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El‐Ayoubi A, Arakelyan A, Klawitter M, Merk L, Hakobyan S, Gonzalez‐Menendez I, Quintanilla Fend L, Holm PS, Mikulits W, Schwab M, Danielyan L, Naumann U. Development of an optimized, non-stem cell line for intranasal delivery of therapeutic cargo to the central nervous system. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:528-546. [PMID: 38115217 PMCID: PMC10920084 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are considered to be valuable candidates for delivering a variety of anti-cancer agents, including oncolytic viruses, to brain tumors. However, owing to the previously reported tumorigenic potential of NSC cell lines after intranasal administration (INA), here we identified the human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 as a cell type capable of longer resistance to replication of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAVs) as a therapeutic cargo, and that is non-tumorigenic after INA. Our data show that LX-2 cells can longer withstand the OAV XVir-N-31 replication and oncolysis than NSCs. By selecting the highly migratory cell population out of LX-2, an offspring cell line with a higher and more stable capability to migrate was generated. Additionally, as a safety backup, we applied genomic herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) integration into LX-2, leading to high vulnerability to ganciclovir (GCV). Histopathological analyses confirmed the absence of neoplasia in the respiratory tracts and brains of immuno-compromised mice 3 months after INA of LX-2 cells. Our data suggest that LX-2 is a novel, robust, and safe cell line for delivering anti-cancer and other therapeutic agents to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El‐Ayoubi
- Molecular Neurooncology, Department of Vascular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center NeurologyUniversity Hospital of TübingenGermany
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- Research Group of BioinformaticsInstitute of Molecular Biology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | - Moritz Klawitter
- Molecular Neurooncology, Department of Vascular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center NeurologyUniversity Hospital of TübingenGermany
| | - Luisa Merk
- Molecular Neurooncology, Department of Vascular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center NeurologyUniversity Hospital of TübingenGermany
| | - Siras Hakobyan
- Research Group of BioinformaticsInstitute of Molecular Biology NAS RAYerevanArmenia
- Armenian Institute of BioinformaticsYerevanArmenia
| | - Irene Gonzalez‐Menendez
- Institute for Pathology, Department of General and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital TübingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies"Eberhard Karls University of TübingenGermany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla Fend
- Institute for Pathology, Department of General and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital TübingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies"Eberhard Karls University of TübingenGermany
| | - Per Sonne Holm
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichGermany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryMedical University InnsbruckAustria
- XVir Therapeutics GmbHMunichGermany
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer CenterMedical University of ViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies"Eberhard Karls University of TübingenGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyStuttgartGermany
- Department of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of TübingenGermany
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital TübingenGermany
- Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical PharmacologyYerevan State Medical UniversityArmenia
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of TübingenGermany
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital TübingenGermany
- Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical PharmacologyYerevan State Medical UniversityArmenia
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Molecular Neurooncology, Department of Vascular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center NeurologyUniversity Hospital of TübingenGermany
- Gene and RNA Therapy Center (GRTC)Faculty of Medicine University TübingenGermany
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Hosseindoost S, Dehpour AR, Dehghan S, Javadi SAH, Arjmand B, Fallah A, Hadjighassem M. Fluoxetine enhances the antitumor effect of olfactory ensheathing cell-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir gene therapy in human glioblastoma multiforme cells through upregulation of Connexin43 levels. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1739-1750. [PMID: 37769152 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most invasive form of primary brain astrocytoma, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) gene therapy is considered a promising strategy for GBM treatment. Since Connexin43 (Cx43) expression is reduced in GBM cells, increasing Cx43 levels could enhance the effectiveness of gene therapy. The present study aims to examine the impact of fluoxetine on HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy in human GBM cells using human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) as vectors. The effect of fluoxetine on Cx43 levels was assessed using the western blot technique. GBM-derived astrocytes and OECs-TK were Cocultured, and the effect of fluoxetine on the Antitumor effect of OEC-TK/GCV gene therapy was evaluated using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Our results showed that fluoxetine increased Cx43 levels in OECs and GBM cells and augmented the killing effect of OECs-TK on GBM cells. Western blot data revealed that fluoxetine enhanced the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the levels of cleaved caspase-3 in the coculture of OECs-TK and GBM cells. Moreover, flow cytometry data indicated that fluoxetine increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in the coculture system. This study suggests that fluoxetine, by upregulating Cx43 levels, could strengthen the Antitumor effect of OEC-TK/GCV gene therapy on GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saereh Hosseindoost
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A H Javadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurosurgery Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fallah
- Space Medicine B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Group, Mede Bioeconomy Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bitter EE, Skidmore J, Allen CI, Erickson RI, Morris RM, Mortimer T, Meade A, Brog R, Phares T, Townsend M, Pickett BE, O’Neill KL. TK1 expression influences pathogenicity by cell cycle progression, cellular migration, and cellular survival in HCC 1806 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293128. [PMID: 38033034 PMCID: PMC10688958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide accounting for 1 out of every 8 cancer diagnoses. The elevated expression of Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is associated with more aggressive tumor grades, including breast cancer. Recent studies indicate that TK1 may be involved in cancer pathogenesis; however, its direct involvement in breast cancer has not been identified. Here, we evaluate potential pathogenic effects of elevated TK1 expression by comparing HCC 1806 to HCC 1806 TK1-knockdown cancer cells (L133). Transcriptomic profiles of HCC 1806 and L133 cells showed cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and invasion as potential pathogenic pathways affected by TK1 expression. Subsequent in-vitro studies confirmed differences between HCC 1806 and L133 cells in cell cycle phase progression, cell survival, and cell migration. Expression comparison of several factors involved in these pathogenic pathways between HCC 1806 and L133 cells identified p21 and AKT3 transcripts were significantly affected by TK1 expression. Creation of a protein-protein interaction map of TK1 and the pathogenic factors we evaluated predict that the majority of factors evaluated either directly or indirectly interact with TK1. Our findings argue that TK1 elevation directly increases HCC 1806 cell pathogenicity and is likely occurring by p21- and AKT3-mediated mechanisms to promote cell cycle arrest, cellular migration, and cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza E. Bitter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- Thunder Biotech Inc., Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Skidmore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carolyn I. Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rachel I. Erickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Toni Mortimer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Audrey Meade
- Thunder Biotech Inc., Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rachel Brog
- Thunder Biotech Inc., Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tim Phares
- Thunder Biotech Inc., Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michelle Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- Thunder Biotech Inc., Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Thangavelu S, Thangavelu P, Kumar MRP, Singaravel S, Vivekanandan L, Murugesan J, Thangavel S. A Computational Study of Famciclovir Derivatives Against Thymidine Kinase as a Molecular Target for the Development of Novel Anticancer Drugs via Suicide Gene Therapy Concepts. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2023; 20:e090523216693. [PMID: 37165583 DOI: 10.2174/1570163820666230509103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral thymidine kinase (TK) phosphorylates the antiviral medication famciclovir (FCV), which treats herpes simplex virus (HSV-TK). The phosphorylated FCV destroys the infected cells by preventing cellular DNA synthesis. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that FCV impurity, which is a related substance to FCV, should be efficient in killing cells independent of HSV-TK and is currently the most widely used suicide agent for gene therapy of cancer. METHODS This study proposes the binding affinity of these derivatives for the active site of TK through molecular docking to a protein (PDB ID: 1W4R). The derivatives' reliability was ensured through the in-silico preliminary drug designing model by screening their Lipinski rule of five violations, if any, ADMET prediction for their profile using online tools. Using MOE 2009.10 computational software, we performed molecular docking of approximately 22 famciclovir derivatives alongside the famciclovir drug. RESULTS Our results suggest that these derivatives are indicative of possible chemical stability irrespective of all the parameters used to evaluate the selected derivatives as a possible drug candidates for their cytotoxicity. FC20 (i.e., 2-(2-(2-((1-(9-(4-Acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)butyl)-2-amino-9Hpurin- 8-yl)ethyl)amino)-9H-purin-9-yl)ethyl)propane-1,3-diyl diacetate) and FC21 (i.e., 2-Amino-1,9- dihydro-9-(4-hydroxybutyl)-6H-purin-6-one), showed maximum and minimum scores of -26.95 and - 7.21 kcal/mol, respectively when compared to famciclovir (-15.4122 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION Considering that there might be a cytotoxicity effect due to competition between protein TK and the suicidal gene of famciclovir derivatives. The outcome of the study proved that the FCV impurity could successfully modify an HSV-TK-dependent antiviral drug into an anti-tumor drug. Further, it can be used for the design and development of novel compounds of FCV impurity that could be cytotoxic agents if properly delivered to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Thangavelu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Pudukkottai-622004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabha Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode-638052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M R Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy. Hubli-580031, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Lalitha Vivekanandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode-638052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagadeeswaran Murugesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode-638052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nandha College of Pharmacy, Erode-638052, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li X, Chen S, Zhang L, Zheng J, Niu G, Yang L, Zhang X, Ren L. Mutation and Interaction Analysis of the Glycoprotein D and L and Thymidine Kinase of Pseudorabies Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911597. [PMID: 36232898 PMCID: PMC9570442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (also called Aujeszky's disease) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV, or Suid herpesvirus 1). Although the disease has been controlled by immunization with the PRV-attenuated vaccine, the emerging PRV variants can escape the immune surveillance in the vaccinated pig, resulting in recent outbreaks. Furthermore, the virus has been detected in other animals and humans, indicating cross-transmission of PRV. However, the mechanism of PRV cross-species transmission needs further study. In this study, we compared the amino acid sequences of glycoproteins (gD), gL, and thymidine kinase (TK) of PRV strains, human PRV hSD-1 2019 strain, and the attenuated strain Bartha-K61, followed by predication of their spatial conformation. In addition, the interactions between the viral gD protein and host nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS were also evaluated via molecular docking. The results showed that the amino acid sequence homology of the gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC was 97.5%, 94.4%, and 99.1%, respectively. Moreover, there were mutations in the amino acid sequences of gD, gL, and TK proteins of hSD-1 2019 and JL-CC compared with the corresponding reference sequences of the Bartha strain. The mutations of gD, gL, and TK might not affect the spatial conformation of the protein domain but may affect the recognition of antibodies and antigen epitopes. Moreover, the gD protein of JL-CC, isolated previously, can bind to human nectin-1, nectin-2, and HS, suggesting the virus may be highly infectious and pathogenic to human beings.
