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Shing H, Caine A, Cherubini GB, Sparks T, Housley D. Accuracy of low-field magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating intervertebral disc extrusions and protrusions at the lumbosacral disc space in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1279378. [PMID: 38026646 PMCID: PMC10657993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Purpose MRI features differentiating extrusion from protrusion in thoracolumbar discs have been published, however little specifically evaluates the lumbosacral disc. The high prevalence of degenerative changes in apparently normal animals complicates assessment of this region and features relevant elsewhere in the spine may not apply. The aims of this study were to determine the accuracy of MRI in differentiating IVDE and IVDP at the lumbosacral disc space in dogs and determine which MRI characteristics discriminate between IVDE and IVDP. Method MRI examinations from dogs with surgically confirmed IVDE or IVDP at the lumbosacral disc space were collected retrospectively (2011-2019). Two radiologists independently recorded a diagnosis of IVDE or IVDP, gave a confidence rating, and evaluated specific MRI features. Univariable statistical analysis was performed to identify which MRI characteristics might help distinguish IVDE from IVDP. Results 117 dogs with lumbosacral IVDE (n = 16) or IVDP (n = 101) were included. Features associated with IVDE were in concordance with previous studies and included interruption of the dorsal annulus, suspected epidural hemorrhage, dispersed (rather than confined) intervertebral disc herniation on T2W sagittal images, lateralized intervertebral disc herniation and displacement of the cauda equina. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 68.8% and interobserver agreement was fair (κ = 0.37), which is lower than has been reported in thoracolumbar disc herniation, but accuracy increased to 85.3% with substantially improved agreement (κ = 0.87) in "confident" diagnoses. Discussion/Conclusion MRI characteristics used in differentiating thoracolumbar IVDE and IVDP can be extrapolated to the lumbosacral intervertebral disc space, but diagnostic accuracy in low-field MRI is lower than previously reported in herniations involving the thoracolumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Shing
- Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tim Sparks
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Lecourtois C, Baudin-Tréhiou C, Blond L. Lumbosacral endplate contour defect is frequently observed concurrent with other lumbosacral abnormalities on spinal CT of French Bulldogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:813-822. [PMID: 37366604 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbosacral osteochondrosis has been previously described in large breed dogs with variable clinical signs. Its CT features are a contour defect at the dorsal aspect of either vertebral endplate, commonly with an adjacent fragment. Descriptions of this condition have not been previously published in an increasingly popular breed, French Bulldogs. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive, single center study were to evaluate CT lumbosacral abnormalities and the frequency of lumbosacral endplate contour defect in a large sample of French Bulldogs. The presence and location of lumbosacral endplate contour defect and the presence of a concurrent osseous fragment were recorded. Other abnormal CT findings such as L7-S1 disc herniation, cauda equina nerve roots compression or thickening, disc mineralization, endplate sclerosis, spondylosis deformans, S1 articular processes hypertrophy, transitional vertebrae, hemivertebrae, spina bifida, and block vertebrae were recorded. Lumbosacral CT abnormalities were present in 91.8% of dogs (168/183). The most common abnormality was an L7-S1 dorsal disc herniation (77.4%, 130/168). Among dogs with lumbosacral abnormalities, the frequency of a lumbosacral endplate contour defect was 47% (79/168). It mostly involved L7 (78.5%, 62/79) at its dorsolateral aspect (61.3%, 38/62). A mineralized fragment was identified in 62% of the defects (49/79). Endplate contour defects were most frequently seen with a concurrent disc herniation (93.7%, 74/79) causing nerve root compression in 63.3% (50/79) and with sclerosis (65.8%, 52/79). There was no definitive evidence of a relationship with clinical presentation in this sample of French Bulldogs; therefore, this finding should be interpreted with caution. The etiology remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lecourtois
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Languedocia, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Baudin-Tréhiou
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Languedocia, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Blond
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Languedocia, Montpellier, France
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3
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Prevalence and Features of Incidental Findings in Veterinary Computed Tomography: A Single-Center Six-Years' Experience. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040591. [PMID: 36830378 PMCID: PMC9951765 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an advanced imaging technique that may lead to detect "incidentalomas", unexpected asymptomatic lesions found during unrelated examinations. Their clinical meaning and management are not clear for veterinarians, who risk unnecessary investigations that harm the patients. This study is a retrospective analysis that aims to investigate incidentalomas in CT exams and to describe their prevalence, location, types and follow-up, their correlations and associations with the species, breed, sex, and age of patients examined and with the kind and number of sites scanned. The reports of 561 CT scans performed in 512 dogs and 49 cats in a veterinary facility over six years were reviewed and compared to the clinical records of the patients. Eighty incidentalomas were found in 57 dogs and four cats. A significant positive correlation was found in dogs between age and the prevalence of incidentalomas. In dogs, the prevalence of incidentalomas was significantly higher in Boxers and in neck, thoracic, and abdominal scans. Spinal incidentalomas were the most common typologies in dogs. This study can represent a tool that allows clinicians to acquire greater awareness about incidentalomas and to carry out the evidence-based clinical management of them.
