1
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Hu Frisk J, Wang L. Molecular characterization of Drosophila melanogaster thymidylate kinase. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38518117 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2332410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila has been used as an animal model to study pathogenic mechanism of neurological disorders. Thymidylate kinase (TMPK) is an essential enzyme in dTTP synthesis catalyzing the phosphorylation of dTMP to dTDP. Loss of function mutations in the DTYMK gene, coding for TMPK, cause severe microcephaly in human patients. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster TMPK (DmTMPK) was cloned, expressed, purified and characterized. Unlike human TMPK, DmTMPK phosphorylated not only dTMP and dUMP but also dGMP and dIMP although with low efficiency. ATP and dATP are the most efficient phosphate donor but at higher concentration (>1 mM) ATP inhibited DmTMPK activity. Sequence and structural model analysis explain why DmTMPK could phosphorylate purine nucleoside monophosphates. This study has laid a solid foundation for future study of TMPK function in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Hu Frisk
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Ali Y, Khan AA, Alanazi AM, Abdikakharovich SA, Shah JA, Ren ZG, Khattak S. Identification of the myxobacterial secondary metabolites Aurachin A and Soraphinol A as promising inhibitors of thymidylate kinase of the Monkeypox virus. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10764-x. [PMID: 38183513 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMPK) of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged as a promising target for potential therapeutics due to its significant role in pyrimidine metabolism. While smallpox drugs are advised for treating monkeypox, the European Medicine Agency has sanctioned Tecovirimat due to its potent nanomolar activity. Nonetheless, there is a need for monkeypox-specific therapeutic options. In this work, we employed docking-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify myxobacterial secondary metabolites as promising anti-viral natural compounds capable of inhibiting thymidylate kinase. The computational pharmacokinetics and manual curation of top-scoring compounds identified six lead compounds that were compared in terms of protein-ligand contacts and protein-essential dynamics. The study shows that among the six candidates, Aurachin A and the Soraphinol analogues such as Soraphinol A and Soraphinol C remain very stable compared to other compounds, enabling the active site integrity via a stable dynamics pattern. We also show that other compounds such as Phenoxan, Phenylnannolone C, and 8E-Aurafuron B remain unstable and have a negative impact on the active site integrity and may not be suitable binders for TMPK protein. Analyzing the Aurachin A and Soraphinol A binding, the established hydrogen bonds with Arg93 and the conserved hydrophobic interaction with Tyr101 are consistent with previous experimental interactions. Additionally, a deeper insight into the indole and the aromatic ring interaction through π-π stacking and π-cation interactions, as well as the background of Aurachin A and Soraphinol A as a bioactive compound, has significant implications not only for its potential as a promising drug but also for directing future drug discovery efforts targeting the TMPK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Azmat Ali Khan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer M Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Junaid Ali Shah
- Ferghana Medical Institute of Public Health, 104100, Ferghana, Uzbekistan
| | - Zhi-Guang Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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3
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Alagarsamy V, Shyam Sundar P, Raja Solomon V, Narendhar B, Sulthana MT, Rohitha K, Dhanwar S, Dharshini Aishwarya A, Murugesan S. Pharmacophore modelling-based drug repurposing approaches for monkeypox therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10678-10689. [PMID: 36905675 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2188428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease that mainly affects tropical rainforest regions of central and west Africa, with sporadic exportations to other places. Since there is no cure, treating monkeypox with an antiviral drug developed for smallpox is currently acceptable. Our study mainly focused on finding new therapeutics to target monkeypox from existing compounds or medications. It is a successful method for discovering or developing medicinal compounds with novel pharmacological or therapeutic applications. In this study, homology modelling developed the Monkeypox VarTMPK (IMNR) structure. Ligand-based pharmacophore was generated using the best docking pose of standard ticovirimat. Further, molecular docking analysis showed compounds, tetrahydroxycurcumin, procyanidin, rutin, vicenin-2, kaempferol 3-(6''-malonylglucoside) were the top five binding energy compounds against VarTMPK (1MNR). Furthermore, we carried out MD simulations for 100 ns for the six compounds, including reference based on the binding energies and interactions. MD studies revealed that as ticovirimat interacted with residues Lys17, Ser18, and Arg45, all the above five compounds interacted with the same amino acids at the active site during docking and simulation studies. Among all the compounds, ZINC4649679 (Tetrahydroxycurcumin) was shown to have the highest binding energy -9.7 kcal/mol and also observed stable protein-ligand complex during MD studies. ADMET profile estimation showed that the docked phytochemicals were safe. However, further biological assessment through a wet lab is essential to measure the efficacy and safety of the compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alagarsamy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - P Shyam Sundar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Raja Solomon
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Narendhar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - M T Sulthana
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kotha Rohitha
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sangeeta Dhanwar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Dharshini Aishwarya
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, India
| | - S Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS, Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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4
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Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Muralitharan I, Vivek-Ananth RP, Kumar K, Kumar G, Ranganathan G, Samal A. In silico identification of potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins from FDA approved drugs. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2169-2184. [PMID: 36331784 PMCID: PMC9638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox outbreak 'A public health emergency of international concern'. The monkeypox virus belongs to the same Orthopoxvirus genus as smallpox. Although smallpox drugs are recommended for use against monkeypox, monkeypox-specific drugs are not yet available. Drug repurposing is a viable and efficient approach in the face of such an outbreak. Therefore, we present a computational drug repurposing study to identify the existing approved drugs which can be potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins, thymidylate kinase and D9 decapping enzyme. The target protein structures of the monkeypox virus were modelled using the corresponding protein structures in the vaccinia virus. We identified four potential inhibitors namely, Tipranavir, Cefiderocol, Doxorubicin, and Dolutegravir as candidates for repurposing against monkeypox virus from a library of US FDA approved antiviral and antibiotic drugs using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The main goal of this in silico study is to identify potential inhibitors against monkeypox virus proteins that can be further experimentally validated for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against monkeypox disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | | | - R P Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishan Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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5
