME, these MRI characteristics should increase confidence in a presumptive diagnosis of NME in young Pugs with acute signs of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Young
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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22
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Westworth D, Dickinson P, Vernau W, Johnson E, Bollen A, Kass P, Sturges B, Vernau K, LeCouteur R, Higgins R. Choroid Plexus Tumors in 56 Dogs (1985-2007). J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1157-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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23
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Timm K, Flegel T, Oechtering G. Sequential magnetic resonance imaging changes after suspected global brain ischaemia in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:408-12. [PMID: 18482334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sequential magnetic resonance imaging studies over a period of 18 months were performed in a two-year-old pug dog after suspected global brain ischaemia following an anaesthetic accident. The dog was presented with seizures and neurological deficits consistent with a left brainstem and multifocal/diffuse forebrain lesion after an asymptomatic interval of 72 hours following the ischaemic event. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed three hours, six weeks, seven and 18 months after the incident. In the acute stage, signal hyperintensity was evident in the occipital and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex and in both rostral caudate nuclei. Slight involvement of the white matter was also noticed. In the chronic phase, the signal hyperintensity in the affected areas of the cortex was diminished and smaller in size, whereas the white matter did not appear to be compromised anymore.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Timm
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Hasegawa D, Yayoshi N, Fujita Y, Fujita M, Orima H. MEASUREMENT OF INTERTHALAMIC ADHESION THICKNESS AS A CRITERIA FOR BRAIN ATROPHY IN DOGS WITH AND WITHOUT COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION (DEMENTIA). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:452-7. [PMID: 16396259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The criteria for brain atrophy in dogs have not yet been established, because of wide variation in the morphology of the ventricles and sulci of the brain depending on the breed and size. In this study, we examined the thickness of the interthalamic adhesion in a transverse magnetic resonance image to investigate normal, to examine the correlation with age, body weight, and breed, and to assess whether measurement would be a useful indicator of brain atrophy. The animals used in this study were of various breeds and weight, and had no identifiable intracranial lesion. They were divided into two groups: a normal group (0.6-15-year-old, n = 66) and a demented aging group (12-18-year-old, n = 12). The interthalamic adhesion thickness in both T1- and T2-weighted transverse images were measured in all dogs. The interthalamic adhesion thickness in the normal and demented groups was 6.79 +/- 0.70 and 3.82 +/- 0.79 mm, respectively. The interthalamic adhesion thickness in the demented group was significantly smaller. In an analysis of the correlation of interthalamic adhesion thickness with age and weight in normal dogs, significant negative and positive correlation was recognized, respectively. However, the strength of these correlations was low. These results suggest that interthalamic adhesion thickness may be a good parameter for evaluating brain atrophy in dogs with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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25
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Jäderlund KH, Hansson K, Berg AL, Sjöström A, Narfström K. Cerebral ventricular size in developing normal kittens measured by ultrasonography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:581-8. [PMID: 14599173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the age of fontanelle closure of normal kittens and the size of their lateral ventricles, 50 ultrasonographic examinations using the bregmatic fontanelle as an acoustic window were made. Seven kittens, laboratory animals, were included in the study. To verify the location of the lateral ventricle, two of the kittens were sacrificed as neonates. In one of them ink was injected prior to autopsy into one lateral ventricle under sonographic guidance. In a longitudinal study of five of the kittens, the skull depth and the depth of the central part of the lateral ventricle reproduced in a longitudinal view could be measured up to the age of about 5 months. During that period, the skull depth increased from a median value of 1.95 cm (1.92-1.98) in a seven-day-old cat to 2.58 cm (2.52-2.59) in a 154-day-old cat, while the afore-mentioned ventricle values increased from 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Box 7037, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Saito M, Olby NJ, Spaulding K, Muñana K, Sharp NJH. RELATIONSHIP AMONG BASILAR ARTERY RESISTANCE INDEX, DEGREE OF VENTRICULOMEGALY, AND CLINICAL SIGNS IN HYDROCEPHALIC DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:687-94. [PMID: 14703252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resistance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Saito
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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27
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Nykamp S, Scrivani P, DeLahunta A, Yu-Speight A, Riis R. Chronic subdural hematomas and hydrocephalus in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:511-4. [PMID: 11768517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging
- Abnormalities, Multiple/veterinary
- Animals
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Dog Diseases/congenital
- Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Dogs
- Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic/diagnostic imaging
- Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic/etiology
- Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic/veterinary
- Hydrocephalus/complications
- Hydrocephalus/diagnostic imaging
- Hydrocephalus/veterinary
- Male
- Telencephalon/abnormalities
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nykamp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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28