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Åhlberg TM, Jokinen TS, Salonen HM, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM, Mölsä SH. Exploring the association between canine perineal hernia and neurological, orthopedic, and gastrointestinal diseases. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:39. [PMID: 36528598 PMCID: PMC9758916 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perineal hernia (PH) is a relatively common condition in intact male dogs, but the etiology remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of gastrointestinal (GI), neurological, and orthopedic conditions to the development of PH in male dogs. Patient history with a focus on chronic GI disease was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Neurological conditions were explored, applying neurological, electromyographic (EMG), and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) examinations and combining these with computed tomography (CT) imaging. To exclude possible orthopedic diseases, an orthopedic examination was conducted together with CT analysis. The chi-squared test was used to assess the associations between categorical variables. RESULTS Altogether, 66 male dogs with diagnosed PH were recruited for this study. The frequency of neurological, orthopedic, and GI diseases was low in dogs with PH. No signs of generalized neuro- or myopathies were detected. Still, perineal and bulbourethral reflexes were decreased or missing in 44.6% (29/65) and 40.0% (26/65) of dogs, respectively. Mild or moderate occlusion of the intervertebral foramen at the lumbosacral (LS) junction occurred in 18.5% (12/65) of dogs and was caused by spondylosis deformans in 83.3% (10/12). Moderate disc protrusion was evident in 9.2% (6/65) of dogs. CONCLUSION No evidence was found that PH is caused by gastrointestinal, orthopedic, or neurological conditions. Abnormalities in perineal and bulbourethral reflexes are most likely secondary to PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Maria Åhlberg
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Susanna Jokinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Maija Salonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Maria Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Helena Mölsä
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Lampe R, Foss KD, Hague DW, Oliveira CR, Smith R. Dynamic MRI is reliable for evaluation of the lumbosacral spine in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:555-565. [PMID: 32574428 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to diagnose degenerative lumbosacral stenosis; however, studies show limited correlation between imaging and clinical signs. The purpose of this prospective observer agreement study was to use dynamic MRI of the lumbosacral (LS) spine of healthy dogs to determine reliable reference ranges. Twenty-two healthy large breed dogs were prospectively enrolled. MRI of the LS spine was performed in T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted SPACE sequences in neutral, flexed, and extended positions. Four observers performed image analyses. Measurements included LS angle, vertebral canal height and area, and LS foraminal areas. Ordinal categorical assessment of loss of fat signal in the foramina, LS compression, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, spondylosis, and IVD protrusion was also performed. The majority of values were significantly larger in flexion versus neutral position, and significantly smaller in extension versus neutral position (P < .05). Subclinical compression and IVD protrusion was noted in a neutral position in 45% and 55% of dogs and in an extended position in 85% and 73% of dogs, respectively. Interobserver agreement was strong (intracluster correlation coefficient [ICC] > .5) except for the L7:LS vertebral canal area ratio (ICC ≤ .03). Intraobserver agreement was high (rho > .5) for all measurements except for the mid-L6:LS vertebral canal height ratio (rho = .38). There was poor interobserver agreement for loss of fat signal in the foramina and evidence of compression. This study provides the groundwork for future studies using dynamic MRI to evaluate dogs with signs of clinical LS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lampe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kari D Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Devon W Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Cintia R Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Veterinary, Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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7
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Lichtenhahn V, Richter H, Gödde T, Kircher P. Evaluation of L7-S1 nerve root pathology with low-field MRI in dogs with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. Vet Surg 2020; 49:947-957. [PMID: 32342548 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe low-field MRI findings associated with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis and radiculopathy and correlate these with clinical signs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 240) that underwent a clinical examination and standardized MRI protocol of the lumbosacral junction. METHODS Medical records of dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with neurological clinical evaluation and MRI of the lumbosacral junction were used to describe imaging pathologies and relate them to clinical status. RESULTS In total, 480 L7 neuroforamina were evaluated. A loss of foraminal fat signal was identified in 364 of 480 neuroforamina of which 87.9% (n=320) showed also concurrent nerve root changes. Magnetic resonance imaging features of L7 radiculopathy included nerve root enlargement and hyperintensity to surrounding connective tissue in dorsal oblique gradient echo short time inversion recovery sequences and specific changes in shape, size, or position of the nerve root in transverse T1-weighted sequences. Radiculopathy was noted as a consequence of either circumferential (entrapment) or focal (impingement) foraminal stenosis. Lateral vertebral spondylotic and intervertebral facet joint changes were the most common underlying spinal and neuroforaminal pathologies. Clinical signs were present in the ipsilateral hind leg in 85% (n = 65) of dogs with unilateral lumbosacral imaging findings. CONCLUSION A loss of foraminal fat signal was likely to be associated with L7 radiculopathy and foraminal stenosis. Unilateral lesions were generally associated with clinical signs on the ipsilateral limb. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Loss of foraminal fat signal revealed by low-field MRI should prompt the assessment of concurrent radiculopathy and underlying stenosis, and in coherence with clinical findings, when is combined with clinical findings, improves the diagnosis of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gödde