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Niehaus M, Straube H, Specht A, Baccolini C, Witte CP, Herde M. The nucleotide metabolome of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds reveals a central role for thymidine phosphorylation in chloroplast development. Plant Cell 2022; 34:3790-3813. [PMID: 35861422 PMCID: PMC9516053 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylates are generated by several partially overlapping metabolic pathways in different subcellular locations. This interconnectedness complicates an understanding of how thymidylates are formed in vivo. Analyzing a comprehensive collection of mutants and double mutants on the phenotypic and metabolic level, we report the effect of de novo thymidylate synthesis, salvage of thymidine, and conversion of cytidylates to thymidylates on thymidylate homeostasis during seed germination and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). During germination, the salvage of thymidine in organelles contributes predominantly to the thymidylate pools and a mutant lacking organellar (mitochondrial and plastidic) thymidine kinase has severely altered deoxyribonucleotide levels, less chloroplast DNA, and chlorotic cotyledons. This phenotype is aggravated when mitochondrial thymidylate de novo synthesis is additionally compromised. We also discovered an organellar deoxyuridine-triphosphate pyrophosphatase and show that its main function is not thymidylate synthesis but probably the removal of noncanonical nucleotide triphosphates. Interestingly, cytosolic thymidylate synthesis can only compensate defective organellar thymidine salvage in seedlings but not during germination. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the nucleotide metabolome of germinating seeds and demonstrates the unique role of enzymes that seem redundant at first glance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Niehaus
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Henryk Straube
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - André Specht
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Peter Witte
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
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Jou C, Nascimento A, Codina A, Montoya J, López-Gallardo E, Emperador S, Ruiz-Pesini E, Montero R, Natera-de Benito D, Ortez CI, Marquez J, Zelaya MV, Gutierrez-Mata A, Badosa C, Carrera-García L, Expósito-Escudero J, Roldán M, Camara Y, Marti R, Ferrer I, Jimenez-Mallebrera C, Artuch R. Pathological Features in Paediatric Patients with TK2 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911002. [PMID: 36232299 PMCID: PMC9570075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK2) deficiency causes mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. We aimed to report the clinical, biochemical, genetic, histopathological, and ultrastructural features of a cohort of paediatric patients with TK2 deficiency. Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from muscle biopsies to assess depletions and deletions. The TK2 genes were sequenced using Sanger sequencing from genomic DNA. All muscle biopsies presented ragged red fibres (RRFs), and the prevalence was greater in younger ages, along with an increase in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibres. An endomysial inflammatory infiltrate was observed in younger patients and was accompanied by an overexpression of major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC I). The immunofluorescence study for complex I and IV showed a greater number of fibres than those that were visualized by COX staining. In the ultrastructural analysis, we found three major types of mitochondrial alterations, consisting of concentrically arranged lamellar cristae, electrodense granules, and intramitochondrial vacuoles. The pathological features in the muscle showed substantial differences in the youngest patients when compared with those that had a later onset of the disease. Additional ultrastructural features are described in the muscle biopsy, such as sarcomeric de-structuration in the youngest patients with a more severe phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jou
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Nascimento
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Codina
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Emperador
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50011 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Montero
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos I. Ortez
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Marquez
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria V. Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Mata
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Nacional Niños “Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, San José 267-1005, Costa Rica
| | - Carmen Badosa
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Carrera-García
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesica Expósito-Escudero
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal i Imatge Cel·lular, Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Institut Pediàtric de Malaties Rares (IPER), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Camara
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Marti
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDI-BELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Mallebrera
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Pathology, Biobank, Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit and Clinical Biochemistry Departments, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Center for Research in Rare Diseases CIBERER-ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-M.); (R.A.)
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North K, Benbarche S, Liu B, Pangallo J, Chen S, Stahl M, Bewersdorf JP, Stanley RF, Erickson C, Cho H, Pineda JMB, Thomas JD, Polaski JT, Belleville AE, Gabel AM, Udy DB, Humbert O, Kiem HP, Abdel-Wahab O, Bradley RK. Synthetic introns enable splicing factor mutation-dependent targeting of cancer cells. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1103-1113. [PMID: 35241838 PMCID: PMC9288984 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers carry recurrent, change-of-function mutations affecting RNA splicing factors. Here, we describe a method to harness this abnormal splicing activity to drive splicing factor mutation-dependent gene expression to selectively eliminate tumor cells. We engineered synthetic introns that were efficiently spliced in cancer cells bearing SF3B1 mutations, but unspliced in otherwise isogenic wild-type cells, to yield mutation-dependent protein production. A massively parallel screen of 8,878 introns delineated ideal intronic size and mapped elements underlying mutation-dependent splicing. Synthetic introns enabled mutation-dependent expression of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and subsequent ganciclovir (GCV)-mediated killing of SF3B1-mutant leukemia, breast cancer, uveal melanoma and pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, while leaving wild-type cells unaffected. Delivery of synthetic intron-containing HSV-TK constructs to leukemia, breast cancer and uveal melanoma cells and GCV treatment in vivo significantly suppressed the growth of these otherwise lethal xenografts and improved mouse host survival. Synthetic introns provide a means to exploit tumor-specific changes in RNA splicing for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyna North
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Salima Benbarche
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sisi Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Stahl
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Philipp Bewersdorf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Stanley
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Erickson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hana Cho
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Mario Bello Pineda
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James D Thomas
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob T Polaski
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea E Belleville
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Austin M Gabel
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dylan B Udy
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert K Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Despite its importance in the nucleoside (and nucleoside prodrug) metabolism, the structure of the active conformation of human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK1) remains elusive. We perform microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the inactive enzyme form bound to a bisubstrate inhibitor that was shown experimentally to activate another TK1-like kinase, Thermotoga maritima TK (TmTK). Our results are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings for the TmTK closed-to-open state transition. We show that the inhibitor induces an increase of the enzyme radius of gyration due to the expansion on one of the dimer interfaces; the structural changes observed, including the active site pocket volume increase and the decrease in the monomer-monomer buried surface area and of the number of hydrogen bonds (as compared to the inactive enzyme control simulation), indicate that the catalytically competent (open) conformation of hTK1 can be assumed in the presence of an activating ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Makurat
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical
Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Janusz Rak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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10
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Klopp A, Schreiber S, Kosinska AD, Pulé M, Protzer U, Wisskirchen K. Depletion of T cells via Inducible Caspase 9 Increases Safety of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy Against Chronic Hepatitis B. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734246. [PMID: 34691041 PMCID: PMC8527178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell therapy with T cells that are re-directed to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected cells by virus-specific receptors is a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and HBV-associated cancer. Due to the high number of target cells, however, side effects such as cytokine release syndrome or hepatotoxicity may limit safety. A safeguard mechanism, which allows depletion of transferred T cells on demand, would thus be an interesting means to increase confidence in this approach. In this study, T cells were generated by retroviral transduction to express either an HBV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (S-CAR) or T-cell receptor (TCR), and in addition either inducible caspase 9 (iC9) or herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) as a safety switch. Real-time cytotoxicity assays using HBV-replicating hepatoma cells as targets revealed that activation of both safety switches stopped cytotoxicity of S-CAR- or TCR-transduced T cells within less than one hour. In vivo, induction of iC9 led to a strong and rapid reduction of transferred S-CAR T cells adoptively transferred into AAV-HBV-infected immune incompetent mice. One to six hours after injection of the iC9 dimerizer, over 90% reduction of S-CAR T cells in the blood and the spleen and of over 99% in the liver was observed, thereby limiting hepatotoxicity and stopping cytokine secretion. Simultaneously, however, the antiviral effect of S-CAR T cells was diminished because remaining S-CAR T cells were mostly non-functional and could not be restimulated with HBsAg. A second induction of iC9 was only able to deplete T cells in the liver. In conclusion, T cells co-expressing iC9 and HBV-specific receptors efficiently recognize and kill HBV-replicating cells. Induction of T-cell death via iC9 proved to be an efficient means to deplete transferred T cells in vitro and in vivo containing unwanted hepatotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects
- Animals
- Caspase 9/biosynthesis
- Caspase 9/genetics
- Cell Death
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Hepatitis B Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Simplexvirus/enzymology
- Simplexvirus/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Thymidine Kinase/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Klopp
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schreiber
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Pulé
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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11
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Uehara M, Domoto T, Takenaka S, Bolidong D, Takeuchi O, Miyashita T, Minamoto T. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β participates in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4405-4416. [PMID: 32986894 PMCID: PMC7734171 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of resistance to gemcitabine is a challenging clinical and biological hallmark property of refractory pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigated whether glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, an emerging therapeutic target in various cancer types, is mechanistically involved in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer. This study included 3 gemcitabine-sensitive BxPC-3 cell-derived clones (BxG30, BxG140, BxG400) that acquired stepwise resistance to gemcitabine and overexpressed ribonucleotide reductase (RR)M1. Treatment with GSK3β-specific inhibitor alone attenuated the viability and proliferation of the gemcitabine-resistant clones, while synergistically enhancing the efficacy of gemcitabine against these clones and their xenograft tumors in rodents. The gemcitabine-resensitizing effect of GSK3β inhibition was associated with decreased expression of RRM1, reduced phosphorylation of Rb protein, and restored binding of Rb to the E2 transcription factor (E2F)1. This was followed by decreased E2F1 transcriptional activity, which ultimately suppressed the expression of E2F1 transcriptional targets including RRM1, CCND1 encoding cyclin D1, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine kinase 1. These results suggested that GSK3β participates in the acquisition of gemcitabine resistance by pancreatic cancer cells via impairment of the functional interaction between Rb tumor suppressor protein and E2F1 pro-oncogenic transcription factor, thereby highlighting GSK3β as a promising target in refractory pancreatic cancer. By providing insight into the molecular mechanism of gemcitabine resistance, this study identified a potentially novel strategy for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uehara