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Dsouza L, Pant A, Offei S, Priyamvada L, Pope B, Satheshkumar PS, Wang Z, Yang Z. Antiviral activities of two nucleos(t)ide analogs against vaccinia, mpox, and cowpox viruses in primary human fibroblasts. Antiviral Res 2023:105651. [PMID: 37270160 PMCID: PMC10234405 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many poxviruses are significant human and animal pathogens, including viruses that cause smallpox and mpox (formerly monkeypox). Identifying novel and potent antiviral compounds is critical to successful drug development targeting poxviruses. Here we tested two compounds, nucleoside trifluridine, and nucleotide adefovir dipivoxil, for antiviral activities against vaccinia virus (VACV), mpox virus (MPXV), and cowpox virus (CPXV) in physiologically relevant primary human fibroblasts. Both compounds potently inhibited the replication of VACV, CPXV, and MPXV (MA001 2022 isolate) in plaque assays. In our recently developed assay based on a recombinant VACV expressing secreted Gaussia luciferase, they both exhibited high potency in inhibiting VACV replication with EC50s in the low nanomolar range. In addition, both trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. Our results characterized trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil as strong poxvirus antiviral compounds and further validate the VACV Gaussia luciferase assay as a highly efficient and reliable reporter tool for identifying poxvirus inhibitors. Given that both compounds are FDA-approved drugs, and trifluridine is already used to treat ocular vaccinia, further development of trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil holds great promise in treating poxvirus infections, including mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Dsouza
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Blake Pope
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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6
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Srivastava V, Naik B, Godara P, Das D, Mattaparthi VSK, Prusty D. Identification of FDA-approved drugs with triple targeting mode of action for the treatment of monkeypox: a high throughput virtual screening study. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10636-4. [PMID: 37079243 PMCID: PMC10116100 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, as of August 23, 94 countries had confirmed 42,954 Monkeypox Virus cases. As specific monkeypox drugs are not yet developed, the treatment depends on repurposed FDA-approved drugs. According to a recent study, the Monkeypox outbreak is caused by a strain with a unique mutation, raising the likelihood that the virus will develop resistance to current drugs by acquiring mutations in the targets of currently used drugs. The probability of multiple mutations in two or more drug targets at a time is always low than mutation in a single drug target. Therefore, we identified 15 triple-targeting FDA-approved drugs that can inhibit three viral targets, including topoisomerase1, p37, and thymidylate kinase, using high throughput virtual screening approach. Further, the molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the top hits such as Naldemedine and Saquinavir with their respective targets reveals the formation of stable conformational changes of the ligand-protein complexes inside the dynamic biological environment. We suggest further research on these triple-targeting molecules to develop an effective therapy for the currently spreading Monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshita Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Biswajit Naik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Priya Godara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Dorothy Das
- Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Venkata Satish Kumar Mattaparthi
- Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Dhaneswar Prusty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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7
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Sinha P, Yadav AK. Identification of novel potential inhibitor of thymidylate kinase from Variola virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14092-14102. [PMID: 36907647 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2188426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A hit compound was designed using Fragment Based Drug Designing (FBDD) approach, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to find the structural and electronic properties. Additionally, pharmacokinetic properties were studied to understand the biological response of the compound. Docking studies were carried out with the protein structure of VrTMPK and HssTMPK with the reported hit compound. The favored docked complex was further carried to perform MD simulations; the RMSD plot and H-bond analysis was done for 200 ns. Also, MM-PBSA was done to understand the binding energy constituents and stability of the complex. A comparative study of the designed hit compound was done with FDA approved Tecovirimat. As a result, it was found that the reported compound (POX-A)is a potential selective inhibitor for Variola virus. Hence, it can be used to study further in vivo and in vitro behavior of the compound.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashasti Sinha
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Garcia DR, Souza FR, Guimarães AP, Valis M, Pavelek Z, Kuca K, Ramalho TC, França TCC. In Silico Studies of Potential Selective Inhibitors of Thymidylate Kinase from Variola virus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101027. [PMID: 34681251 PMCID: PMC8537287 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing the work developed by our research group, in the present manuscript, we performed a theoretical study of 10 new structures derived from the antivirals cidofovir and ribavirin, as inhibitor prototypes for the enzyme thymidylate kinase from Variola virus (VarTMPK). The proposed structures were subjected to docking calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations, using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method, inside the active sites of VarTMPK and human TMPK (HssTMPK). The docking and molecular dynamic studies pointed to structures 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 as more selective towards VarTMPK. In addition, the free energy data calculated through the MM-PBSA method, corroborated these results. This suggests that these compounds are potential selective inhibitors of VarTMPK and, thus, can be considered as template molecules to be synthesized and experimentally evaluated against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Garcia
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tiburcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
| | - Felipe R. Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22541-041, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. Guimarães
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Avenida P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Centro, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zbyšek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (Z.P.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UFLA, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Tanos C. C. França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tiburcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.C.F.)
