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Fu B, Yang L, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Yu P. Enhanced biosynthesis of physiologically active vitamin D3 by constructing recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 with a multienzyme system. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2
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Wang Z, Zeng Y, Jia H, Yang N, Liu M, Jiang M, Zheng Y. Bioconversion of vitamin D 3 to bioactive calcifediol and calcitriol as high-value compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:109. [PMID: 36229827 PMCID: PMC9563128 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological catalysis is an important approach for the production of high-value-added compounds, especially for products with complex structures. Limited by the complex steps of chemical synthesis and low yields, the bioconversion of vitamin D3 (VD3) to calcifediol and calcitriol, which are natural steroid products with high added value and significantly higher biological activity compared to VD3, is probably the most promising strategy for calcifediol and calcitriol production, and can be used as an alternative method for chemical synthesis. The conversion efficiency of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol has continued to rise in the past few decades with the help of several different VD3 hydroxylases, mostly cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and newly isolated strains. The production of calcifediol and calcitriol can be systematically increased in different ways. Specific CYPs and steroid C25 dehydrogenase (S25DH), as VD3 hydroxylases, are capable of converting VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol. Some isolated actinomycetes have also been exploited for fermentative production of calcifediol and calcitriol, although the VD3 hydroxylases of these strains have not been elucidated. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and enzyme engineering, quite a lot of advances in bioproduction of calcifediol and calcitriol has been achieved in recent years. Therefore, here we review the successful strategies of promoting VD3 hydroxylation and provide some perspective on how to further improve the bioconversion of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmin Jia
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100095 China
| | - Niping Yang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Mengshuang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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3
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Yogo Y, Yasuda K, Takita T, Yasukawa K, Iwai Y, Nishikawa M, Sugimoto H, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by Streptomyces griseolus CYP105A1 and its variants. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Münch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Pascal Püllmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, MartinLuther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
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Schmitz LM, Kinner A, Althoff K, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Investigation of Vitamin D 2 and Vitamin D 3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2266-2274. [PMID: 33647186 PMCID: PMC8359954 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolites 25-OH-D and 1α,25-(OH)2 -D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2 ) and vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100-fold higher product concentrations of 25-OH-D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25-OH-D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single-hydroxylation products, the human double-hydroxylation products 1,25-(OH)2 -D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 -D3 and various other potential single- and double-hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kirsten Althoff
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
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6
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Ma B, Wang Q, Han BN, Ikeda H, Zhang C, Xu LH. Hydroxylation, Epoxidation, and Dehydrogenation of Capsaicin by a Microbial Promiscuous Cytochrome P450 105D7. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000910. [PMID: 33656282 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are versatile biocatalysts, which insert a molecular oxygen into inactivated C-H bonds under mild conditions. CYP105D7 from Streptomyces avermitilis has been reported as a bacterial substrate-promiscuous P450 which catalyzes the hydroxylation of 1-deoxypentalenic acid, diclofenac, naringenin, compactin and steroids. In this study, CYP105D7 catalyzes hydroxylation, epoxidation and dehydrogenation of capsaicin, a pharmaceutical agent, revealing its functional diversity. The kinetic parameters of the CYP105D7 oxidation of capsaicin were determined as Km =311.60±87.30 μM and kcat =2.01±0.33 min-1 . In addition, we conducted molecular docking, mutagenesis and substrate binding analysis, indicating that Arg81 plays crucial role in the capsaicin binding and catalysis. To our best knowledge, this study presents the first report to illustrate that capsaicin can be catalyzed by prokaryotic P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Ma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Dinghai, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Dinghai, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Nan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Omura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Dinghai, Zhoushan, 316021, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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Abdulmughni A, Erichsen B, Hensel J, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. Improvement of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 production in a CYP109A2-expressing Bacillus megaterium system. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:355-359. [PMID: 33268138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcifediol (25(OH)VD3) is a physiologically very important vitamin D3 metabolite and of high pharmaceutical importance, due to its potential for treating not only vitamin D3 deficiencies but also coronary diseases and cancer. Previously, we established a whole-cell Bacillus megaterium-based system using the cytochrome P450 CYP109A2 for the biotransformation of vitamin D3 into its metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of the region between amino acids T103 and A106 for the catalytic activity of CYP109A2 towards vitamin D3 as a substrate. In order to increase the productivity of the system, reaction conditions (xylose, vitamin D3, saponin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) were optimized for the in vivo production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. With cells producing the T103A mutant, a productivity of 282.7 mg/L/48 h was achieved under the optimized conditions. This value is two times higher than that obtained in the control reaction with the wild-type enzyme in this study and five times higher than that obtained in a previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulmughni
