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Kanthavichit K, Klaengkaew A, Srisowanna N, Chaivoravitsakul N, Horoongruang K, Thanaboonnipat C, Soontornvipart K, Choisunirachon N. Evaluation of vacuum phenomenon in dogs with coxofemoral degenerative joint disease using computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:274. [PMID: 32762687 PMCID: PMC7409472 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a common orthopedic lesion in the coxofemoral joint of canine patients. Concurrent with the sign of degeneration, the vacuum phenomenon (VP), or intra-articular gas, has been observed in several locations in both human and canine patients. A cadaveric study described VP in small breed dogs without DJD but with hip laxity. However, none of the canine VP reports mentioned coxofemoral DJD. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was to describe the distribution of coxofemoral VP revealed on computed tomography (CT) imaging in canine patients with DJD. Results A total of 282 dogs (564 coxofemoral joints), comprising 142 small, 85 large, and 55 medium breeds, were included in the present study. DJD was found in 31.02% of all dogs. The incidence of DJD was highest in large breed dogs (50%), followed by medium (31.81%) and small (19.36%) breed dogs. In addition, VP was detected with CT using the pulmonary window in 31 joints of 25 dogs that received a diagnosis of hip degenerative disease. VP was found most frequently at the laterodorsal area of the acetabulum. The incidences of VP in large, small, and medium breed dogs were 35.94%, 17.14% and 8.33%, respectively. The presence of coxofemoral VP was significantly and positively correlated with DJD (odds ratio = 17.58, 95% CI 2.32–133.42). Conclusions The presence of coxofemoral joint DJD and VP was more likely to be detected in large breed dogs, especially in those with established DJD. CT is an advanced diagnostic imaging modality that can be used to reveal VP lesions, most of which are reported at the laterodorsal acetabulum. Further studies, including comparisons of different patient positions, may reveal more information regarding coxofemoral VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Kanthavichit
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Auraiwan Klaengkaew
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naparee Srisowanna
- The Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nardtiwa Chaivoravitsakul
- The Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kongthit Horoongruang
- The Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kumpanart Soontornvipart
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Harder LK. [Diagnostic imaging of changes of the canine intervertebral disc]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:359-371. [PMID: 27658268 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration can cause intervertebral disc herniation. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, is the most important tool in diagnosis. Firstly, an overview of macroscopic and biochemical physiology and pathology of the intervertebral disc will be given. Subsequently, the physics of diagnostic imaging and the appearance of intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement in several imaging methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Harder
- Lisa K. Harder, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Müller MK, Ludewig E, Oechtering G, Scholz M, Flegel T. The vacuum phenomenon in intervertebral disc disease of dogs based on computed tomography images. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:253-7. [PMID: 23565773 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vacuum phenomenon is suspected to be indicative of disc degeneration and subsequent herniation. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of vacuum phenomenon for identification of herniated discs causing neurological signs. Prevalence of vacuum phenomenon and influencing factors in dogs with disc herniation were determined. METHODS Retrospective review of computed tomography scans from dogs with suspected disc herniation for the presence of gas within intervertebral disc space with subsequent comparison of vacuum phenomenon and herniated disc as confirmed by surgery. Subgroups were created (chondrodystrophic, non-chondrodystrophic and unknown classification) to analyse prevalence and influencing factors (age, breed and gender) for vacuum phenomenon and agreement with herniated disc. RESULTS Prevalence of vacuum phenomenon in all dogs, chondrodystrophic, non-chondrodystrophic dogs and those with unknown classification was 19·8, 14·9, 35·7 and 24·5%, respectively. Corresponding correlation rate between vacuum phenomenon and herniated disc was 64, 67, 40 and 82%. Prevalence of vacuum phenomenon was significantly higher in nonchondrodystrophic dogs (P=0·04). Age was the only factor influencing prevalence of vacuum phenomenon (P=0·04). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In dogs with intervertebral disc disease, vacuum phenomenon is a frequent but inconsistent finding. Although helpful to identify degenerated discs, it is not suitable to identify currently herniated disc with sufficient accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Müller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: Current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:319-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ohlerth S, Scharf G. Computed tomography in small animals – Basic principles and state of the art applications. Vet J 2007; 173:254-71. [PMID: 16516508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its clinical introduction, computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized veterinary medicine and is considered to be one of the most valuable tools for the imaging work-up of neurological, oncological and orthopaedic canine and feline patients. In small animals with acute trauma, particularly those involving complex anatomic areas such as the head, spine or pelvis, CT has been established as a standard imaging method. With the increasing availability of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine, CT has also become the principal tool to stage a tumour, assess response, and guide radiation therapy. The increasing availability of helical CT in veterinary medicine has allowed novel techniques such as spiral CT angiography and high-resolution CT. This review provides a brief overview of the historical and technical development of CT and literature reviews of the major clinical CT applications in small animals such as intracranial and extracranial lesions, the spine, the appendicular skeleton, and abdominal and thoracic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Suwankong N, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Agreement between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1924-9. [PMID: 17173530 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.12.