- Tierärztliches Gesundheitszentrum Piding, Piding, Germany
| | - Patrick Kircher
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Worth A, Meij B, Jeffery N. Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:169-183. [PMID: 31819860 PMCID: PMC6875490 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s180448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) is a syndrome of low back pain with or without neurologic dysfunction associated with compression of the cauda equina. Most commonly occurring in medium- to large-breed dogs of middle to older age, German shepherd and working dogs are predisposed. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, advanced imaging and ruling out other differential diagnoses. The volume of the intervertebral foramina at the lumbosacral junction is naturally reduced on extension but degenerative changes lead to a more marked reduction that can impinge the L7 nerve roots. Evidence is lacking on which to base decision-making for treatment of dogs with DLSS. However, surgical intervention may be indicated in dogs that do not respond to conservative management, or for dogs in which there is a requirement to work that prevents lifestyle adjustments. Improvements in electrodiagnosis and novel intra-discal treatments may improve the management of DLSS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Worth
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
| | - Björn Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Jeffery
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, TX77845, USA
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9
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Bertram S, Ter Haar G, De Decker S. Congenital malformations of the lumbosacral vertebral column are common in neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs, with breed-specific differences. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:400-408. [PMID: 31050057 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital vertebral malformations are common findings on diagnostic imaging of the vertebral column in "screw-tailed" brachycephalic dogs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of lumbosacral congenital vertebral malformations in French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs presenting for problems unrelated to spinal disease, as well as possible associations with the degree of tail malformation, lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, or spondylosis deformans. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, CT scans of vertebrae L6 to S3 and of the coccygeal vertebrae were reviewed for type of congenital vertebral malformations (hemivertebrae, block vertebrae, lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, and spina bifida), lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation, lumbosacral spondylosis deformans, and degree of tail malformation. In 76 (51.0%) of the 149 included dogs (53 French Bulldogs, 37 English Bulldogs, and 59 Pugs) at least one type of congenital vertebral malformations was found, with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae being the most common (34.2%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (54.2%) and lower prevalence of hemivertebrae (1.7%) in Pugs compared to English (13.5% and 24.3%, respectively) and French Bulldogs (26.4% and 32.0%, respectively). Tail malformation was significantly more severe in dogs with evidence of hemivertebrae. Congenital vertebral malformations are a common finding in the lumbosacral vertebral column of French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs. These anatomical variances need to be considered when interpreting diagnostic studies and when planning for neurosurgical and neurodiagnostic procedures. Furthermore, this study suggests a possible association between the degree of tail malformation and lumbosacral hemivertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bertram
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Gert Ter Haar
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK.,Specialistische Dierenkliniek Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Gómez MA, Mieres M, Ariyama N, Alvelo CM. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:67-70. [PMID: 30668289 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Lumbosacral foraminal ratios and areas using MRI in medium-sized dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:333-8. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-05-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Objective: To examine conventional magnetic resonance imaging planes of the lumbosacral foramina to obtain objective measurements of foraminal size in mediumsized (20–28 kg) normal dogs.
Method: Ten canine cadavers were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging in neutral, flexed and extended position. Foraminal ratios, areas and lumbosacral angles were calculated and their relationship to body weight was evaluated.
Results: Foraminal ratios were found to be independent of body weight in medium sized dogs (p >0.42). Foraminal areas were dependent on body weight (p <0.05). Flexion and extension were shown to significantly change both the foraminal ratio and area.
Clinical significance: Lumbosacral foraminal stenosis is common in working dogs. Foraminal ratios were evaluated in mediumsized dogs and were found to be independent of body weight, which may provide objective evaluation of surgical decompression techniques if calculated pre- and post-surgery. Foraminal areas were not independent of body weight.