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Björn Erichsen
- IFB Halle GmbH, Schiepziger Str. 35, 06120, Halle-Lettin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hensel
- IFB Halle GmbH, Schiepziger Str. 35, 06120, Halle-Lettin, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Wang Z, Jian Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Lu D, Wu J, Liu Z. Recent progress in enzymatic functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds for the green synthesis of chemicals. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Guengerich FP, Ma L, Li S, Zhang W. Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:833-849. [PMID: 31811088 PMCID: PMC6970918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C-H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
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10
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11
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Tang D, Liu W, Huang L, Cheng L, Xu Z. Efficient biotransformation of vitamin D 3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 by a newly isolated Bacillus cereus strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:765-774. [PMID: 31776608 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has attracted considerable attention due to its great medical value and huge market demand in animal husbandry. Microbial production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been recognized as an alternative superior to traditional chemical synthesis. In this study, a Gram-positive bacteria zju 4-2 (CCTCC M 2019385) was isolated from the soil using vitamin D3 as the sole carbon source and was identified as Bacillus cereus according to its physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA analysis, which also showed a relatively high capacity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 production. Through systematic optimization of different catalytic conditions, the optimal solvent system of vitamin D3, vitamin D3 addition time and concentration, temperature, and pH were shown to be propylene glycol/ethanol (v/v = 9:1), early stationary phase, 2 g/L, 37 °C, and pH 7.2, respectively. With these optimal conditions, 796 mg/L of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was achieved after 48 h bioconversion with zju 4-2 at the shake flask level. Finally, up to 830 mg/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with a yield of 41.5% was obtained in a 5 L fermentation tank. Our developed biotransformation process with this newly isolated strain provides a platform to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently at industrialization scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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12
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Ion BF, Meister PJ, Gauld JW. Multiscale Computational Study on the Catalytic Mechanism of the Nonmetallo Amidase Maleamate Amidohydrolase (NicF). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7710-7719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan F. Ion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Paul J. Meister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - James W. Gauld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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Four Molybdenum-Dependent Steroid C-25 Hydroxylases: Heterologous Overproduction, Role in Steroid Degradation, and Application for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Synthesis. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00694-18. [PMID: 29921665 PMCID: PMC6016249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00694-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Side chain-containing steroids are ubiquitous constituents of biological membranes that are persistent to biodegradation. Aerobic, steroid-degrading bacteria employ oxygenases for isoprenoid side chain and tetracyclic steran ring cleavage. In contrast, a Mo-containing steroid C-25 dehydrogenase (S25DH) of the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family catalyzes the oxygen-independent hydroxylation of tertiary C-25 in the anaerobic, cholesterol-degrading bacterium Sterolibacterium denitrificans Its genome contains eight paralogous genes encoding active site α-subunits of putative S25DH-like proteins. The difficult enrichment of labile, oxygen-sensitive S25DH from the wild-type bacteria and the inability of its active heterologous production have largely hampered the study of S25DH-like gene products. Here we established a heterologous expression platform for the three structural genes of S25DH subunits together with an essential chaperone in the denitrifying betaproteobacterium Thauera aromatica K172. Using this system, S25DH1 and three isoenzymes (S25DH2, S25DH3, and S25DH4) were overproduced in a soluble, active form allowing a straightforward purification of nontagged αβγ complexes. All S25DHs contained molybdenum, four [4Fe-4S] clusters, one [3Fe-4S] cluster, and heme B and catalyzed the specific, water-dependent C-25 hydroxylations of various 4-en-3-one forms of phytosterols and zoosterols. Crude extracts from T. aromatica expressing genes encoding S25DH1 catalyzed the hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (VD3) to the clinically relevant 25-OH-VD3 with >95% yield at a rate 6.5-fold higher than that of wild-type bacterial extracts; the specific activity of recombinant S25DH1 was twofold higher than that of wild-type enzyme. These results demonstrate the potential application of the established expression platform for 25-OH-VD3 synthesis and pave the way for the characterization of previously genetically inaccessible S25DH-like Mo enzymes of the DMSO reductase family.IMPORTANCE Steroids are ubiquitous bioactive compounds, some of which are considered an emerging class of micropollutants. Their degradation by microorganisms is the major process of steroid elimination from the environment. While oxygenase-dependent steroid degradation in aerobes has been studied for more than 40 years, initial insights into the anoxic steroid degradation have only recently been obtained. Molybdenum-dependent steroid C25 dehydrogenases (S25DHs) have been proposed to catalyze oxygen-independent side chain hydroxylations of globally abundant zoo-, phyto-, and mycosterols; however, so far, their lability has allowed only the initial characterization of a single S25DH. Here we report on a heterologous gene expression platform that allowed for easy isolation and characterization of four highly active S25DH isoenzymes. The results obtained demonstrate the key role of S25DHs during anoxic degradation of various steroids. Moreover, the platform is valuable for the efficient enzymatic hydroxylation of vitamin D3 to its clinically relevant C-25-OH form.