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9
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Sinha K, Rule GS. Conformational diversity defines substrate specificity of thymidylate/uridylate kinase from Candida albicans. Proteins 2021; 89:937-944. [PMID: 33682244 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMK) from Candida albicans (CaTMK) contains a unique 15 residue insert, the CaLoop, that is not found on other TMKs. CaTMK is proficient at phosphorylating deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), showing a rate 6-fold higher than TMP. It has been shown that deletion of the CaLoop reduces the activity towards dUMP by 19-fold, but has only a modest 4-fold decrease in activity towards TMP. The molecular dynamics calculations presented here show that the increased activity towards dUMP is due to an increase in flexibility and correlated motions of the protein that allows the enzyme-dUMP complex to more readily approach a catalytically competent state. Deletion of the CaLoop allows the dUMP-enzyme complex to adopt catalytically non-functional conformations. In contrast, TMP stabilizes the deletion such that it remains in a functional conformation that is similar to the conformation of the original enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon S Rule
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Chaudhary SK, Iyyappan Y, Elayappan M, Jeyakanthan J, Sekar K. Insights into product release dynamics through structural analyses of thymidylate kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:637-647. [PMID: 30447376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on enzyme catalysis have pointed out that the product release event could be a rate limiting step. In this study, we have compared the release event of two products, Adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and Thymidine di-phosphate (TDP) from the active-site of human and Thermus thermophilus thymidine mono-phosphate kinase (TMPK), referred to as hTMPK and ttTMPK, respectively. TMPK catalyses the conversion of Thymidine mono-phosphate (TMP) to TDP using ATP as phosphoryl donor in the presence of Mg2+ ion. Most of the earlier studies on this enzyme have focused on understanding substrate binding and catalysis, but the critical product release event remains elusive. Competitive binding experiments of the substrates and the products using ttTMPK apo crystals have indicated that the substrate (TMP) can replace the bound product (TDP), even in the presence of an ADP molecule. Further, the existing random accelerated molecular dynamics (RAMD) simulation program was modified to study the release of both the products simultaneously from the active site. The RAMD simulations on product-bound structures of both ttTMPK and hTMPK, revealed that while several exit patterns of the products are permissible, the sequential exit mode is the most preferred pattern for both ttTMPK and hTMPK enzymes. Additionally, the product release from the hTMPK was found to be faster and more directional as compared to ttTMPK. Structural investigation revealed that the critical changes in the residue composition in the LID-region of ttTMPK and hTMPK have an effect on the product release and can be attributed to the observed differences during product release event. Understanding of these dissimilarities is of considerable utility in designing potent inhibitors or prodrugs that can distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic homologues of thymidylate kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuvaraj Iyyappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohanapriya Elayappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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11
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Irwin CR, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Targeting Nucleotide Biosynthesis: A Strategy for Improving the Oncolytic Potential of DNA Viruses. Front Oncol 2017; 7:229. [PMID: 29018771 PMCID: PMC5622948 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of tumors depends upon elevated levels of dNTPs, and while dNTP concentrations are tightly regulated in normal cells, this control is often lost in transformed cells. This feature of cancer cells has been used to advantage to develop oncolytic DNA viruses. DNA viruses employ many different mechanisms to increase dNTP levels in infected cells, because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. By disrupting the virus-encoded gene(s) that normally promote dNTP biosynthesis, one can assemble oncolytic versions of these agents that replicate selectively in cancer cells. This review covers the pathways involved in dNTP production, how they are dysregulated in cancer cells, and the various approaches that have been used to exploit this biology to improve the tumor specificity of oncolytic viruses. In particular, we compare and contrast the ways that the different types of oncolytic virus candidates can directly modulate these processes. We limit our review to the large DNA viruses that naturally encode homologs of the cellular enzymes that catalyze dNTP biogenesis. Lastly, we consider how this knowledge might guide future development of oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Irwin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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12
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Sinha K, Rule GS. The Structure of Thymidylate Kinase from Candida albicans Reveals a Unique Structural Element. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4360-4370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Sinha
- Department of Biological
Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gordon S. Rule
- Department of Biological
Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Biswas A, Jasti S, Jeyakanthan J, Sekar K. Role of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics in the substrate specificity and oligomerization mode of thymidylate kinases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2136-2154. [PMID: 27376462 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of DNA, making it an important target for the development of anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs. TMK homologs exhibit significant variations in sequence, residue conformation, substrate specificity, and oligomerization mode. However, the influence of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics on its quaternary structure and function has not been studied before. Based on extensive sequence and structure analyses, our study detected several non-conserved residues which are linked by co-evolution and are implicated in the observed variations in flexibility, oligomeric assembly, and substrate specificity among the homologs. These lead to differences in the pattern of interactions at the active site in TMKs of different specificity. The method was further tested on TMK from Sulfolobus tokodaii (StTMK) which has substantial differences in sequence and structure compared to other TMKs. Our analyses pointed to a more flexible dTMP-binding site in StTMK compared to the other homologs. Binding assays proved that the protein can accommodate both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides at the dTMP binding site with comparable affinity. Additionally, the residues responsible for the narrow specificity of Brugia malayi TMK, whose three-dimensional structure is unavailable, were detected. Our study provides a residue-level understanding of the differences observed among TMK homologs in previous experiments. It also illustrates the correlation among sequence evolution, conformational dynamics, oligomerization mode, and substrate recognition in TMKs and detects co-evolving residues that affect binding, which should be taken into account while designing novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Biswas