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Dilireba Bolidong
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical LaboratoryDepartment of ResearchKitasato University Kitasato Institute HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
- Department of Surgical OncologyKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical OncologyCancer Research InstituteKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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12
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Gong G, Zheng K, Xue S, Hou J, Zhang Q. Serum AFU, GGT and TK1 levels in PHC patients and their correlation with clinicopathology and diagnostic value. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2020; 66:111-116. [PMID: 33040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the expression level and clinical significance of fucosidase (AFU), glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in the serum of patients with primary liver cancer (PHC). A total of 135 PHC patients in Baoji Central Hospital from September 2014 to February 2018 were selected as a research group (RG), while 127 healthy subjects were collected as a control group (CG). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in serum of the two groups, and the diagnostic value of combined detection of the three for PHC was analyzed. AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in serum of the RG were dramatically higher than those of the CG (P< 0.050). ROC curve analysis showed that the sensitivity of AFU, GGT, and TK1 in the single diagnosis of PHC was 88.00, 94.00, and 66.00% respectively, and the specificity was 68.00, 54.00, and 66.00% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined diagnosis of PHC were 76.00 and 90.00%, respectively. AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations were different in the presence or absence of liver cirrhosis, TNM stage, and tissue type (P< 0.050). AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in PHC patients were dramatically higher than those in healthy people. Combined detection of the three has good diagnostic value for PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqiang Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000, P.R. China
| | - Shunhe Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jianfeng Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 719000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hanzhong Centre Hospital, Hanzhong 723000, China
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13
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Wang WH, Shen CY, Chien YC, Chang WS, Tsai CW, Lin YH, Hwang JJ. Validation of Enhancing Effects of Curcumin on Radiotherapy with F98/ FGT Glioblastoma-Bearing Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124385. [PMID: 32575632 PMCID: PMC7352749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive brain tumor with low survival rate, is difficult to be cured by neurosurgery or radiotherapy. Mounting evidence has reported the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of curcumin on several types of cancer in preclinical studies and clinical trials. To our knowledge, there is no platform or system that could be used to effectively and real-timely evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we constructed a lentivirus vector with triple-reporter genes (Fluc/GFP/tk) and transduced into rat F98 glioblastoma cells to establish an orthotopic F98/FGT glioma-bearing rat model. In the model, the therapeutic efficacies for curcumin alone, radiation alone, and their combination were evaluated via noninvasive bioluminescent imaging and overall survival measurements. At the cell level, curcumin is capable of causing a G2/M cell cycle arrest and sensitizing the F98 cells to radiation. In animal model, curcumin synergistically enhances the effects of radiotherapy on suppressing the growth of both transplanted glioma cells and in situ brain tumors, and extending the overall survival periods longer than those of curcumin alone and radiation alone treatments. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that curcumin may serve as a novel radiosensitizer to combine with radiotherapy using the triple-reporter F98/FGT animal model for effective and simultaneous evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Shen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; or
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chien
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Jiaosu Village, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Jiaosu Village, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, No. 45, Cheng Hsin St, Beitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (J.-J.H.); Tel.: +88-622-826-4400 (ext. 5750) (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-473-9595 (ext. 32138) (J.-J.H.); Fax: +88-622-826-4524 (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-324-8186 (J.-J.H.)
| | - Jeng-Jong Hwang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (J.-J.H.); Tel.: +88-622-826-4400 (ext. 5750) (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-473-9595 (ext. 32138) (J.-J.H.); Fax: +88-622-826-4524 (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-324-8186 (J.-J.H.)
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14
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Wang L, Sun R, Eriksson S. Basic biochemical characterization of cytosolic enzymes in thymidine nucleotide synthesis in adult rat tissues: implications for tissue specific mitochondrial DNA depletion and deoxynucleoside-based therapy for TK2-deficiency. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:33. [PMID: 32345222 PMCID: PMC7189545 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) or p53 inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (p53R2) is associated with tissue specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. To understand the mechanisms of the tissue specific mtDNA depletion we systematically studied key enzymes in dTMP synthesis in mitochondrial and cytosolic extracts prepared from adult rat tissues. RESULTS In addition to mitochondrial TK2 a cytosolic isoform of TK2 was characterized, which showed similar substrate specificity to the mitochondrial TK2. Total TK activity was highest in spleen and lowest in skeletal muscle. Thymidylate synthase (TS) was detected in cytosols and its activity was high in spleen but low in other tissues. TS protein levels were high in heart, brain and skeletal muscle, which deviated from TS activity levels. The p53R2 proteins were at similar levels in all tissues except liver where it was ~ 6-fold lower. Our results strongly indicate that mitochondria in most tissues are capable of producing enough dTTP for mtDNA replication via mitochondrial TK2, but skeletal muscle mitochondria do not and are most likely dependent on both the salvage and de novo synthesis pathways. CONCLUSION These results provide important information concerning mechanisms for the tissue dependent variation of dTTP synthesis and explained why deficiency in TK2 or p53R2 leads to skeletal muscle dysfunctions. Furthermore, the presence of a putative cytosolic TK2-like enzyme may provide basic knowledge for the understanding of deoxynucleoside-based therapy for mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Sukumar UK, Rajendran JCB, Gambhir SS, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. SP94-Targeted Triblock Copolymer Nanoparticle Delivers Thymidine Kinase-p53-Nitroreductase Triple Therapeutic Gene and Restores Anticancer Function against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:11307-11319. [PMID: 32048820 PMCID: PMC7997290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (GDEPT) is a promising approach for cancer therapy, but it suffers from poor targeted delivery in vivo. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer efficient in delivering negatively charged nucleic acids across cell membranes; however, it is highly toxic in vivo. Hence, we efficiently reduced PEI toxicity without compromising its transfection efficiency by conjugating it with poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as triblock copolymers through a multistep synthetic process. The synthesized nanoparticles showed efficient delivery of loaded nucleic acids to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in mice. We used this nanoparticle to deliver a rationally engineered thymidine kinase (TK)-p53-nitroreductase (NTR) triple therapeutic gene against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where p53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in more than 85% of cancers. TK-p53-NTR triple gene therapy restores p53 function and potentiates cancer cell response to delivered prodrugs (ganciclovir (GCV) and CB1954). We used SP94 peptide-functionalized PLGA-PEG-PEI nanoparticles for the optimal delivery of TK-p53-NTR therapeutic gene in vivo. The nanoparticles prepared from the conjugated polymer showed high loading efficiency for the DNA and markedly enhanced TK-NTR-mediated gene therapy upon the simultaneous coexpression of p53 by the concurrent rescue of the endogenous apoptotic pathway in HCC cells of both p53-mutant and wild-type phenotypes in vitro. In vivo delivery of TK-p53-NTR genes by SP94-targeted PLGA-PEG-PEI NP in mice resulted in a strong expression of suicide genes selectively in tumors, and subsequent administration of GCV and CB1954 led to a decline in tumor growth, and established a superior therapeutic outcome against HCC. We demonstrate a highly efficient approach that exogenously supplements p53 to enable synergy with the outcome of TK-NTR suicide gene therapy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday K Sukumar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Jagadesh Chandra Bose Rajendran
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
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16
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Massonneau J, Lacombe-Burgoyne C, Boissonneault G. pH-induced variations in the TK1 gene model. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2020; 849:503128. [PMID: 32087849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A physiological decrease in extracellular pH (pHe) alters the efficiency of DNA repair and increases formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Whether this could translate into genetic instability and variations, was investigated using the TK6 cell model, in which positive selection of the TK1 gene loss-of-function mutations can be achieved from resistance to trifluorothymidine. Cell exposure to suboptimal pH (down to 6.9) for 3 weeks resulted in the 100 % frequency of a stronger frameshift mutation that has spread to both TK1 alleles, whereas weaker frameshift mutations within the 3'exon were eliminated during the selection. Suboptimal pHe values were also found to alter the proportion of the TK1 splicing variant expressed as percent spliced in index values and promote selection of truncated exons as well as intron retention. Although recovery at pH 7.4 did not reverse the selected frameshift mutation, reversal of splice variants and exon truncation towards control values were observed. Hence, suboptimal pHe can induce a combination of mutational events and splicing alterations within the same gene in the resistant clones. This model of positive selection for loss-of-function clearly demonstrates that suboptimal pHe may confer a similar growth advantage when such instability occurs within tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massonneau
- Dept of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Chloë Lacombe-Burgoyne
- Dept of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guylain Boissonneault
- Dept of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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17
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Guo X, Chen Y, Moore MM, Mei N. Detection of Loss of Heterozygosity in Tk-Deficient Mutants from L5178Y Tk +/--3.7.2C Mouse Lymphoma Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2102:251-270. [PMID: 31989560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0223-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), a forward mutation assay using the Tk+/--3.7.2C clone of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line and the Thymidine kinase (Tk) gene, has been widely used as an in vitro genetic toxicity assay for more than four decades. The MLA can evaluate the ability of mutagens to induce a wide range of genetic events including both gene mutations and chromosomal mutations and has been recommended as one component of several genotoxicity test batteries. Tk-deficient mutants often exhibit chromosomal abnormalities involving the distal end of chromosome 11 where the Tk gene is located, in mice, and the type of chromosome alteration can be analyzed using a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) approach. LOH has been considered an important event in human tumorigenesis and can result from any of the following several mechanisms: large deletions, mitotic recombination, and chromosome loss. In this chapter, the authors describe the procedures for the detection of LOH in the Tk mutants from the MLA, and apply LOH analysis for understanding the types of genetic damage that is induced by individual chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