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12
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Mukherjee M, Jones JC, Holásková I, Raylman R, Meade J. Phenotyping of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers using computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:565-580. [PMID: 28691168 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep phenotyping tools for characterizing preclinical morphological conditions are important for supporting genetic research studies. Objectives of this retrospective, cross-sectional, methods comparison study were to describe and compare qualitative and quantitative deep phenotypic characteristics of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers using computed tomography (CT). Lumbosacral CT scans and medical records were retrieved from data archives at three veterinary hospitals. Using previously published qualitative CT diagnostic criteria, a board-certified veterinary radiologist assigned dogs as either lumbosacral stenosis positive or lumbosacral stenosis negative at six vertebral locations. A second observer independently measured vertebral canal area, vertebral fat area, and vertebral body area; and calculated ratios of vertebral canal area/vertebral body area and vertebral fat area/vertebral body area (fat area ratio) at all six locations. Twenty-five dogs were sampled (lumbosacral stenosis negative, 11 dogs; lumbosacral stenosis positive, 14 dogs). Of the six locations, cranial L6 was the most affected by lumbosacral stenosis (33%). Five of six dogs (83%) with clinical signs of lumbosacral pain were lumbosacral stenosis positive at two or more levels. All four quantitative variables were significantly smaller at the cranial aspects of the L6 and L7 vertebral foramina than at the caudal aspects (P < 0.0001). Fat area ratio was a significant predictor of lumbosacral stenosis positive status at all six locations with cranial L6 having the greatest predictive value (R2 = 0.43) and range of predictive probability (25-90%). Findings from the current study supported the use of CT as a deep phenotyping tool for future research studies of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Mukherjee
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Jeryl C Jones
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Ida Holásková
- Office of Statistics, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Raymond Raylman
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging, Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Jean Meade
- Cheat Lake Animal Hospital, Morgantown, WV, 26508
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13
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Dyall B, Schmökel H. Complete Cranial Iliac Osteotomy to Approach the Lumbosacral Foramen. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:75. [PMID: 28580360 PMCID: PMC5437186 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach using a complete cranial iliac osteotomy (CCIO) to access the lumbosacral (LS) foramen in dogs from lateral was developed using cadavers and applied in a clinical patient with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS). The foraminal enlargement in the cadavers and the patient was documented on postoperative CT scans. The preoperative CT scan of the patient showed moderate cranial telescoping of the sacral roof and a moderate central disk protrusion, leading to moderate to severe compression of the cauda equina. In addition, there was lateral spondylosis with consequential stenosis of the right LS foramen. The right L7 nerve had lost its fat attenuation and appeared thickened. After a routine L7S1 dorsal laminectomy with a partial discectomy, a CCIO was performed, providing good access to the LS foramen and the adhesions around the proximal L7 nerve caudoventral to the foramen. The osteotomy was stabilized with a locking plate and a cerclage wire. The dog recovered well from the procedures and after 36 h, the dog walked normally and was discharged from the hospital. Eight and 16 weeks later, the signs of the DLSS had markedly improved. From these data, it can be concluded that the CCIO is a useful approach to the LS foramen and intervertebral disk in selected patients with DLSS, giving good access to the structures around the LS foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dyall
- Ryggcenter, Specialistdjursjukhuset Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Schmökel
- Ryggcenter, Specialistdjursjukhuset Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
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Müller F, Schenk HC, Forterre F. Short-term and long-term effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral blocking procedure on the lumbosacral morphometry in dogs measured by computed tomography. Vet Surg 2017; 46:354-366. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franck Forterre
- Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Small Animal Clinic; Bern Switzerland
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Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, Jones BR, Mayhew JIG. Computed tomographic evaluation of dynamic alteration of the canine lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramina. Vet Surg 2017; 46:255-264. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Worth
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Angela Hartman
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Janis P. Bridges
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Boyd R. Jones
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Joe I. G. Mayhew
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
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Harder LK. [Diagnostic imaging of changes of the canine intervertebral disc]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:359-371. [PMID: 27658268 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration can cause intervertebral disc herniation. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, is the most important tool in diagnosis. Firstly, an overview of macroscopic and biochemical physiology and pathology of the intervertebral disc will be given. Subsequently, the physics of diagnostic imaging and the appearance of intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement in several imaging methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Harder
- Lisa K. Harder, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: will we see progress in the next 30 years? Vet J 2014; 202:201-2. [PMID: 25278383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jeffery ND, Barker A, Harcourt-Brown T. What progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? Vet J 2014; 201:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Antila JM, Jeserevics J, Rakauskas M, Anttila M, Cizinauskas S. Spinal dural ossification causing neurological signs in a cat. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:47. [PMID: 23777582 PMCID: PMC3694019 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-year-old Ragdoll cat underwent examination due to a six-month history of slowly progressive gait abnormalities. The cat presented with an ambulatory tetraparesis with a neurological examination indicating a C1-T2 myelopathy. Radiographs of the spine showed a radiopaque irregular line ventrally in the vertebral canal dorsal to vertebral bodies C3-C5. In this area, magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intradural extramedullary/extradural lesion compressing the spinal cord. The spinal cord was surgically decompressed. The cause of the spinal cord compression was dural ossification, a diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination of the surgically dissected sample of dura mater. The cat gradually improved after the procedure and was ambulating better than prior to the surgery. The cat’s locomotion later worsened again due to ossified plaques in the dura causing spinal cord compression on the same cervical area as before. Oral prednisolone treatment provided temporary remission. Ten months after surgery, the cat was euthanized due to severe worsening of gait abnormalities, non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Necropsy confirmed spinal cord compression and secondary degenerative changes in the spinal cord on cervical and lumbar areas caused by dural ossification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of spinal dural ossification in a cat. The reported cat showed neurological signs associated with these dural changes. Dural ossification should be considered in the differential diagnosis of compressive spinal cord disorders in cats.