- a Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Subbarao Jasti
- b Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Bangalore 560065 , India
| | | | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- d Department of Computational and Data Sciences , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
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A novel viral thymidylate kinase with dual kinase activity. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:431-40. [PMID: 26315341 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide phosphorylation is a key step in DNA replication and viral infections, since suitable levels of nucleotide triphosphates pool are required for this process. Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) is produced either by de novo or salvage pathways, which is further phosphorylated to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). Thymidyne monophosphate kinase (TMK) is the enzyme in the junction of both pathways, which phosphorylates dTMP to yield deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP) using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a phosphate donor. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genome contains an open reading frame (ORF454) that encodes a thymidine kinase and TMK domains in a single polypeptide. We overexpressed the TMK ORF454 domain (TMKwssv) and its specific activity was measured with dTMP and dTDP as phosphate acceptors. We found that TMKwssv can phosphorylate dTMP to yield dTDP and also is able to use dTDP as a substrate to produce dTTP. Kinetic parameters K M and k cat were calculated for dTMP (110 μM, 3.6 s(-1)), dTDP (251 μM, 0.9 s(-1)) and ATP (92 μM, 3.2 s(-1)) substrates, and TMKwssv showed a sequential ordered bi-bi reaction mechanism. The binding constants K d for dTMP (1.9 μM) and dTDP (10 μM) to TMKwssv were determined by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. The affinity of the nucleotidic analog stavudine monophosphate was in the same order of magnitude (K d 3.6 μM) to the canonical substrate dTMP. These results suggest that nucleotide analogues such as stavudine could be a suitable antiviral strategy for the WSSV-associated disease.
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16
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Kasthuri M, El Amri C, Lefort V, Périgaud C, Peyrottes S. Synthesis and study of (R)- and (S)-β-hydroxyphosphonate acyclonucleosides as structural analogues of (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir). NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the acyclic chain highly impacts antiviral activity and recognition by human nmpks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kasthuri
- IBMM
- UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors
- University Montpellier 2
- 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités
- Univ. Paris 06
- UMR 8256 Adaptation biologique et vieillissement
- Enzymologie moléculaire et fonctionnelle
- Equipe Vieillissement Cellulaire Intégré et Inflammation
| | - Valérie Lefort
- Sorbonne Universités
- Univ. Paris 06
- UMR 8256 Adaptation biologique et vieillissement
- Enzymologie moléculaire et fonctionnelle
- Equipe Vieillissement Cellulaire Intégré et Inflammation
| | - Christian Périgaud
- IBMM
- UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors
- University Montpellier 2
- 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- IBMM
- UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors
- University Montpellier 2
- 34095 Montpellier, France
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KAY-2-41, a novel nucleoside analogue inhibitor of orthopoxviruses in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:27-37. [PMID: 24126587 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01601-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of adequate treatments for poxvirus infections would be valuable not only for human use but also for veterinary use. In the search for novel antiviral agents, a 1'-methyl-substituted 4'-thiothymidine nucleoside, designated KAY-2-41, emerged as an efficient inhibitor of poxviruses. In vitro, KAY-2-41 was active in the micromolar range against orthopoxviruses (OPVs) and against the parapoxvirus orf. The compound preserved its antiviral potency against OPVs resistant to the reference molecule cidofovir. KAY-2-41 had no noticeable toxicity on confluent monolayers, but a cytostatic effect was seen on growing cells. Genotyping of vaccinia virus (VACV), cowpox virus, and camelpox virus selected for resistance to KAY-2-41 revealed a nucleotide deletion(s) close to the ATP binding site or a nucleotide substitution close to the substrate binding site in the viral thymidine kinase (TK; J2R) gene. These mutations resulted in low levels of resistance to KAY-2-41 ranging from 2.7- to 6.0-fold and cross-resistance to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-BrdU) but not to cidofovir. The antiviral effect of KAY-2-41 relied, at least in part, on activation (phosphorylation) by the viral TK, as shown through enzymatic assays. The compound protected animals from disease and mortality after a lethal challenge with VACV, reduced viral loads in the serum, and abolished virus replication in tissues. In conclusion, KAY-2-41 is a promising nucleoside analogue for the treatment of poxvirus-induced diseases. Our findings warrant the evaluation of additional 1'-carbon-substituted 4'-thiothymidine derivatives as broad-spectrum antiviral agents, since this molecule also showed antiviral potency against herpes simplex virus 1 in earlier studies.
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Cui H, Carrero-Lérida J, Silva APG, Whittingham JL, Brannigan JA, Ruiz-Pérez LM, Read KD, Wilson KS, González-Pacanowska D, Gilbert IH. Synthesis and evaluation of α-thymidine analogues as novel antimalarials. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10948-57. [PMID: 23240776 PMCID: PMC3530961 DOI: 10.1021/jm301328h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Plasmodium falciparum thymidylate kinase
(PfTMPK) is a key enzyme in pyrimidine nucleotide
biosynthesis.