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of agreement between computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. DESIGN Observational study. ANIMALS 35 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. PROCEDURES Results of preoperative CT and MRI were compared with surgical findings with respect to degree and location of disk protrusion, position of the dural sac, amount of epidural fat, and swelling of spinal nerve roots. RESULTS A lumbosacral step was seen on radiographic images from 22 of 32 (69%) dogs, on CT images from 23 of 35 (66%) dogs, and on MR images from 21 of 35 (60%) dogs. Most dogs had slight or moderate disk protrusion that was centrally located. There was substantial or near perfect agreement between CT and MRI findings in regard to degree of disk protrusion (kappa, 0.88), location of disk protrusion (0.63), position of the dural sac (0.89), amount of epidural fat (0.72), and swelling of spinal nerve roots (0.60). The degree of agreement between CT and surgical findings and between MRI and surgical findings was moderate in regard to degree and location of disk protrusion (kappa, 0.44 to 0.56) and swelling of spinal nerve roots (0.40 and 0.50). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate that there is a high degree of agreement between CT and MRI findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis but that the degree of agreement between diagnostic imaging findings and surgical findings is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyada Suwankong
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jones JC, Sorjonen DC, Simpson ST, Coates JR, Lenz SD, Hathcock JT, Agee MW, Bartels JE. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND SURGICAL FINDINGS IN NINE LARGE-BREED DOGS WITH LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Schwarz T, Owen MR, Long S, Sullivan M. Vacuum disk and facet phenomenon in a dog with cauda equina syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:862-4, 844. [PMID: 10997157 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old castrated male Rottweiler was evaluated for an 18-month history of bilateral hind limb lameness, signs of pain on rising, and mild ataxia. A gas-filled lumbosacral disk space (vacuum disk phenomenon) was revealed by use of computed tomography. Additional smaller gas bubbles were in the periphery of the disk and between the degenerated L5-L6 dorsal articular facets (vacuum facet phenomenon). Vacuum disk and facet phenomena have been described in humans with degenerative disk and vertebral articular facet joint disease; gas attracted from surrounding tissues accumulates within clefts of the degenerated disk or in unstable facet joints. Vacuum disk phenomenon has been reported in dogs and indicates degenerative disk disease. The phenomenon is more commonly observed by use of computed tomography, compared with conventional radiography, and can be elicited by hyperextension of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schwarz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland
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Jones JC, Banfield CM, Ward DL. Association between postoperative outcome and results of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1769-74. [PMID: 10844969 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are associated with postoperative outcome in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS 12 dogs treated surgically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. PROCEDURE The lumbosacral vertebral column was examined before surgery by use of MRI and CT and after surgery by use of CT. Outcome, based on performance in standardized training exercises, was assessed 6 months after decompressive surgery. Associations between imaging results and postoperative outcome were determined by use of a Fisher exact test and logistic regression. RESULTS None of the dogs were able to perform their duties before surgery. By 6 months after surgery, 8 of 12 dogs had been returned to full active duty. Nerve tissue compression was effectively localized by use of CT and MRI. Significant associations between results of imaging studies and postoperative outcome were not identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical intervention is justified in high-performance working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. However, results of imaging studies may be less important than clinical or surgical factors for predicting outcome in affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, USA
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Gonzalo-Orden JM, Altónaga JR, Orden MA, Gonzalo JM. Magnetic resonance, computed tomographic and radiologic findings in a dog with discospondylitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:142-4. [PMID: 10779073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomographic and radiographic imaging were conducted in a dog with discospondylitis. The MR findings were increased T2 and decreased T1 signal intensity of the soft tissues ventral to vertebral bodies, the end plates of the same vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc, and are similar to those described in human with discospondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gonzalo-Orden
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Spain
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Abstract
Neurologic dysfunction is the most common clinical manifestation of intervertebral disk disease. This article is a comprehensive review of intervertebral disk disease emphasizing clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of cervical and thoracolumbar disk disease. Clinical signs are determined by neuroanatomic localization and severity of spinal cord injury. Myelography is most commonly used for determining the location and extent of the disk protrusion/extrusion; however, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also common adjunctive and primary diagnostic techniques. Summaries from recent studies will give the clinician an improved understanding on how to confront controversial issues regarding prophylactic and therapeutic management and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Coates
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
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Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are becoming increasingly accessible in veterinary medicine. Because of their ability to image the bony spine and spinal cord noninvasively and with exceptional detail, these techniques have revolutionized the way spinal disorders are diagnosed in both people and animals. Although the veterinary literature on this topic is limited, interpretation of CT and MR images of the spine are facilitated by the similarity of human and animal disease processes. This article provides an overview of imaging strategies, normal anatomy, and the CT and MRI features of degenerative, infectious, neoplastic, and vascular diseases of the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Adams
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA
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Feeney DA, Evers P, Fletcher TF, Hardy RM, Wallace LJ. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE: A MORPHOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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