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Cavanaugh M, Haworth D, Johnson R, Olson P, Rohde RD. Veterinarians and shelter animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1209. [PMID: 23600774 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.9.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Smolders LA, Bergknut N, Grinwis GC, Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Hazewinkel HA, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the dog. Part 2: Chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Vet J 2013; 195:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smolders LA, Voorhout G, van de Ven R, Bergknut N, Grinwis GCM, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Pedicle Screw-Rod Fixation of the Canine Lumbosacral Junction. Vet Surg 2012; 41:720-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Smolders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - George Voorhout
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Renée van de Ven
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology; Pathology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Herman A. W. Hazewinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Björn P. Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Bergknut N, Egenvall A, Hagman R, Gustås P, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP, Lagerstedt AS. Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration–related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1300-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.11.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jones JC, Gonzalez LM, Larson MM, Freeman LE, Werre SR. Feasibility and accuracy of ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:446-54. [PMID: 22548612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Frozen cadaver specimens from three dogs were used to create a sectional anatomic atlas of the sacroiliac region. Frozen/thawed cadaver specimens from 12 dogs were used to develop an ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection technique. Accuracy of the technique was tested in 15 additional canine cadaver specimens, using injectate containing blue dye and iodinated contrast medium. Sonoanatomic landmarks for consistently identifying a caudodorsal window into the canine sacroiliac joint space included the L7-S1 articular process joints, ilial wing, sacral wing, sacral lamina, and median sacral crest. Accuracy of ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection was not significantly affected by operator, but was affected by the tissue location targeted and the reference standard used for calculations. Accuracy of the technique was good for placing injectate into either the synchondrosis component, dorsal sacroiliac ligament or ventral sacroiliac ligament; fair to poor for placing injectate into the synovial component; and poor for placing injectate into all four sacroiliac soft tissue structures. Concurrent placement of injectate into extraarticular tissues occurred frequently. We conclude that ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection is feasible for evaluation as a treatment method for lumbosacral region pain in dogs, but is not sufficiently accurate for localizing pain to the sacroiliac joint alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl C Jones
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Surgical management of a Schmorl's node in an Airedale Terrier and review of the literature. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25:167-71. [PMID: 22286237 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-06-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a clinical case of Schmorl's node affecting the lumbosacral disc in an Airedale Terrier including surgical management, short-term outcome, and review of the literature. METHODS A five-year-old male Airedale Terrier with signs of chronic spinal pain and right hindlimb muscle fasciculation was diagnosed with a Schmorl's node with computed tomography. Repeat imaging performed two months later identified enlargement of the defect in the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) and herniation of the lumbosacral disc into the spinal canal. RESULTS Dorsal laminectomy and discectomy were performed and the defect was treated with curettage and stabilization of the L7 and first sacral vertebra disc space with pins and bone cement. Immediately postoperatively, the patient had proprioception deficits in the hindlimbs and decreased right patellar reflex. Over the next four months the dog's neurological condition improved and no neurological or gait deficits were present six months postoperatively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Schmorl's node may be a cause of signs of chronic pain in dogs. Successful management may be achieved surgically, although in the case reported here, recovery was prolonged. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of progressive enlargement of a Schmorl's node in a dog.