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18
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Cohen P, Kelsall IR, Nanda SK, Zhang J. HOIL-1, an atypical E3 ligase that controls MyD88 signalling by forming ester bonds between ubiquitin and components of the Myddosome. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 75:100666. [PMID: 31615747 PMCID: PMC7132539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Components of bacteria and viruses activate Toll-Like Receptors in host cells, triggering the formation of the Myddosome and a signalling network that culminates in the production and release of the inflammatory mediators required to combat pathogenic infection. The Myddosome initiates signalling by recruiting and activating five E3 ligases that generate hybrid ubiquitin chains and attach them to components of the Myddosome. These ubiquitin chains act as a scaffold for the recruitment and activation of ubiquitin-binding proteins, which include the "master" protein kinases TAK1 and IKKβ that drive inflammatory mediator production, as well as other proteins like ABIN1 and A20 that restrict activation of the network to prevent the overproduction of these substances that can lead to autoimmunity and organ damage. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of this network, focusing on the unexpected discovery that the E3 ligase HOIL-1 initiates the formation of hybrid ubiquitin chains by forming an ester bond between the first ubiquitin and the protein components of the Myddosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian R Kelsall
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sambit K Nanda
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Resistance testing of antivirals to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can be done by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The determination of a resistant phenotype is based on the calculation of inhibitory concentrations for the antiviral drug, which should be tested. The main advantage of this resistance test is a clear interpretation of laboratory findings, but the method is time-consuming and a considerable experience is required by handling infectious virus. Genotypic resistance testing is based on the detection of resistance-related mutations in viral genes encoding the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase, which need to be amplified and sequenced. This approach has the advantage of being faster, but only frameshift mutations, stops of translation, and amino acid substitutions described in the literature can be interpreted without doubt. By contrast, numerous novel amino acid substitutions are diagnostically less conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Bohn-Wippert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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20
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Malvi P, Janostiak R, Nagarajan A, Cai G, Wajapeyee N. Loss of thymidine kinase 1 inhibits lung cancer growth and metastatic attributes by reducing GDF15 expression. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008439. [PMID: 31589613 PMCID: PMC6797230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations that are critical for cancer cell growth and metastasis are one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Here, we show that thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is significantly overexpressed in tumor samples from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients relative to normal controls, and this TK1 overexpression is associated with significantly reduced overall survival and cancer recurrence. Genetic knockdown of TK1 with short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) inhibits both the growth and metastatic attributes of LUAD cells in culture and in mice. We further show that transcriptional overexpression of TK1 in LUAD cells is driven, in part, by MAP kinase pathway in a transcription factor MAZ dependent manner. Using targeted and gene expression profiling-based approaches, we then show that loss of TK1 in LUAD cells results in reduced Rho GTPase activity and reduced expression of growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, ectopic expression of GDF15 can partially rescue TK1 knockdown-induced LUAD growth and metastasis inhibition, confirming its important role as a downstream mediator of TK1 function in LUAD. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that TK1 facilitates LUAD tumor and metastatic growth and represents a target for LUAD therapy. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in a number of different cancers. However, despite these data suggesting an important role for TK1 in cancer pathogenesis, no study thus far has analyzed the functional effect of TK1 inhibition on tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we performed TK1 knockdown and found that this protein is necessary for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, inhibition of another nucleotide kinase, deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), had no effect on LUAD tumor growth and metastatic attributes. We therefore performed experiments to determine if the TK1 mechanism of action in cancer is distinct from its previously reported role in DNA damage, DNA replication, and DNA repair. We found that TK1 can promote LUAD tumor growth and metastasis in a non-canonical manner by activating Rho GTPase activity and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression. Taken together, our data suggest that TK1 may represent a potential target for development of LUAD therapy, due to its critical role in maintaining lung tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Radoslav Janostiak
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arvindhan Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Song ZY, Chao F, Zhuo Z, Ma Z, Li W, Chen G. Identification of hub genes in prostate cancer using robust rank aggregation and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4736-4756. [PMID: 31306099 PMCID: PMC6660050 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of prostate cancer (PCa) remain to be defined. In this study, we utilized the Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA) method to integrate 10 eligible PCa microarray datasets from the GEO and identified a set of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor samples and normal, matched specimens. To explore potential associations between gene sets and PCa clinical features and to identify hub genes, we utilized WGCNA to construct gene co-expression networks incorporating the DEGs screened with the use of RRA. From the key module, we selected LMNB1, TK1, ZWINT, and RACGAP1 for validation. We found that these genes were up-regulated in PCa samples, and higher expression levels were associated with higher Gleason scores and tumor grades. Moreover, ROC and K-M plots indicated these genes had good diagnostic and prognostic value for PCa. On the other hand, methylation analyses suggested that the abnormal up-regulation of these four genes likely resulted from hypomethylation, while GSEA and GSVA for single hub gene revealed they all had a close association with proliferation of PCa cells. These findings provide new insight into PCa pathogenesis, and identify LMNB1, TK1, RACGAP1 and ZWINT as candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-yu Song
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Chao
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Pedroza-García JA, Nájera-Martínez M, Mazubert C, Aguilera-Alvarado P, Drouin-Wahbi J, Sánchez-Nieto S, Gualberto JM, Raynaud C, Plasencia J. Role of pyrimidine salvage pathway in the maintenance of organellar and nuclear genome integrity. Plant J 2019; 97:430-446. [PMID: 30317699 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide biosynthesis proceeds through a de novo pathway and a salvage route. In the salvage route, free bases and/or nucleosides are recycled to generate the corresponding nucleotides. Thymidine kinase (TK) is the first enzyme in the salvage pathway to recycle thymidine nucleosides as it phosphorylates thymidine to yield thymidine monophosphate. The Arabidopsis genome contains two TK genes -TK1a and TK1b- that show similar expression patterns during development. In this work, we studied the respective roles of the two genes during early development and in response to genotoxic agents targeting the organellar or the nuclear genome. We found that the pyrimidine salvage pathway is crucial for chloroplast development and genome replication, as well as for the maintenance of its integrity, and is thus likely to play a crucial role during the transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy after germination. Interestingly, defects in TK activity could be partially compensated by supplementation of the medium with sugar, and this effect resulted from both the availability of a carbon source and the activation of the nucleotide de novo synthesis pathway, providing evidence for a compensation mechanism between two routes of nucleotide biosynthesis that depend on nutrient availability. Finally, we found differential roles of the TK1a and TK1b genes during the plant response to genotoxic stress, suggesting that different pools of nucleotides exist within the cells and are required to respond to different types of DNA damage. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, both during plant development and in response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Nájera-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - Christelle Mazubert
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Paulina Aguilera-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - Jeannine Drouin-Wahbi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
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23
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Ye C, Chen J, Cheng X, Zhou S, Jiang S, Xu J, Zheng H, Tong W, Li G, Tong G. Functional analysis of the UL24 protein of suid herpesvirus 1. Virus Genes 2019; 55:76-86. [PMID: 30478778 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UL24 homologous genes are conserved in alphaherpesviruses. However, the proximity of the UL24 gene and the UL23 gene encoding for thymidine kinase (TK) in the genome of suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) makes it difficult to mutate UL24 without affecting the expression of the TK gene, and thus functional studies of the UL24 gene have lagged behind. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination were adopted to generate UL24 and TK mutant viruses. Deletion of either the UL24 or the TK gene resulted in significantly reduced SuHV-1 replication and spread capacity in Vero cells. However, UL24-deleted virus still maintained a certain degree of lethality in mice, while TK-deleted viruses completely lost their lethality in mice. Similarly, neurovirulence of UL24-deleted virus in mice was not significantly affected compared to parental virus. In comparison, infection with the TK-deleted viruses resulted in significantly reduced neurovirulence and complete loss of lethality. In addition, and for the first time, viral UL24 protein was found to be expressed late during SuHV-1 infection; enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) labeled UL24 protein was shown to be localized in the nucleus via heterologous expression. In conclusion, the UL24 gene of SuHV-1 encodes a nuclear-localized viral protein and acts as a minor virulence-associated factor compared to the TK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuefei Cheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has been tested for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including oral cancer. Among the various suicide gene therapy approaches that have been reported, the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk)/ganciclovir (GCV) system is one of the most extensively studied systems, holding great promise in cancer therapy. In this chapter, we describe methods to use the HSV-tk/GCV system to achieve antitumor activity, both in cultured oral cancer cells and in orthotopic and subcutaneous murine models of oral squamous cell carcinoma, using ligand-associated lipoplexes for enhancing therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Faneca
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Le Ret M, Belcher S, Graindorge S, Wallet C, Koechler S, Erhardt M, Williams-Carrier R, Barkan A, Gualberto JM. Efficient Replication of the Plastid Genome Requires an Organellar Thymidine Kinase. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:1643-1656. [PMID: 30305373 PMCID: PMC6288739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK) is a key enzyme of the salvage pathway that recycles thymidine nucleosides to produce deoxythymidine triphosphate. Here, we identified the single TK of maize (Zea mays), denoted CPTK1, as necessary in the replication of the plastidial genome (cpDNA), demonstrating the essential function of the salvage pathway during chloroplast biogenesis. CPTK1 localized to both plastids and mitochondria, and its absence resulted in an albino phenotype, reduced cpDNA copy number and a severe deficiency in plastidial ribosomes. Mitochondria were not affected, indicating they are less reliant on the salvage pathway. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TKs, TK1A and TK1B, apparently resulted from a gene duplication after the divergence of monocots and dicots. Similar but less-severe effects were observed for Arabidopsis tk1a tk1b double mutants in comparison to those in maize cptk1 TK1B was important for cpDNA replication and repair in conditions of replicative stress but had little impact on the mitochondrial phenotype. In the maize cptk1 mutant, the DNA from the small single-copy region of the plastidial genome was reduced to a greater extent than other regions, suggesting preferential abortion of replication in this region. This was accompanied by the accumulation of truncated genomes that resulted, at least in part, from unfaithful microhomology-mediated repair. These and other results suggest that the loss of normal cpDNA replication elicits the mobilization of new replication origins around the rpoB (beta subunit of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase) transcription unit and imply that increased transcription at rpoB is associated with the initiation of cpDNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Le Ret