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Esteve-Ratsch B, Kneissl S, Gabler C. Comparative evaluation of the ventricles in the Yorkshire Terrier and the German Shepherd dog using low-field MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:410-3. [PMID: 11678561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MR images provide for the exact assessment of the brain, including ventricular size. Still inter- and intrabreed comparison of ventricle size is difficult due to the varying anatomies in dogs. To compare the ventricle area of different sized breeds, 25 dogs (13 Yorkshire Terriers and 12 German Shepard dogs) were reviewed, retrospectively. Hemisphere and ventricle of each side were outlined manually three times. All measurements were averaged and their percentage (ventricle area by hemisphere area) was defined as the relative ventricle area. This value in Yorkshire Terriers (5.3) was significantly higher compared to German Shepard dogs (1.7). However, on the basis of the neurologically symptomatic sample (7 Yorkshire Terriers) in this study, threshold values of normal and abnormal relative ventricle areas could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Esteve-Ratsch
- Clinic of Radiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. The ability of CT and MRI to depict normal and abnormal anatomy facilitates the identification of developmental anomalies, including hydrocephalus, Chiari malformations, arachnoid cysts, and cerebellar hypoplasia. These imaging modalities also allow the detection of hemorrhage and infarction and are therefore useful in the evaluation of spontaneous cerebrovascular disorders and head trauma. Finally, many inflammatory diseases, such as encephalitis, brain abscess, and parasite migration, cause abnormalities detectable by CT and MRI. Although more research on the imaging features of specific nonneoplastic brain disorders is needed, current information indicates that CT and MRI are useful in the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Thomas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA
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30
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Abstract
This article discusses the current state of neurosonography in veterinary medicine. After a brief introduction, indications, normal appearance, and appearance in pathology are discussed in separate sections for brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Each section is illustrated by selected images showing normal anatomy and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hudson
- Department of Radiology, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
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31
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Kii S, Uzuka Y, Taura Y, Nakaichi M, Inokuma H, Onishi T. Developmental change of lateral ventricular volume and ratio in Beagle-type dogs up to 7 months of age. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:185-9. [PMID: 9634184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighteen healthy Beagle-type dogs were studied using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging from a few days after birth up to 7 months of age. We evaluated the onset of lateral ventricular expansion, the developmental change of lateral ventricular volume and the ratio of the largest to the smallest lateral ventricular volume. The onset of lateral ventricular expansion was defined as the day that the expansion by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was first visible in unilateral or bilateral lateral ventricles on the transverse images at the level of the intraventricular foramen. It was found that the expansion of lateral ventricles were first detectable at 3-4 weeks. Lateral ventricular volume ratio varied most from the onset of lateral ventricular expansion to 75 days of age and stabilized after that, although absolute brain and lateral ventricular volumes continued to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Japan
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32
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Kii S, Uzuka Y, Taura Y, Nakaichi M, Takeuchi A, Inokuma H, Onishi T. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lateral ventricles in beagle-type dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:430-3. [PMID: 9402708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on 21 presumed normal Beagle-type dogs. The size and symmetry of their lateral ventricles were evaluated and dogs were categorized on the basis of the percentage of their ventricular height (Vh) to brain height (Bh) and the ratio of the largest to the smallest ventricular area (rVA). Eleven dogs had lateral ventricles classified as normal sized (0-14% Vh/Bh) while 10 of 21 dogs had moderate enlargement (15-25% Vh/Bh) of one or both lateral ventricles. None of the dogs had severe lateral ventricular enlargement. Degree of asymmetry was also arbitrarily categorized on basis of rVA as normal to minimal (rVA < 1.5), mild (1.5 < rVA < 2.0), or severe (2.0 < rVA). Of the dogs having normal-sized lateral ventricles, six of eleven had symmetric, three of eleven had mildly asymmetric and two of eleven had severely asymmetric lateral ventricles. Of the dogs having at least one moderately enlarged lateral ventricles, five of ten had symmetric lateral ventricles, and two of ten had mild asymmetry and three of ten had severe asymmetry. Gender and body weight had no statistical relationship to lateral ventricle symmetry. Clinically insignificant ventricular enlargement and asymmetry was common in this group of Beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Vite CH, Insko EK, Schotland HM, Panckeri K, Hendricks JC. Quantification of cerebral ventricular volume in English bulldogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:437-43. [PMID: 9402710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of cerebral ventricle volume of eight English bulldogs was performed using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The mean ventricular volume was 14.8 ml. with a range of 8.6 ml.-38.1 ml. The mean ventricular volume of two beagles was 2.2 ml with a range of 0.7 ml.-3.7 ml. The percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle was found to be significantly larger in bulldogs (14.0%; S.D. = 7.9%) than in beagles (Range = 1.0-4.8%). The relationship between the percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle and measurements of body weight, age, sex, and various measures of skull anatomy of the bulldog was also determined. The relationship between ventricular volume and neurologic dysfunction was examined. There was a possible trend between high percent of intracranial volume occupied by ventricle and low body weight. This study will serve as a pilot study for examining the relationship between ventricular volume and neurologic disease in bulldogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Vite
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA
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