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-chloro-phenyl-urea-α-thymidine has been
reported as an inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis TMPK (MtTMPK). Starting from this point, we designed,
synthesized and evaluated a number of thymidine analogues as antimalarials.
Both 5′-urea-α- and β-thymidine derivatives were
moderate inhibitors of PfTMPK and furthermore showed
moderate inhibition of parasite growth. The structure of several enzyme–inhibitor
complexes provides a basis for improved inhibitor design. However,
we found that certain 5′-urea-α-thymidine analogues had
antimalarial activity where inhibition of PfTMPK
is not the major mode of action. Optimization of this series resulted
in a compound with potent antimalarial activity (EC50 =
28 nM; CC50 = 29 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Cui
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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Ferrelli ML, Salvador R, Biedma ME, Berretta MF, Haase S, Sciocco-Cap A, Ghiringhelli PD, Romanowski V. Genome of Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV), a polyorganotropic fast killing betabaculovirus with a novel thymidylate kinase gene. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:548. [PMID: 23051685 PMCID: PMC3496565 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epinotia aporema (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important pest of legume crops in South America. Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV) is a baculovirus that causes a polyorganotropic infection in the host larva. Its high pathogenicity and host specificity make EpapGV an excellent candidate to be used as a biological control agent. RESULTS The genome of Epinotia aporema granulovirus (EpapGV) was sequenced and analyzed. Its circular double-stranded DNA genome is 119,082 bp in length and codes for 133 putative genes. It contains the 31 baculovirus core genes and a set of 19 genes that are GV exclusive. Seventeen ORFs were unique to EpapGV in comparison with other baculoviruses. Of these, 16 found no homologues in GenBank, and one encoded a thymidylate kinase. Analysis of nucleotide sequence repeats revealed the presence of 16 homologous regions (hrs) interspersed throughout the genome. Each hr was characterized by the presence of 1 to 3 clustered imperfect palindromes which are similar to previously described palindromes of tortricid-specific GVs. Also, one of the hrs (hr4) has flanking sequences suggestive of a putative non-hr ori. Interestingly, two more complex hrs were found in opposite loci, dividing the circular dsDNA genome in two halves. Gene synteny maps showed the great colinearity of sequenced GVs, being EpapGV the most dissimilar as it has a 20 kb-long gene block inversion. Phylogenetic study performed with 31 core genes of 58 baculoviral genomes suggests that EpapGV is the baculovirus isolate closest to the putative common ancestor of tortricid specific betabaculoviruses. CONCLUSIONS This study, along with previous characterization of EpapGV infection, is useful for the better understanding of the pathology caused by this virus and its potential utilization as a bioinsecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Leticia Ferrelli
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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El Amri C, Martin AR, Vasseur JJ, Smietana M. Borononucleotides as substrates/binders for human NMP kinases: enzymatic and spectroscopic evaluation. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1605-12. [PMID: 22733592 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Borononucleotides are a family of natural nucleotide monophosphate analogues with a 5'-boronic acid function. As B-O-P linkages are known to be unstable in solution, we evaluated the ability of borononucleotides to be recognized by nucleoside monophosphate kinases and eventually foil the phosphorylation process. In this context, and with the idea of probing the influence of their size, shape, and flexibility, a library of borononucleotides were synthetized starting from the borononucleotide analogue of thymidine, which was shown to behave as a slow substrate of human TMP kinase. This study thus constitutes a good starting point for the development of new monophosphate mimics as potential substrates or ligands for NMP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade El Amri
- Groupe d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4-UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, case courrier 256, 7, quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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21
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Prichard MN, Kern ER. Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:111-25. [PMID: 22406470 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Investments in the development of new drugs for orthopoxvirus infections have fostered new avenues of research, provided an improved understanding of orthopoxvirus biology and yielded new therapies that are currently progressing through clinical trials. These broad-based efforts have also resulted in the identification of new inhibitors of orthopoxvirus replication that target many different stages of viral replication cycle. This review will discuss progress in the development of new anti-poxvirus drugs and the identification of new molecular targets that can be exploited for the development of new inhibitors. The prototype of the orthopoxvirus group is vaccinia virus and its replication cycle will be discussed in detail noting specific viral functions and their associated gene products that have the potential to serve as new targets for drug development. Progress that has been achieved in recent years should yield new drugs for the treatment of these infections and might also reveal new approaches for antiviral drug development with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, United States.