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Susan Belcher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Stéfanie Graindorge
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sandrine Koechler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alice Barkan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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26
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Okolie O, Irvin DM, Bago JR, Sheets K, Satterlee A, Carey-Ewend AG, Lettry V, Dumitru R, Elton S, Ewend MG, Miller CR, Hingtgen SD. Intra-cavity stem cell therapy inhibits tumor progression in a novel murine model of medulloblastoma surgical resection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198596. [PMID: 29990322 PMCID: PMC6038981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic neural stem cells (NSCs) have emerged as a promising treatment for Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant primary pediatric brain tumor. The lack of accurate pre-clinical models incorporating surgical resection and tumor recurrence limits advancement in post-surgical MB treatments. Using cell lines from two of the 5 distinct MB molecular sub-groups, in this study, we developed an image-guided mouse model of MB surgical resection and investigate intra-cavity NSC therapy for post-operative MB. Methods Using D283 and Daoy human MB cells engineered to express multi-modality optical reporters, we created the first image-guided resection model of orthotopic MB. Brain-derived NSCs and novel induced NSCs (iNSCs) generated from pediatric skin were engineered to express the pro-drug/enzyme therapy thymidine kinase/ganciclovir, seeded into the post-operative cavity, and used to investigate intra-cavity therapy for post-surgical MB. Results We found that surgery reduced MB volumes by 92%, and the rate of post-operative MB regrowth increased 3-fold compared to pre-resection growth. Real-time imaging showed NSCs rapidly homed to MB, migrating 1.6-fold faster and 2-fold farther in the presence of tumors, and co-localized with MB present in the contra-lateral hemisphere. Seeding of cytotoxic NSCs into the post-operative surgical cavity decreased MB volumes 15-fold and extended median survival 133%. As an initial step towards novel autologous therapy in human MB patients, we found skin-derived iNSCs homed to MB cells, while intra-cavity iNSC therapy suppressed post-surgical tumor growth and prolonged survival of MB-bearing mice by 123%. Conclusions We report a novel image-guided model of MB resection/recurrence and provide new evidence of cytotoxic NSCs/iNSCs delivered into the surgical cavity effectively target residual MB foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Okolie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Irvin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juli R. Bago
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin Sheets
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Satterlee
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail G. Carey-Ewend
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vivien Lettry
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- UNC Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, Genetics Department, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott Elton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Ewend
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - C. Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn D. Hingtgen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a three dimensional imaging modality that detects the accumulation of radiolabeled isotopes in vivo. Ectopic expression of a thymidine kinase reporter gene allows for the specific detection of reporter cells in vivo by imaging with the reporter specific probe. PET reporter imaging is sensitive, quantitative and can be scaled into larger tumors or animals with little to no tissue diffraction. Here, we describe how thymidine kinase PET reporter genes can be used to noninvasively image cancer cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N McCracken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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28
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Rapic S, Vangestel C, Verhaeghe J, Thomae D, Pauwels P, Van den Wyngaert T, Staelens S, Stroobants S. Evaluation of [ 18F]Fluorothymidine as a Biomarker for Early Therapy Response in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:109-119. [PMID: 27324368 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In oncology, positron emission tomography imaging using dedicated tracers as biomarkers may assist in early evaluation of therapy efficacy. Using 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), we investigated the early effects of chemotherapeutic treatment on cancer cell proliferation in a BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer xenograft model. PROCEDURES Colo205 subcutaneously inoculated animals underwent 90-min dynamic imaging before and 24 h after treatment with vehicle (control), cetuximab (resistant) or irinotecan (sensitive). Total distribution volume was quantified from dynamic data, and standardized uptake values as well as tumor-to-blood ratios were calculated from static images averaged over the last 20 min. In vivo imaging data was correlated with ex vivo proliferation and thymidine metabolism proteins. RESULTS All imaging parameters showed a significant post-treatment decrease from [18F]FLT baseline uptake for the irinotecan group (p ≤ 0.001) as compared with the cetuximab and vehicle group and correlated strongly with each other (p ≤ 0.0001). In vivo data were in agreement with Ki67 staining, showing a significantly lower percentage of Ki67-positive cells in the irinotecan group as compared with other groups (p ≤ 0.0001). Tumor expression of thymidine kinase 1 phosphorylated on serine 13, thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase remained unaffected, while thymidine kinase 1 expression was, surprisingly, significantly higher in irinotecan-treated animals (p ≤ 0.01). In contrast, tumor ATP levels were lowest in this group. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FLT positron emission tomography was found to be a suitable biomarker of early tumor response to anti-proliferative treatment, with static imaging not being inferior to full compartmental analysis in our xenograft model. The dynamics of thymidine kinase 1 protein expression and protein activity in low ATP environments merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rapic
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Thomae
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
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Salabert AS, Vaysse L, Beaurain M, Alonso M, Arribarat G, Lotterie JA, Loubinoux I, Tafani M, Payoux P. Imaging grafted cells with [18F]FHBG using an optimized HSV1-TK mammalian expression vector in a brain injury rodent model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184630. [PMID: 28926581 PMCID: PMC5604981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell transplantation is an innovative therapeutic approach after brain injury to compensate for tissue damage. To have real-time longitudinal monitoring of intracerebrally grafted cells, we explored the feasibility of a molecular imaging approach using thymidine kinase HSV1-TK gene encoding and [18F]FHBG as a reporter probe to image enzyme expression. METHODS A stable neuronal cell line expressing HSV1-TK was developed with an optimised mammalian expression vector to ensure long-term transgene expression. After [18F]FHBG incubation under defined parameters, calibration ranges from 1 X 104 to 3 X 106 Neuro2A-TK cells were analysed by gamma counter or by PET-camera. In parallel, grafting with different quantities of [18F]FHBG prelabelled Neuro2A-TK cells was carried out in a rat brain injury model induced by stereotaxic injection of malonate toxin. Image acquisition of the rats was then performed with PET/CT camera to study the [18F]FHBG signal of transplanted cells in vivo. RESULTS Under the optimised incubation conditions, [18F]FHBG cell uptake rate was around 2.52%. In-vitro calibration range analysis shows a clear linear correlation between the number of cells and the signal intensity. The PET signal emitted into rat brain correlated well with the number of cells injected and the number of surviving grafted cells was recorded via the in-vitro calibration range. PET/CT acquisitions also allowed validation of the stereotaxic injection procedure. Technique sensitivity was evaluated under 5 X 104 grafted cells in vivo. No [18F]FHBG or [18F]metabolite release was observed showing a stable cell uptake even 2 h post-graft. CONCLUSION The development of this kind of approach will allow grafting to be controlled and ensure longitudinal follow-up of cell viability and biodistribution after intracerebral injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Salabert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Marie Beaurain
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Mathieu Alonso
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Germain Arribarat
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Nuclear medecine Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Mathieu Tafani
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Nuclear medecine Unit, Toulouse, France
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Shelat NY, Parhi S, Ostermeier M. Development of a cancer-marker activated enzymatic switch from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:95-103. [PMID: 27986921 PMCID: PMC6080848 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of new cancer biomarkers and advances in targeted gene delivery mechanisms have made gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) an attractive method for treating cancer. Recent focus has been placed on increasing target specificity of gene delivery systems and reducing toxicity in non-cancer cells in order to make GDEPT viable. To help address this challenge, we have developed an enzymatic switch that confers higher prodrug toxicity in the presence of a cancer marker. The enzymatic switch was derived from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) fused to the CH1 domain of the p300 protein. The CH1 domain binds to the C-terminal transactivation domain (C-TAD) of the cancer marker hypoxia inducible factor 1α. The switch was developed using a directed evolution approach that evaluated a large library of HSV-TK/CH1 fusions using a negative selection for azidothymidine (AZT) toxicity and a positive selection for dT phosphorylation. The identified switch, dubbed TICKLE (Trigger-Induced Cell-Killing Lethal-Enzyme), confers a 4-fold increase in AZT toxicity in the presence of C-TAD. The broad substrate specificity exhibited by HSV-TK makes TICKLE an appealing prospect for testing in medical imaging and cancer therapy, while establishing a foundation for further engineering of nucleoside kinase protein switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Y Shelat
- Chemical Biology Interface Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sidhartha Parhi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marc Ostermeier
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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31
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Kamran N, Kadiyala P, Saxena M, Candolfi M, Li Y, Moreno-Ayala MA, Raja N, Shah D, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cells' Blockade in the Glioma Microenvironment Enhances the Efficacy of Immune-Stimulatory Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2017; 25:232-248. [PMID: 28129117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of glioma (GBM) patients treated with the current standard of care remains dismal. Immunotherapeutic approaches that harness the cytotoxic and memory potential of the host immune system have shown great benefit in other cancers. GBMs have developed multiple strategies, including the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to induce immunosuppression. It is therefore imperative to develop multipronged approaches when aiming to generate a robust anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we tested whether combining MDSC depletion or checkpoint blockade would augment the efficacy of immune-stimulatory herpes simplex type-I thymidine kinase (TK) plus Fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand (Flt3L)-mediated immune stimulatory gene therapy. Our results show that MDSCs constitute >40% of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells. These cells express IL-4Rα, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase, programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1), and CD80, molecules that are critically involved in antigen-specific T cell suppression. Depletion of MDSCs strongly enhanced the TK/Flt3L gene therapy-induced tumor-specific CD8 T cell response, which lead to increased median survival and percentage of long-term survivors. Also, combining PDL1 or CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade greatly improved the efficacy of TK/Flt3L gene therapy. Our results, therefore, indicate that blocking MDSC-mediated immunosuppression holds great promise for increasing the efficacy of gene therapy-mediated immunotherapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Meghna Saxena
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Youping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Mariela A Moreno-Ayala
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas Raja
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA.