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Bergknut N, Auriemma E, Wijsman S, Voorhout G, Hagman R, Lagerstedt AS, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Evaluation of intervertebral disk degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs by use of Pfirrmann grading of images obtained with low-field magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:893-8. [PMID: 21728849 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the Pfirrmann system for grading lumbar intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration in humans can also be used in dogs. ANIMALS 202 dogs. PROCEDURES Magnetic resonance imaging was used to obtain images of vertebral segments from dogs, which were reviewed separately by 3 observers who graded the extent of degeneration in each visible IVD by use of the Pfirrmann classification system used for grading lumbar IVD degeneration in humans. Grading was validated against 2 factors associated with the extent of disk degeneration: type of dog (chondrodystrophic or nonchondrodystrophic breeds) and age. RESULTS Interobserver and intraobserver agreement for Pfirrmann grading of IVD degeneration were good (κ scores, 0.81 to 0.93). An increase in the extent of disk degeneration was positively correlated with increases in age and with chondrodystrophic breed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Pfirrmann system was reliably used to grade IVD degeneration in dogs of various breeds and ages. An increase in the extent of IVD degeneration was positively correlated with increases in age and with chondrodystrophic-type dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bergknut
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Higgins BM, Cripps PJ, Baker M, Moore L, Penrose FE, McConnell JF. Effects of body position, imaging plane, and observer on computed tomographic measurements of the lumbosacral intervertebral foraminal area in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:905-17. [PMID: 21728851 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of imaging plane, flexion and extension, patient weight, and observer on computed tomographic (CT) image measurements of the area of the lumbosacral (L7-S1) intervertebral foramen (LSIF) in dogs. SAMPLE 12 dog cadavers (2 were excluded because of foraminal stenosis). PROCEDURES In each cadaver, sagittal, sagittal oblique, transverse oblique, and double oblique CT images were obtained at 3 zones (entrance, middle, and exit zones) of the region of the lateral lumbar spinal canal that comprises the LSIF while the lumbosacral junction (LSJ) was positioned in flexion or extension. Barium-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate was used to fill the intervertebral foramina to aid boundary detection. Measurements of interest were obtained. RESULTS Among the dog cadavers, there was large variability in LSIF cross-sectional areas (range, 0.12 to 0.44 cm2; SD, 0.1 cm2) and in foraminal angles required to obtain a double oblique plane in LSJ extension (SD, 8 ° to 9 °). For LSIF area measurements in standard sagittal CT images, interobserver variability was 23% to 44% and intraobserver variability was 4% to 5%. Sagittal oblique images obtained during LSJ extension yielded smaller mean LSIF areas (0.30 cm2), compared with findings in sagittal images (0.37 to 0.52 cm2). The exit and middle zone areas were smaller than the entrance zone area in sagittal images obtained during LSJ extension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repeated measurements of the LSIF area in images obtained during LSJ extension may be unreliable as a result of interobserver variability and the effects of dog positioning and CT slice orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Higgins
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, England
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Bergknut N, Grinwis G, Pickee E, Auriemma E, Lagerstedt AS, Hagman R, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Reliability of macroscopic grading of intervertebral disk degeneration in dogs by use of the Thompson system and comparison with low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:899-904. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: Current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:319-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jones JC, Davies SE, Werre SR, Shackelford KL. Effects of body position and clinical signs on L7-S1 intervertebral foraminal area and lumbosacral angle in dogs with lumbosacral disease as measured via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1446-54. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Polizopoulou Z, Koutinas A, Patsikas M, Soubasis N. Evaluation of a proposed therapeutic protocol in 12 dogs with tentative degenerative myelopathy. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:293-301. [PMID: 18828481 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of a proposed therapeutic protocol in 12 dogs with a tentative diagnosis of degenerative myelopathy, followed-up for a 6-month period. Twelve dogs fulfilling the antemortem inclusion criteria (breed, age, adequate vaccination, history of progressive posterior ataxia and/or paraparesis, no radiographic and myelographic abnormalities in the spinal cord and vertebral column) were allocated. All these dogs presented signs of thoracolumbar syndrome (T3-L3), scored as grade I (mild to moderate ataxia and paraparesis) in 10 and grade II (severe ataxia and ambulatory paraparesis) in 2 cases. Treatment included the use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid and N-acetylcysteine, supplemented with vitamins B, C and E. Prednisolone was given for the first two weeks and upon worsening of neurological signs. Daily exercise, performed as walking or swimming, was strongly recommended. Clinicopathological evaluation was normal in all 12 dogs, and survey radiographs and myelograms did not show spinal cord compression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed only in 4 dogs, did not disclose compressive disorders or intramedullary lesions. Neurological signs were progressively worsening in all 12 animals, eventually resulting in severe paraparesis (grade III) or paraplegia (grade IV). The applied medications do not appear to be an attractive alternative to conservative management (physiotherapy) or euthanasia in canine degenerative myelopathy, irrespective of its chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Polizopoulou
- 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 546 27 Thessaloniki Stavrou Voutyra st. 11 Greece
| | - Alexander Koutinas
- 2 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Clinic of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Michael Patsikas
- 2 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Clinic of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nektarios Soubasis
- 2 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Clinic of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Thessaloniki Greece
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Steffen F, Hunold K, Scharf G, Roos M, Flückiger M. A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1529-33. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.10.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dabanoglu I. Normal morphometry of the thoracic aorta in the german shepherd dog: a computed tomographic study. Anat Histol Embryol 2007; 36:163-7. [PMID: 17535345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomographic images of the thoracic aorta of 14 German shepherd dogs were examined in order to determine the morphometry of the thoracic aorta. Examinations were carried out in the transverse plane at both intervertebral and mid-vertebral levels of each thoracic vertebra between T(5) and T(13). The dorsoventral and transversal diameters as well as cross-section area of the thoracic aorta were measured. The widest transversal diameter was observed at T(4-5), whereas the largest dorsoventral diameter was detected at T(5). The maximum cross-section area was detected at T(4-5). When dorsoventral and transversal diameters were compared between males and females, the aortic diameter was found to be smaller in males than in females. Although the shape of the thoracic aorta was transversal oval in the majority of the examined females, the shape of the thoracic aorta was dorsoventral oval in the majority of the males. There were significant differences between all levels measured for transversal (P < 0.001), dorsoventral (P < 0.001) diameters and cross-section area (P < 0.001) of the thoracic aorta. And there was a significant correlation between the three parameters examined. However, the correlation coefficient was highest in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dabanoglu
- Adnan Menderes Universitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Anatomi Anabilim Dali, Iskli, Aydin, Turkey.