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22
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Gallier F, Alexandre JAC, El Amri C, Deville-Bonne D, Peyrottes S, Périgaud C. 5′,6′-Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues Architecture: Synthesis and Comparative Evaluation towards Metabolic Enzymes. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1094-106. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Topalis D, Pradère U, Roy V, Caillat C, Azzouzi A, Broggi J, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Lin J, Eriksson S, Alexandre JAC, El-Amri C, Deville-Bonne D, Meyer P, Balzarini J, Agrofoglio LA. Novel Antiviral C5-Substituted Pyrimidine Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Selected as Human Thymidylate Kinase Substrates. J Med Chem 2010; 54:222-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1011462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Topalis
- Groupe d’Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4-UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, case courrier 256, 7, quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ugo Pradère
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 3082, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Azzouzi
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Robert Snoeck
- REGA Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- REGA Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jay Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 575, Biomedical Center, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 575, Biomedical Center, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julie A. C. Alexandre
- Groupe d’Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4-UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, case courrier 256, 7, quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chahrazade El-Amri
- Groupe d’Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4-UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, case courrier 256, 7, quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Groupe d’Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4-UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, case courrier 256, 7, quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 3082, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jan Balzarini
- REGA Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6005, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
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Langhammer S, Koban R, Yue C, Ellerbrok H. Inhibition of poxvirus spreading by the anti-tumor drug Gefitinib (Iressa). Antiviral Res 2010; 89:64-70. [PMID: 21094187 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The threat of smallpox virus as a bioterrorist weapon is raising international concerns again since the anthrax attacks in the USA in 2001. The medical readiness of treating patients suffering from such infections is a prerequisite of an effective civil defense system. Currently the only therapeutic option for the treatment of poxvirus infections relies on the virostatic nulceosid analog cidofovir, although severe side effects and drug resistant strains have been described. A growing understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis raises the possibility to explore other appropriate targets involved in the viral replication cycle. Poxvirus encoded growth factors such as the Vaccinia Growth Factor (VGF) stimulate host cells via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and thereby facilitate viral spreading. In this study we could visualize for the first time the paracrine priming of uninfected cells for subsequent infection by orthopoxviruses directly linked to EGFR phosphorylation. Since EGFR is a well known target for anti-tumor therapy small molecules for inhibition of its tyrosine kinase (TK) activity are readily available and clinically evaluated. In this study we analyzed three different EGFR receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for inhibition of orthopoxvirus infection in epithelial cells. The inhibitor shown to be most effective was Gefitinib (Iressa) which is already approved as a drug for anti-tumor medication in the USA and in Europe. Thus Gefitnib may provide a new therapeutic option for single or combination therapy of acute poxvirus infections, acting on a cellular target and thus reducing the risk of viral resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Langhammer
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Security, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Antiviral Activity of 4'-thioIDU and Thymidine Analogs against Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2010; 2:1968-1983. [PMID: 21994716 PMCID: PMC3185742 DOI: 10.3390/v2091968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for effective therapies for orthopoxvirus infections has identified diverse classes of molecules with antiviral activity. Pyrimidine analogs, such as 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idoxuridine, IDU) were among the first compounds identified with antiviral activity against a number of orthopoxviruses and have been reported to be active both in vitro and in animal models of infection. More recently, additional analogs have been reported to have improved antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses including several derivatives of deoxyuridine with large substituents in the 5 position, as well as analogs with modifications in the deoxyribose moiety including (north)-methanocarbathymidine, and 5-iodo-4'-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (4'-thioIDU). The latter molecule has proven to have good antiviral activity against the orthopoxviruses both in vitro and in vivo and has the potential to be an effective therapy in humans.
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Deville-Bonne D, El Amri C, Meyer P, Chen Y, Agrofoglio LA, Janin J. Human and viral nucleoside/nucleotide kinases involved in antiviral drug activation: structural and catalytic properties. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:101-20. [PMID: 20417378 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, essential for the treatment of viral infections in the absence of efficient vaccines, are prodrug forms of the active compounds that target the viral DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase. The activation process requires several successive phosphorylation steps catalyzed by different kinases, which are present in the host cell or encoded by some of the viruses. These activation reactions often are rate-limiting steps and are thus open to improvement. We review here the structural and enzymatic properties of the enzymes that carry out the activation of analogs used in therapy against human immunodeficiency virus and against DNA viruses such as hepatitis B, herpes and poxviruses. Four major classes of drugs are considered: thymidine analogs, non-natural L-nucleosides, acyclic nucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs. Their efficiency as drugs depends both on the low specificity of the viral polymerase that allows their incorporation into DNA, but also on the ability of human/viral kinases to provide the activated triphosphate active forms at a high concentration at the right place. Two distinct modes of action are considered, depending on the origin of the kinase (human or viral). If the human kinases