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Mellado-García P, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Marcos R, Pichardo S, Cameán AM. In vitro toxicological assessment of an organosulfur compound from Allium extract: Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:231-240. [PMID: 27939830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are being used in the food industry as flavoring but also for their antimicrobial activities. These activities are mainly derived from the organosulfur compounds (OSCs). Propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) is an OSC with potential use in the active packaging, but its safety should be guaranteed before being commercialized. The aim of this work was to investigate for the first time the cytotoxicity of PTS as well as its in vitro mutagenic/genotoxic potential using the following battery of genotoxicity tests:(1)the bacterial reverse-mutation assay in S. typhimurium (Ames test, OECD 471, 1997); (2) the micronucleus test (MN, OECD 487, 2016); (3) the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA, OECD 476, 2015), and (4) the comet assay (standard and modified with restriction enzymes). The results revealed that PTS was not mutagenic neither in the Ames test nor in MLA. However, genotoxic effects were recorded in the MN test on mammalian cells (L5178YTk+/-cells) after PTS exposure at the highest concentration tested (17.25 μM) without S9, and also its metabolites (+S9, from 20 μM). Moreover, in the comet assay, PTS induced DNA breaks damage in Caco-2 cells at the highest concentration tested (280 μM) but it did not induce oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mellado-García
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma of Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Leija C, Rijo-Ferreira F, Kinch LN, Grishin NV, Nischan N, Kohler JJ, Hu Z, Phillips MA. Pyrimidine Salvage Enzymes Are Essential for De Novo Biosynthesis of Deoxypyrimidine Nucleotides in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006010. [PMID: 27820863 PMCID: PMC5098729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei possess both de novo and salvage routes for the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Consequently, they do not require salvageable pyrimidines for growth. Thymidine kinase (TK) catalyzes the formation of dTMP and dUMP and is one of several salvage enzymes that appear redundant to the de novo pathway. Surprisingly, we show through analysis of TK conditional null and RNAi cells that TK is essential for growth and for infectivity in a mouse model, and that a catalytically active enzyme is required for its function. Unlike humans, T. brucei and all other kinetoplastids lack dCMP deaminase (DCTD), which provides an alternative route to dUMP formation. Ectopic expression of human DCTD resulted in full rescue of the RNAi growth phenotype and allowed for selection of viable TK null cells. Metabolite profiling by LC-MS/MS revealed a buildup of deoxypyrimidine nucleosides in TK depleted cells. Knockout of cytidine deaminase (CDA), which converts deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine led to thymidine/deoxyuridine auxotrophy. These unexpected results suggested that T. brucei encodes an unidentified 5'-nucleotidase that converts deoxypyrimidine nucleotides to their corresponding nucleosides, leading to their dead-end buildup in TK depleted cells at the expense of dTTP pools. Bioinformatics analysis identified several potential candidate genes that could encode 5'-nucleotidase activity including an HD-domain protein that we show catalyzes dephosphorylation of deoxyribonucleotide 5'-monophosphates. We conclude that TK is essential for synthesis of thymine nucleotides regardless of whether the nucleoside precursors originate from the de novo pathway or through salvage. Reliance on TK in the absence of DCTD may be a shared vulnerability among trypanosomatids and may provide a unique opportunity to selectively target a diverse group of pathogenic single-celled eukaryotes with a single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Leija
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lisa N. Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole Nischan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Lin M, Huang J, Jiang X, Zhang J, Yu H, Ye J, Zhang D. A combination hepatoma-targeted therapy based on nanotechnology: pHRE-Egr1-HSV-TK/(131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV/MFH. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33524. [PMID: 27642033 PMCID: PMC5027595 DOI: 10.1038/srep33524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination targeted therapy is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, using PEI-Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (PEI-MZF-NPs) as magnetic media for MFH (magnetic fluid hyperthermia) and gene transfer vector for gene-therapy, a combined therapy, pHRE-Egr1-HSV-TK/(131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV/MFH, for hepatoma is developed. AntiAFPMcAb (Monoclonal antibody AFP) is exploited for targeting. The plasmids pHRE-Egr1-HSV-TK are achieved by incorporation of pEgr1-HSV-TK and pHRE-Egr1-EGFP. Restriction enzyme digestion and PCR confirm the recombinant plasmids pHRE-Egr1-HSV-TK are successfully constructed. After exposure to the magnetic field, PEI-MZF-NPs/pHRE-Egr1-EGFP fluid is warmed rapidly and then the temperature is maintained at 43 °C or so, which is quite appropriate for cancer treatment. The gene expression reaches the peak when treated with 200 μCi (131)I for 24 hours, indicating that the dose of 200 μCi might be the optimal dose for irradiation and 24 h irradiation later is the best time to initiate MFH. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that pHRE-Egr1-HSV-TK/(131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV/MFH can greatly suppress hepatic tumor cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis and necrosis and effectively inhibit the tumor growth, much better than any monotherapy does alone. Furthermore, the combination therapy has few or no adverse effects. It might be applicable as a strategy to treat hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Junxing Huang
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xingmao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Material and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Southeast University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory For Biomaterials and Devices, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Kim J, Kang Y, Tzeng SY, Green JJ. Synthesis and application of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(β-amino ester) copolymers for small cell lung cancer gene therapy. Acta Biomater 2016; 41:293-301. [PMID: 27262740 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The design of polymeric nanoparticles for gene therapy requires engineering of polymer structure to overcome multiple barriers, including prolonged colloidal stability during formulation and application. Poly(β-amino ester)s (PBAEs) have been shown effective as polymeric vectors for intracellular DNA delivery, but limited studies have focused on polymer modifications to enhance the stability of PBAE/DNA polyplexes. We developed block copolymers consisting of PBAE oligomer center units and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) end units. We fabricated a library of PEG-PBAE polyplexes by blending PEGylated PBAEs of different PEG molecular weights and non-PEGylated PBAEs of different structures at various mass ratios of cationic polymer to anionic DNA. Non-PEGylated PBAE polyplexes aggregated following a 24h incubation in acidic and physiological buffers, presenting a challenge for therapeutic use. In contrast, among 36 PEG-PBAE polyplex formulations evaluated, certain polyplexes maintained a small size under these conditions. These selected polyplexes were further evaluated for transfection in human small cell lung cancer cells (H446) in the presence of serum, and the best formulation transfected ∼40% of these hard-to-transfect cells while preventing polymer-mediated cytotoxicity. When PEG-PBAE polyplex delivered Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase plasmid in combination with the prodrug ganciclovir, the polyplexes killed significantly more H446 cancer cells (35%) compared to healthy human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) (15%). These findings indicate that PEG-PBAE polyplexes can maintain particle stability without compromising their therapeutic function for intracellular delivery to human small cell lung cancer cells, demonstrate potential cancer specificity, and have potential as safe materials for small cell lung cancer gene therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Many natural and synthetic biomaterials have been investigated as non-viral vectors to deliver nucleic acids for cancer therapy. However, there are multiple hurdles to successful transfection including achieving particle stability, efficient delivery to cancer cells, and low cytotoxicity. In particular, engineering the physicochemical surface properties of a nanoparticle to improve stability is often offset by a decrease in the cellular entry and transfection efficiency. We developed stable polymeric nanoparticles that demonstrate high transfection efficiency by modifying synthetic biodegradable cationic polymers and engineering nanoparticle formulations using a combinatorial approach. The results of this study show the potential of biodegradable surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles as clinically translatable, biomaterial-based vehicles for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yechan Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Hojeij R, Domingos-Pereira S, Nkosi M, Gharbi D, Derré L, Schiller JT, Jichlinski P, Nardelli-Haefliger D. Immunogenic Human Papillomavirus Pseudovirus-Mediated Suicide-Gene Therapy for Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071125. [PMID: 27428950 PMCID: PMC4964499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the second most common urological malignancy in the world. In 70% of cases it is initially diagnosed as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and it is amenable to local treatments, with intravesical (IVES) Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy being routinely used after transurethral resection of the lesion. However, this treatment is associated with significant side-effects and treatment failures, highlighting the necessity of novel strategies. One potent approach is the suicide-gene mediated therapy/prodrug combination, provided tumor-specificity can be ensured and anti-tumor immune responses induced. Using the mouse syngeneic orthotopic MB49-bladder tumor model, here we show that IVES human papillomavirus non-replicative pseudovirions (PsV) can pseudoinfect tumors with a ten-fold higher efficacy than normal bladders. In addition, PsV carrying the suicide-gene herpes-simplex virus thymidine kinase (PsV-TK) combined to Ganciclovir (GCV) led to immunogenic cell-death of tumor cells in vitro and to MB49-specific CD8 T-cells in vivo. This was associated with reduction in bladder-tumor growth and increased mice survival. Altogether, our data show that IVES PsV-TK/GCV may be a promising alternative or combinatory treatment for NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hojeij
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Sonia Domingos-Pereira
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Nkosi
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Dalila Gharbi
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Derré
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Patrice Jichlinski
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Denise Nardelli-Haefliger