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Ohlerth S, Scharf G. Computed tomography in small animals – Basic principles and state of the art applications. Vet J 2007; 173:254-71. [PMID: 16516508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its clinical introduction, computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized veterinary medicine and is considered to be one of the most valuable tools for the imaging work-up of neurological, oncological and orthopaedic canine and feline patients. In small animals with acute trauma, particularly those involving complex anatomic areas such as the head, spine or pelvis, CT has been established as a standard imaging method. With the increasing availability of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine, CT has also become the principal tool to stage a tumour, assess response, and guide radiation therapy. The increasing availability of helical CT in veterinary medicine has allowed novel techniques such as spiral CT angiography and high-resolution CT. This review provides a brief overview of the historical and technical development of CT and literature reviews of the major clinical CT applications in small animals such as intracranial and extracranial lesions, the spine, the appendicular skeleton, and abdominal and thoracic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Suwankong N, Voorhout G, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Agreement between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1924-9. [PMID: 17173530 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.12.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of agreement between computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. DESIGN Observational study. ANIMALS 35 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. PROCEDURES Results of preoperative CT and MRI were compared with surgical findings with respect to degree and location of disk protrusion, position of the dural sac, amount of epidural fat, and swelling of spinal nerve roots. RESULTS A lumbosacral step was seen on radiographic images from 22 of 32 (69%) dogs, on CT images from 23 of 35 (66%) dogs, and on MR images from 21 of 35 (60%) dogs. Most dogs had slight or moderate disk protrusion that was centrally located. There was substantial or near perfect agreement between CT and MRI findings in regard to degree of disk protrusion (kappa, 0.88), location of disk protrusion (0.63), position of the dural sac (0.89), amount of epidural fat (0.72), and swelling of spinal nerve roots (0.60). The degree of agreement between CT and surgical findings and between MRI and surgical findings was moderate in regard to degree and location of disk protrusion (kappa, 0.44 to 0.56) and swelling of spinal nerve roots (0.40 and 0.50). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate that there is a high degree of agreement between CT and MRI findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis but that the degree of agreement between diagnostic imaging findings and surgical findings is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyada Suwankong
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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da Costa RC, Parent JM, Partlow G, Dobson H, Holmberg DL, Lamarre J. Morphologic and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging features of Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1601-12. [PMID: 16948609 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare morphologic and morphometric features of the cervical vertebral column and spinal cord of Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM; wobbler syndrome) detected via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS 16 clinically normal and 16 CSM-affected Doberman Pinschers. PROCEDURES For each dog, MRI of the cervical vertebral column (in neutral and traction positions) was performed. Morphologically, MRI abnormalities were classified according to a spinal cord compression scale. Foraminal stenosis and intervertebral disk degeneration and protrusion were also recorded. Morphometric measurements of the vertebral canal and spinal cord were obtained in sagittal and transverse MRI planes. RESULTS 4 of 16 clinically normal and 15 of 16 CSM-affected dogs had spinal cord compression. Twelve clinically normal and all CSM-affected dogs had disk degeneration. Foraminal stenosis was detected in 11 clinically normal and 14 CSM-affected dogs. Vertebral canal and spinal cord areas were consistently smaller in CSM-affected dogs, compared with clinically normal dogs. In neutral and traction positions, the intervertebral disks of CSM-affected dogs were wider than those of clinically normal dogs but the amount of disk distraction was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration and foraminal stenosis in clinically normal Doberman Pinschers was high; cervical spinal cord compression may be present without concurrent clinical signs. A combination of static factors (ie, a relatively stenotic vertebral canal and wider intervertebral disks) distinguished CSM-affected dogs from clinically normal dogs and appears to be a key feature in the pathogenesis of CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Rossmeisl JH, Rohleder JJ, Hancock R, Lanz OI. Computed tomographic features of suspected traumatic injury to the iliopsoas and pelvic limb musculature of a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:388-92. [PMID: 15487562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed-tomographic (CT) findings in a dog with acute suspected traumatic injury to the iliopsoas and neighboring pelvic musculature include enlargement of the affected muscles, multifocal intramuscular hypoattenuating areas, and nonuniform contrast enhancement of injured musculature. The CT features are postulated to be the result of intramuscular edema and inflammation, and correspond well to previously described ultrasonographic findings in dogs. Because of the close anatomic