are house-keeping enzymes that belong to the metabolic salvage pathway, herpes and poxviruses encode for related enzymes. The structures, substrate specificities and catalytic properties of each of these kinases are discussed in relation to drug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Structural basis for the efficient phosphorylation of AZT-MP (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine monophosphate) and dGMP by Plasmodium falciparum type I thymidylate kinase. Biochem J 2010; 428:499-509. [PMID: 20353400 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria, a disease where new drug targets are required due to increasing resistance to current anti-malarials. TMPK (thymidylate kinase) is a good candidate as it is essential for the synthesis of dTTP, a critical precursor of DNA and has been much studied due to its role in prodrug activation and as a drug target. Type I TMPKs, such as the human enzyme, phosphorylate the substrate AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine)-MP (monophosphate) inefficiently compared with type II TMPKs (e.g. Escherichia coli TMPK). In the present paper we report that eukaryotic PfTMPK (P. falciparum TMPK) presents sequence features of a type I enzyme yet the kinetic parameters for AZT-MP phosphorylation are similar to those of the highly efficient E. coli enzyme. Structural information shows that this is explained by a different juxtaposition of the P-loop and the azide of AZT-MP. Subsequent formation of the transition state requires no further movement of the PfTMPK P-loop, with no steric conflicts for the azide moiety, allowing efficient phosphate transfer. Likewise, we present results that confirm the ability of the enzyme to uniquely accept dGMP as a substrate and shed light on the basis for its wider substrate specificity. Information resulting from two ternary complexes (dTMP-ADP and AZT-MP-ADP) and a binary complex with the transition state analogue AP5dT [P1-(5'-adenosyl)-P5-(5'-thymidyl) pentaphosphate] all reveal significant differences with the human enzyme, notably in the lid region and in the P-loop which may be exploited in the rational design of Plasmodium-specific TMPK inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Auvynet C, Topalis D, Caillat C, Munier-Lehmann H, Seclaman E, Balzarini J, Agrofoglio LA, Kaminski PA, Meyer P, Deville-Bonne D, El Amri C. Phosphorylation of dGMP analogs by vaccinia virus TMP kinase and human GMP kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:6-11. [PMID: 19631609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus thymidylate kinase, although similar in sequence to human TMP kinase, has broader substrate specificity and phosphorylates (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-dUMP and dGMP. Modified guanines such as glyoxal-dG, 8-oxo-dG, O(6)-methyl-dG, N(2)-ethyl-dG and N(7)-methyl-dG were found present in cancer cell DNA. Alkylated and oxidized dGMP analogs were examined as potential substrates for vaccinia TMP kinase and also for human TMP and GMP kinases. Molecular models obtained from structure-based docking rationalized the enzymatic data. All tested nucleotides are found surprisingly substrates of vaccinia TMP kinase and also of human GMP kinase. Interestingly, O(6)-methyl-dGMP is the only analog specific for the vaccinia enzyme. Thus, O(6)-Me-dGMP could be useful for designing new compounds of medical interest either in antipoxvirus therapy or in experimental combined gene/chemotherapy of cancer. These results also provide new insights regarding dGMP analog reaction with human GMP kinase and their slow recycling by salvage pathway nucleotide kinases.
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Crystal structure of poxvirus thymidylate kinase: an unexpected dimerization has implications for antiviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16900-5. [PMID: 18971333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804525105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike most DNA viruses, poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells. They encode enzymes needed for genome replication and transcription, including their own thymidine and thymidylate kinases. Some herpes viruses encode only 1 enzyme catalyzing both reactions, a peculiarity used for prodrug activation to obtain maximum specificity. We have solved the crystal structures of vaccinia virus thymidylate kinase bound to TDP or brivudin monophosphate. Although the viral and human enzymes have similar sequences (42% identity), they differ in their homodimeric association and active-site geometry. The vaccinia TMP kinase dimer arrangement is orthogonal and not antiparallel as in human enzyme. This different monomer orientation is related to the presence of a canal connecting the edge of the dimer interface to the TMP base binding pocket. Consequently, the pox enzyme accommodates nucleotides with bulkier bases, like brivudin monophosphate and dGMP; these are efficiently phosphorylated and stabilize the enzyme. The brivudin monophosphate-bound structure explains the structural basis for this specificity, opening the way to the rational development of specific antipox agents that may also be suitable for poxvirus TMP kinase gene-based chemotherapy of cancer.
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Carnrot C, Wang L, Topalis D, Eriksson S. Mechanisms of substrate selectivity for Bacillus anthracis thymidylate kinase. Protein Sci 2008; 17:1486-93. [PMID: 18523102 DOI: 10.1110/ps.034199.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is well known in connection with biological warfare. The search for new drug targets and antibiotics is highly motivated because of upcoming multiresistant strains. Thymidylate kinase is an ideal target since this enzyme is at the junction of the de novo and salvage synthesis of dTTP, an essential precursor for DNA synthesis. Here the expression and characterization of thymidylate kinase from B. anthracis (Ba-TMPK) is presented. The enzyme phosphorylated deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dTMP) efficiently with K (m) and V (max) values of 33 microM and 48 micromol mg(-1) min(-1), respectively. The efficiency of deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate phosphorylation was approximately 10% of that of dTMP. Several dTMP analogs were tested, and D-FMAUMP (2'-fluoroarabinosyl-5-methyldeoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate) was selectively phosphorylated with an efficiency of 172% of that of D-dTMP, but L-FMAUMP was a poor substrate as were 5-fluorodeoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (5FdUMP) and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine-5'-monophosphate (d4TMP). No activity could be detected with 3'-azidothymidine-5'-monophosphate (AZTMP). The corresponding nucleosides known as efficient anticancer and antiviral compounds were also tested, and d-FMAU was a strong inhibitor with an IC(50) value of 10 microM, while other nucleosides--L-FMAU, dThd, 5-FdUrd, d4T, and AZT, and 2'-arabinosylthymidine--were poor inhibitors. A structure model was built for Ba-TMPK based on the Staphylococcus aureus TMPK structure. Docking with various substrates suggested mechanisms explaining the differences in substrate selectivity of the human and the bacterial TMPKs. These results may serve as a start point for development of new antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Carnrot