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Li J, Zhou P, Li L, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Tang L, Tian S. Effects of Cationic Microbubble Carrying CD/TK Double Suicide Gene and αVβ3 Integrin Antibody in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158592. [PMID: 27391603 PMCID: PMC4938599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mostly derived from hepatitis or cirrhosisis, is one of the most common types of liver cancer. T-cell mediated immune response elicited by CD/TK double suicide gene has shown a substantial antitumor effect in HCC. Integrin αVβ3 over expresssion has been suggested to regulate the biology behavior of HCC. In this study, we investigated the strategy of incorporating CD/TK double suicide gene and anti-αVβ3 integrin monoclonal antibodies into cationic microbubbles (CMBsαvβ3), and evaluated its killing effect in HCC cells. Methods To improve the transfection efficiency of targeted CD/TK double suicide gene, we adopted cationic microbubbles (CMBs), a cationic delivery agent with enhanced DNA-carrying capacity. The ultrasound and high speed shearing method was used to prepare the non-targeting cationic microbubbles (CMBs). Using the biotin-avidin bridge method, αVβ3 integrin antibody was conjugated to CMBs, and CMBsαvβ3 was generated to specifically target to HepG2 cells. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the CMBsαvβ3 was detected by optical microscope and zeta detector. The conjugation of plasmid and the antibody in CMBsαvβ3 were examined by immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The binding capacities of CMBsαvβ3 and CMBs to HCC HepG2 and normal L-02 cells were compared using rosette formation assay. To detect EGFP fluorescence and examine the transfection efficiencies of CMBsαvβ3 and CMBs in HCC cells, fluorescence microscope and contrast-enhanced sonography were adopted. mRNA and protein level of CD/TK gene were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. To evaluate the anti-tumor effect of CMBsαvβ3, HCC cells with CMBsαvβ3 were exposed to 5-flurocytosine / ganciclovir (5-FC/GCV). Then, cell cycle distribution after treatment were detected by PI staining and flow cytometry. Apoptotic cells death were detected by optical microscope and assessed by MTT assay and TUNEL-staining assay. Results CMBsαvβ3 had a regular shape and good dispersion. Compared to CMBs, CMBsαvβ3 had more stable concentrations of αVβ3 ligand and pEGFP-KDRP-CD/TK, and CMBsαvβ3 was much sticker to HepG2 HCC cells than normal liver L-02cells. Moreover, after exposed to anti-αVβ3 monoclonal antibody, the adhesion of CMBsαvβ3 to HepG2 cells and L-02 cells were significantly reduced. Also, CMBsαvβ3 demonstrated a substantially higher efficiency in pEGFP-KDRP-CD/TK plasmid transfection in HepG2 cells than CMBs. In addition, CMBsαvβ3 could significantly facilitate 5-FC/GCV-induced cell cycle arrest in S phase. Moreover, treatment of 5-FC/GCV combined with CMBsαvβ3 resulted in a marked apoptotic cell death in HepG2 and SK-Herp-1 HCC cells. In vitro, treatment of 5-FC/GCV combined with CMBsαvβ3 suppresed cell proliferation. In nude mice model, 5-FU + GCV combined with plasmid + CMBsαvβ3were able to significantly suppress tumor volumes. Conclusion Through biotin-avidin mediation system, CMBsαvβ3 were successfully generated to specifically target HCC HepG2 cells. More importantly, CMBsαvβ3 could significantly facilitate 5-FC/GCV-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells. Our study demonstrated a potential strategy that could be translated clinically to improve liver tumor gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Li
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Li Tang
- MDFLOW System,Corporate Park of Doral, Doral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shuangming Tian
- Department of Ultrasound,the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
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Tang Y, Li J, Zhao S, Liu J. Killing Effect of the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir Enzyme/Prodrug System on Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:433-41. [PMID: 17697519 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising new approach for the gene therapy of cancer is the introduction of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV tk) gene into tumour cells, where the HSV tk gene product converts the non-toxic prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) into its cytotoxic metabolite. We constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the HSV tk gene using standard molecular biology techniques in order to investigate whether the HSV tk/GCV enzyme/prodrug system could kill the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HNE-1. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(–) CMV.TK was transfected into the HNE-1 cells by electroporation. The expression of HSV tk by the transfected HNE-1/TK cells was confirmed by mRNA amplification and Western blotting. The growth of HNE-1/TK cells was inhibited by GCV in a dose-dependent manner. The HSV tk/GCV system also demonstrated a considerable bystander effect on co-cultured wild type HNE-1 cells. We conclude that the HSV tk/GCV system could be used as gene therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- ENT Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Luoni GM, McGuigan C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Bicyclic Nucleoside Inhibitors of Varicella-Zoster Virus Modified on the Sugar Moiety: 3′ and 5′ Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:333-41. [PMID: 15646647 DOI: 10.1177/095632020401500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic furanopyrimidine nucleoside analogues (BCNAs) have been previously reported as potent and selective anti-varicella-zoster virus (VZV) agents. Few modifications on the sugar moiety have been considered so far but some of them have shown interesting activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) while losing activity against VZV. In addition, recent work has led to an entirely new series of anti-HCMV bicyclic furopyrimidine agents, acting through a non-nucleoside mechanism. In order to further investigate structure-activity relationship studies on the sugar moiety, some 3′- and 5′-chloro derivatives and 5′-deoxygenated derivatives have been synthesized. The lack of anti-VZV activity of the 5′-modified derivatives is further proof of a mechanism of action involving VZV thymidine kinase (TK)-mediated phosphorylation. Similarly, the replacement of the 3′-OH with chlorine showed a decrease of antiviral activity, which can be correlated to the lack of interaction with VZV TK as demonstrated by enzyme assays. These results confirm free 5′-OH and 3′-OH as necessary requirements for efficient recognition by VZV TK and for potent anti-VZV activity in cell culture.
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Xu J, Zhang L, Yang DL, Li Q, He Z. Thymidine kinases share a conserved function for nucleotide salvage and play an essential role in Arabidopsis thaliana growth and development. New Phytol 2015; 208:1089-1103. [PMID: 26139575 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine kinases (TKs) are important components in the nucleotide salvage pathway. However, knowledge about plant TKs is quite limited. In this study, the molecular function of TKs in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Two TKs were identified and named AtTK1 and AtTK2. Expression of both genes was ubiquitous, but AtTK1 was strongly expressed in high-proliferation tissues. AtTK1 was localized to the cytosol, whereas AtTK2 was localized to the mitochondria. Mutant analysis indicated that the two genes function coordinately to sustain normal plant development. Enzymatic assays showed that the two TK proteins shared similar catalytic specificity for pyrimidine nucleosides. They were able to complement an Escherichia coli strain lacking TK activity. 5'-Fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) resistance and 5-ethynyl 2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays confirmed their activity in vivo. Furthermore, the tk mutant phenotype could be alleviated by nucleotide feeding, establishing that the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides was disrupted by the TK deficiency. Finally, both human and rice (Oryza sativa) TKs were able to rescue the tk mutants, demonstrating the functional conservation of TKs across organisms. Taken together, our findings clarify the specialized function of two TKs in A. thaliana and establish that the salvage pathway mediated by the kinases is essential for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Di Cresce C, Figueredo R, Rytelewski M, Vareki SM, Way C, Ferguson PJ, Vincent MD, Koropatnick J. siRNA knockdown of mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) sensitizes human tumor cells to gemcitabine. Oncotarget 2015; 6:22397-409. [PMID: 26087398 PMCID: PMC4673171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside metabolism enzymes are determinants of chemotherapeutic drug activity. The nucleoside salvage enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) activates gemcitabine (2', 2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) and is negatively regulated by deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). Reduction of dCTP in tumor cells could, therefore, enhance gemcitabine activity. Mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) phosphorylates deoxycytidine to generate dCTP. We hypothesized that: (1) TK2 modulates human tumor cell sensitivity to gemcitabine, and (2) antisense knockdown of TK2 would decrease dCTP and increase dCK activity and gemcitabine activation. siRNA downregulation of TK2 sensitized MCF7 and HeLa cells (high and moderate TK2) but not A549 cells (low TK2) to gemcitabine. Combined treatment with TK2 siRNA and gemcitabine increased dCK. We also hypothesized that TK2 siRNA-induced drug sensitization results in mitochondrial damage that enhances gemcitabine effectiveness. TK2 siRNA and gemcitabine decreased mitochondrial redox status, DNA content, and activity. This is the first demonstration of a direct role for TK2 in gemcitabine resistance, or any independent role in cancer drug resistance, and further distinguishes TK2 function from that of other dTMP-producing enzymes [cytosolic TK1 and thymidylate synthase (TS)]. siRNA knockdown of TK1 and/or TS did not sensitize cancer cells to gemcitabine indicating that, among the 3 enzymes, only TK2 is a candidate therapeutic target for combination with gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Di Cresce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene Figueredo
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mateusz Rytelewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saman Maleki Vareki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Way
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Ferguson
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D. Vincent
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Koropatnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute and London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lee HJ, Oh SJ, Lee EJ, Chung JH, Kim Y, Ryu JS, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Moon DH, Kim TW. Positron emission tomography imaging of human colon cancer xenografts in mice with [18F]fluorothymidine after TAS-102 treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:1005-13. [PMID: 25776904 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TAS-102 is an orally administered anticancer agent composed of α,α,α-trifluorothymidine (FTD) and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI). This study assessed 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) uptake after TAS-102 administration. METHODS The human colorectal carcinoma cell lines HCT116, HT29, HCT8 and SW620 were exposed to FTD for 2 h, further incubated for 0, 2 and 24 h, and assayed for [(3)H]FLT uptake, nucleoside transport, thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression and TK1 activity. Static and 2-h dynamic [(18)F]FLT positron emission tomography (PET) was performed in mice bearing HT29 or SW620 tumours orally administered with vehicle or TAS-102. RESULTS FTD decreased the viability of all cell lines, whereas increased [(3)H]FLT uptake (P < 0.05). Increased nucleoside transport and/or TK1 expression were observed 24 h after FTD, but not in 0-2 h. Static [(18)F]FLT PET in mice bearing HT29 tumours showed accumulation of [(18)F]FLT in tumours 1 h (day 1) after TAS-102. Two-hour dynamic PET in mice bearing SW620 tumours showed increased influx constant and volume of distribution of phosphorylated [(18)F]FLT on days 1 and 8 (P < 0.05) after TAS-102 with decreased dephosphorylation on day 1 (P < 0.001). Ex vivo studies showed that SW620 tumours after TAS-102 had higher TK1 expression than those with vehicle on days 8 and 15. CONCLUSION TAS-102 administration induces an increase in [(18)F]FLT uptake. Mechanisms may involve decreased dephosphorylation of [(18)F]FLT phosphate early after TAS-102 administration. Increased TK1 expression and/or nucleoside transporter may be related to increased [(18)F]FLT uptake at a later time. [(18)F]FLT PET has a potential to assess the pharmacodynamics of TAS-102 in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeng Jung Lee
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tominaga M, Kawai-Noma S, Kawagishi I, Sowa Y, Saito K, Umeno D. Liquid-based iterative recombineering method tolerant to counter-selection escapes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119818. [PMID: 25775434 PMCID: PMC4361647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection-based recombineering is a flexible and proven technology to precisely modify bacterial genomes at single base resolution. It consists of two steps of homologous recombination followed by selection/counter-selection. However, the shortage of efficient counter-selectable markers limits the throughput of this method. Additionally, the emergence of ‘selection escapees’ can affect recombinant pools generated through this method, and they must be manually removed at each step of selection-based recombineering. Here, we report a series of efforts to improve the throughput and robustness of selection-based recombineering and to achieve seamless and automatable genome engineering. Using the nucleoside kinase activity of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsvTK) on the non-natural nucleoside dP, a highly efficient, rapid, and liquid-based counter-selection system was established. By duplicating hsvtk gene, combined with careful control of the population size for the subsequent round, we effectively eliminated selection escapes, enabling seamless and multiple insertions/replacement of gene-size fragments in the chromosome. Four rounds of recombineering could thus be completed in 10 days, requiring only liquid handling and without any need for colony isolation or genotype confirmation. The simplicity and robustness of our method make it broadly accessible for multi-locus chromosomal modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tominaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cyo, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shigeko Kawai-Noma