association between the femoral nerve and iliopsoas muscle, dogs with suspected iliopsoas injuries should be carefully evaluated for evidence of femoral nerve dysfunction. CT imaging may provide useful information regarding the nature and extent of iliopsoas muscular damage, as well as concurrent injuries in the actuely traumatized patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Mail Code 0442, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Dabanoglu I, Kara ME, Turan E, Ocal MK. Morphometry of the thoracic spine in German shepherd dog: a computed tomographic study. Anat Histol Embryol 2004; 33:53-8. [PMID: 15027964 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomographic images of the thoracic spine of 13 German shepherd dogs were examined in order to determine the thoracic spine morphometry. Examinations were carried out in the transverse plane both intervertebral and mid-vertebral levels of the each thoracic vertebrae. The dorsoventral and interpedicular diameters of the spinal canal, the dorsoventral and transverse diameters of the vertebral body, the dorsoventral and transverse diameters of the spinal cord and also the cross-section area of the spinal canal were measured. The maximum values were found to be at the level of C7-T1. The shapes of the spinal canal and cord were circular in middle part, the shape became transverse oval in the cranial and caudal parts of the thoracic spine. The most significant correlation between the diameters was found to be in male dogs, except between dorsoventral diameters of the spinal canal and that of the vertebral body and between dorsoventral diameters of the spinal canal and transverse diameters of the vertebral body.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dabanoglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy significantly increased the area of the L7-S1 intervertebral foramen and if, over 12 weeks, stenosis would occur. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. ANIMAL POPULATION Six clinically normal, 22-29 kg, adult dogs. METHODS Using endoscopic assistance, unilateral L7-S1 foraminotomy was performed. Computed tomography of L7-S1 was performed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 12 weeks. Parasagittal foramen area (PFA) measurements were obtained at the entry, middle, and exit zones of the treated and control foramen for each period. Objective and subjective data were compared among dogs by time period and treatment status. RESULTS Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy resulted in a significant increase in the mean PFA of the entry and middle zones immediately postoperatively. The exit zone was not significantly larger at any time. The foramen remained significantly larger at 12 weeks only in the middle zone; however, some decrease in the surgically created foramen enlargement occurred at all 3 levels. The procedure was well tolerated but dogs did have transient, mild delay of functional return postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy in dogs can be performed for certain foraminal regions, allowing enhanced visibility of the spinal canal. The foramen can be surgically enlarged at the entry and middle zones using this technique; however, some reduction of the foraminal enlargement occurs by 12 weeks. The clinical implications of this reduction cannot be determined from this study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Endoscopic-assisted foraminotomy could be used to improve intraoperative visualization in dogs with foraminal stenosis as a component of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Wood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Axlund TW, Hudson JA. Computed tomography of the normal lumbosacral intervertebral disc in 22 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 44:630-4. [PMID: 14703241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography of the lumbosacral spine was performed on 22 purpose-bred, medium-sized hound dogs between 1 and 6 years of age. Images were evaluated to determine the degree of disc bulge. All dogs were neurologically normal. Dogs were imaged in dorsal recumbency with the pelvic limbs variably extended. Sagittal reconstructions were made from transverse images. The mean (+/-SD) width of the mid-portion of the L7-S1 intervertebral disc was 0.5 +/- 0.07 cm (range 0.33-0.62 cm). All L7-S1 intervertebral discs were dorsally convex, with the mean bulge measuring 0.25 +/- 0.07 cm (range 0.17-0.50 cm). The height of the vertebral canal at L7-S1 was 0.91 +/- 0.11 cm (range 0.68-1.15 cm). The mean percentage of the vertebral canal occupied by the bulge was 26.89 +/- 5.05% (range 20.74-43.08%). Mild bulging of the L7-S1 intervertebral disc can be present without associated neuropathy in medium-sized dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Axlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5524, USA
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Mayhew PD, Kapatkin AS, Wortman JA, Vite CH. Association of cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance images and clinical signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38:555-62. [PMID: 12428888 DOI: 10.5326/0380555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine the lumbosacral spine of 27 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Four normal dogs were also similarly imaged. Compression of the soft-tissue structures within the vertebral canal at the lumbosacral space was assessed in two ways: by measuring dorsoventral diameter on T1-weighted sagittal images and cross-sectional area on transverse images. The severity of the clinical signs was compared to the severity of cauda equina compression. No significant correlation was found. It is concluded that degree of compression as determined by MRI at time of presentation is independent of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp D Mayhew
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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