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Centre, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kandeel M, Kitade Y. Molecular Characterization, Heterologous Expression and Kinetic Analysis of Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum Thymidylate Kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 144:245-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Alexandre JA, Roy B, Topalis D, Pochet S, Périgaud C, Deville-Bonne D. Enantioselectivity of human AMP, dTMP and UMP-CMP kinases. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4895-904. [PMID: 17626051 PMCID: PMC1950558 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Nucleoside analogues such as lamivudine are active for treating viral infections. Like d-nucleosides, the biological activity of the l-enantiomers requires their stepwise phosphorylation by cellular or viral kinases to give the triphosphate. The enantioselectivity of NMP kinases has not been thoroughly studied, unlike that of deoxyribonucleoside kinases. We have therefore investigated the capacity of l-enantiomers of some natural (d)NMP to act as substrates for the recombinant forms of human uridylate-cytidylate kinase, thymidylate kinase and adenylate kinases 1 and 2. Both cytosolic and mitochondrial adenylate kinases were strictly enantioselective, as they phosphorylated only d-(d)AMP. l-dTMP was a substrate for thymidylate kinase, but with an efficiency 150-fold less than d-dTMP. Both l-dUMP and l-(d)CMP were phosphorylated by UMP-CMP kinase although much less efficiently than their natural counterparts. The stereopreference was conserved with the 2′-azido derivatives of dUMP and dUMP while, unexpectedly, the 2′-azido-d-dCMP was a 4-fold better substrate for UMP-CMP kinase than was CMP. Docking simulations showed that the small differences in the binding of d-(d)NMP to their respective kinases could account for the differences in interactions of the l-isomers with the enzymes. This in vitro information was then used to develop the in vivo activation pathway for l-dT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A.C. Alexandre
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
| | - Béatrice Roy
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
| | - Dimitri Topalis
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
| | - Sylvie Pochet
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
| | - Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Laboratoire d’Enzymologie Moléculaire, FRE 2852-CNRS-Université Paris 6, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, case courrier 1705, Bâtiment Chimie 17, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 and Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex15, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+33 1 44 27 59 93, Fax: +33 1 44 27 59 94
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Topalis D, Kumamoto H, Amaya Velasco MF, Dugué L, Haouz A, Alexandre JAC, Gallois-Montbrun S, Alzari PM, Pochet S, Agrofoglio LA, Deville-Bonne D. Nucleotide binding to human UMP-CMP kinase using fluorescent derivatives -- a screening based on affinity for the UMP-CMP binding site. FEBS J 2007; 274:3704-3714. [PMID: 17608725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylanthraniloyl derivatives of ATP and CDP were used in vitro as fluorescent probes for the donor-binding and acceptor-binding sites of human UMP-CMP kinase, a nucleoside salvage pathway kinase. Like all NMP kinases, UMP-CMP kinase binds the phosphodonor, usually ATP, and the NMP at different binding sites. The reaction results from an in-line phosphotransfer from the donor to the acceptor. The probe for the donor site was displaced by the bisubstrate analogs of the Ap5X series (where X = U, dT, A, G), indicating the broad specificity of the acceptor site. Both CMP and dCMP were competitors for the acceptor site probe. To find antimetabolites for antivirus and anticancer therapies, we have developed a method of screening acyclic phosphonate analogs that is based on the affinity of the acceptor-binding site of the human UMP-CMP kinase. Several uracil vinylphosphonate derivatives had affinities for human UMP-CMP kinase similar to those of dUMP and dCMP and better than that of cidofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities. The uracil derivatives were inhibitors rather than substrates of human UMP-CMP kinase. Also, the 5-halogen-substituted analogs inhibited the human TMP kinase less efficiently. The broad specificity of the enzyme acceptor-binding site is in agreement with a large substrate-binding pocket, as shown by the 2.1 A crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Topalis
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Fernanda Amaya Velasco
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Dugué
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Anne C Alexandre
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Gallois-Montbrun
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Maria Alzari
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Pochet
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luigi André Agrofoglio
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Deville-Bonne
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, FRE 2852 CNRS-Paris 6, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, FR 2708, Université d'Orléans, UFR Sciences, Orléans, France Unité de Biochimie Structurale, URA CNRS 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Plate-Forme 6- Cristallogénèse et Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Unité de Régulation Enzymatique des Activités Cellulaires, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Smith RF, Freyer MW, Lewis EA. Biophysical characterization of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase substrate utilization. J Virol Methods 2007; 142:151-8. [PMID: 17335913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To provide information for the development of new antiviral compounds that inhibit orthopoxviruses, further characterization of the kinetics and thermodynamics that underlie substrate utilization reactions of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (VVTK) has been undertaken. The kinetics of 2'deoxythymidine phosphorylation by VVTK and the thermodynamics of complex formation between VVTK and the substrate 2' deoxythymidine were determined using spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. These studies demonstrated that kinetic parameters for 2' deoxythymidine phosphorylation by VVTK were 25 microM and 0.2s(-1) for K(m) and k(cat), respectively. The enthalpy change, Delta H, for the enzyme catalyzed reaction is -18.1 kcal/mol. Thermodynamic studies for the formation of the enzyme substrate complex demonstrated a binding affinity (K(a)) of 4 x 10(4)M(-1), an enthalpy change for binding (Delta H) of -17.4 kcal/mol, and a reaction stoichiometry of two molecules of substrate binding to each enzyme tetramer. Kinetic and thermodynamic data were in agreement (K(a) approximately 1/K(m)) and showed similarities to literature values reported for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK1) with respect to k(cat) but not with respect to K(m). The K(m) value found for VVTK in this study is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the values reported for the hTK1 and the HSV TK enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA
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