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cyo, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kawagishi
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sowa
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, 3-11-15 Midori-cho, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cyo, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cyo, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pagaduan JV, Ramsden M, O'Neill K, Woolley AT. Microchip immunoaffinity electrophoresis of antibody-thymidine kinase 1 complex. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:813-7. [PMID: 25486911 PMCID: PMC4346389 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an important cancer biomarker whose serum levels are elevated in early cancer development. We developed a microchip electrophoresis immunoaffinity assay to measure recombinant purified TK1 (pTK1) using an antibody (Ab) that binds to human TK1. We fabricated PMMA microfluidic devices to test the feasibility of detecting Ab-pTK1 immune complexes as a step toward TK1 analysis in clinical serum samples. We were able to separate immune complexes from unbound Abs using 0.5× PBS (pH 7.4) containing 0.01% Tween-20, with 1% w/v methylcellulose that acts as a dynamic surface coating and sieving matrix. Separation of the Ab and Ab-pTK1 complex was observed within a 5 mm effective separation length. This method of detecting pTK1 is easy to perform, requires only a 10 μL sample volume, and takes just 1 min for separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson V Pagaduan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Peck M, Pollack HA, Friesen A, Muzi M, Shoner SC, Shankland EG, Fink JR, Armstrong JO, Link JM, Krohn KA. Applications of PET imaging with the proliferation marker [18F]-FLT. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 59:95-104. [PMID: 25737423 PMCID: PMC4415691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
[18F]-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT) is a nucleoside-analog imaging agent for quantifying cellular proliferation that was first reported in 1998. It accumulates during the S-phase of the cell cycle through the action of cytosolic thymidine kinase, TK1. Since TK1 is primarily expressed in dividing cells, FLT uptake is essentially limited to dividing cells. Thus FLT is an effective measure of cell proliferation. FLT uptake has been shown to correlate with the more classic proliferation marker, the monoclonal antibody to Ki-67. Increased cellular proliferation is known to correlate with worse outcome in many cancers. However, the Ki-67 binding assay is performed on a sampled preparation, ex vivo, whereas FLT can be quantitatively measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). FLT is an effective and quantitative marker of cell proliferation, and therefore a useful prognostic predictor in the setting of neoplastic disease. This review summarizes clinical studies from 2011 forward that used FLT-PET to assess tumor response to therapy. The paper focuses on our recommendations for a standardized clinical trial protocol and components of a report so multi center studies can be effectively conducted, and different studies can be compared. For example, since FLT is glucuronidated by the liver, and the metabolite is not transported into the cell, the plasma fraction of FLT can be significantly changed by treatment with particular drugs that deplete this enzyme, including some chemotherapy agents and pain medications. Therefore, the plasma level of metabolites should be measured to assure FLT uptake kinetics can be accurately calculated. This is important because the flux constant (KFLT) is a more accurate measure of proliferation and, by inference, a better discriminator of tumor recurrence than standardized uptake value (SUVFLT). This will allow FLT imaging to be a specific and clinically relevant prognostic predictor in the treatment of neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peck
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA -
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Della Peruta M, Badar A, Rosales C, Chokshi S, Kia A, Nathwani D, Galante E, Yan R, Arstad E, Davidoff AM, Williams R, Lythgoe MF, Nathwani AC. Preferential targeting of disseminated liver tumors using a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:94-103. [PMID: 25569358 PMCID: PMC4326028 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel selectively targeting gene delivery approach has been developed for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer mortality whose prognosis remains poor. We combine the strong liver tropism of serotype-8 capsid-pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV8) with a liver-specific promoter (HLP) and microRNA-122a (miR-122a)-mediated posttranscriptional regulation. Systemic administration of our AAV8 construct resulted in preferential transduction of the liver and encouragingly of HCC at heterotopic sites, a finding that could be exploited to target disseminated disease. Tumor selectivity was enhanced by inclusion of miR-122a-binding sequences (ssAAV8-HLP-TK-122aT4) in the expression cassette, resulting in abrogation of transgene expression in normal murine liver but not in HCC. Systemic administration of our tumor-selective vector encoding herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene resulted in a sevenfold reduction in HCC growth in a syngeneic murine model without toxicity. In summary, we have developed a systemically deliverable gene transfer approach that enables high-level expression of therapeutic genes in HCC but not normal tissues, thus improving the prospects of safe and effective treatment for advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Della Peruta
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Badar
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, London W1W 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom
| | - Azadeh Kia
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Devhrut Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Galante
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Yan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Arstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 33105-3678
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Amit C. Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, London W1W 8NB, United Kingdom
- Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Pedroza-García JA, Nájera-Martínez M, de la Paz Sanchez M, Plasencia J. Arabidopsis thaliana thymidine kinase 1a is ubiquitously expressed during development and contributes to confer tolerance to genotoxic stress. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 87:303-15. [PMID: 25537647 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase catalyzes the first step in the nucleotide salvage pathway by transferring a phosphate group to a thymidine molecule. In mammals thymidine kinase supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA replication and DNA repair, and the expression of the gene is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. Although this gene is phylogenetically conserved in many taxa, its physiological function in plants remains unknown. The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has two thymidine kinase genes (AtTK1a and AtTK1b) and microarray data suggest they might have redundant roles. In this study we analyzed the TK1a function by evaluating its expression pattern during development and in response to genotoxic stress. We also studied its role in DNA repair by the characterization of a mutant that contained the T-DNA insertion in the promoter region of the TK1a gene. We found that TK1a is expressed in most tissues during plant development and it was differentially induced by ultraviolet-C radiation because TK1b expression was unaffected. In the mutant, the T-DNA insertion caused a 40 % rise in transcript levels and enzyme activity in Arabidopsis seedlings compared to wild-type plants. This elevation was enough to confer tolerance to ultraviolet-C irradiation in dark conditions, as determined by root growth, and meristem length and structure. TK1a overexpression also provided tolerance to genotoxins that induce double-strand break. Our results suggest that thymidine kinase contributes to several DNA repair pathways by providing deoxythymidine triphosphate that serve as precursors for DNA repair and to balance deoxyribonucleotides pools.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Genes, Plant/radiation effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/radiation effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/radiation effects
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
- Thymidine Kinase/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, D.F., México
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Fiala O, Pesek M, Finek J, Benesova L, Minarik M, Bortlicek Z, Topolcan O. The role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and thymidine kinase (TK) levels in prediction of efficacy ofEGFR-TKIs in patients with advanced-stage NSCLC [corrected]. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:5193-5198. [PMID: 25202114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tumor biomarkers are used for diagnostics and follow-up monitoring of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We focused on the predictive role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and thymidine [corrected] kinase (TK) in patients with advanced-stage NSCLC treated with epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). PATIENTS AND METHODS In a total of 163 patients with advanced-stage (IIIB or IV) NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKIs (erlotinib or gefitinib), pre-treatment levels of NSE and TK were measured. RESULTS We observed significantly shorter progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with high NSE levels (p=0.002; p=0.003) and also in those with high TK levels (p=0.026; p=0.020). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model confirmed that high NSE is a strong independent predictive factor for short PFS (hazard ratio; HR=2.36; p=0.003). CONCLUSION High pre-treatment serum levels of NSE is an independent biomarker predicting poor outcome of patients with NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Pesek
- Department of Pneumology, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Finek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Benesova
- Center for Applied Genomics of Solid Tumours, Genomac Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Minarik
- Center for Applied Genomics of Solid Tumours, Genomac Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Bortlicek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School and Teaching Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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50
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Sala R, Nguyen QD, Patel CBK, Mann D, Steinke JHG, Vilar R, Aboagye EO. Phosphorylation status of thymidine kinase 1 following antiproliferative drug treatment mediates 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]-fluorothymidine cellular retention. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101366. [PMID: 25003822 PMCID: PMC4086825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]-fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) is being investigated as a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) proliferation biomarker. The mechanism of cellular [18F]FLT retention has been assigned primarily to alteration of the strict transcriptionally regulated S-phase expression of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). This, however, does not explain how anticancer agents acting primarily through G2/M arrest affect [18F]FLT uptake. We investigated alternative mechanisms of [18F]FLT cellular retention involving post-translational modification of TK1 during mitosis. Methods [18F]FLT cellular retention was assessed in cell lines having different TK1 expression. Drug-induced phosphorylation of TK1 protein was evaluated by MnCl2-phos-tag gel electrophoresis and correlated with [18F]FLT cellular retention. We further elaborated the amino acid residues involved in TK1 phosphorylation by transient transfection of FLAG-pCMV2 plasmids encoding wild type or mutant variants of TK1 into TK1 negative cells. Results Baseline [18F]FLT cellular retention and TK1 protein expression were associated. S-phase and G2/M phase arrest caused greater than two-fold reduction in [18F]FLT cellular retention in colon cancer HCT116 cells (p<0.001). G2/M cell cycle arrest increased TK1 phosphorylation as measured by induction of at least one phosphorylated form of the protein on MnCl2-phos-tag gels. Changes in [18F]FLT cellular retention reflected TK1 phosphorylation and not expression of total protein, in keeping with the impact of phosphorylation on enzyme catalytic activity. Both Ser13 and Ser231 were shown to be involved in the TK1 phosphorylation-modulated [18F]FLT cellular retention; although the data suggested involvement of other amino-acid residues. Conclusion We have defined a regulatory role of TK1 phosphorylation in mediating [18F]FLT cellular retention and hence reporting of antiproliferative activity, with implications especially for drugs that induce a G2/M cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sala
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chirag B. K. Patel
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim H. G. Steinke
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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