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Abdulmughni A, Jóźwik IK, Brill E, Hannemann F, Thunnissen AMWH, Bernhardt R. Biochemical and structural characterization of CYP109A2, a vitamin D 3 25-hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium. FEBS J 2017; 284:3881-3894. [PMID: 28940959 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are increasingly investigated due to their potential application as biocatalysts with high regio- and/or stereo-selectivity and under mild conditions. Vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites are of pharmaceutical importance and are applied for the treatment of VD3 deficiency and other disorders. However, the chemical synthesis of VD3 derivatives shows low specificity and low yields. In this study, cytochrome P450 CYP109A2 from Bacillus megaterium DSM319 was expressed, purified, and shown to oxidize VD3 with high regio-selectivity. The in vitro conversion, using cytochrome P450 reductase (BmCPR) and ferredoxin (Fdx2) from the same strain, showed typical Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics. A whole-cell system in B. megaterium overexpressing CYP109A2 reached 76 ± 5% conversion after 24 h and allowed to identify the main product by NMR analysis as 25-hydroxylated VD3 . Product yield amounted to 54.9 mg·L-1 ·day-1 , rendering the established whole-cell system as a highly promising biocatalytic route for the production of this valuable metabolite. The crystal structure of substrate-free CYP109A2 was determined at 2.7 Å resolution, displaying an open conformation. Structural analysis predicts that CYP109A2 uses a highly similar set of residues for VD3 binding as the related VD3 hydroxylases CYP109E1 from B. megaterium and CYP107BR1 (Vdh) from Pseudonocardia autotrophica. However, the folds and sequences of the BC loops in these three P450s are highly divergent, leading to differences in the shape and apolar/polar surface distribution of their active site pockets, which may account for the observed differences in substrate specificity and the regio-selectivity of VD3 hydroxylation. DATABASE The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession code 5OFQ (substrate-free CYP109A2). ENZYMES Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP109A2, EC 1.14.14.1, UniProt ID: D5DF88, Ferredoxin, UniProt ID: D5DFQ0, cytochrome P450 reductase, EC 1.8.1.2, UniProt ID: D5DGX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulmughni
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ilona K Jóźwik
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Brill
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Rudolf JD, Chang CY, Ma M, Shen B. Cytochromes P450 for natural product biosynthesis in Streptomyces: sequence, structure, and function. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1141-1172. [PMID: 28758170 PMCID: PMC5585785 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are some of the most exquisite and versatile biocatalysts found in nature. In addition to their well-known roles in steroid biosynthesis and drug metabolism in humans, P450s are key players in natural product biosynthetic pathways. Natural products, the most chemically and structurally diverse small molecules known, require an extensive collection of P450s to accept and functionalize their unique scaffolds. In this review, we survey the current catalytic landscape of P450s within the Streptomyces genus, one of the most prolific producers of natural products, and comprehensively summarize the functionally characterized P450s from Streptomyces. A sequence similarity network of >8500 P450s revealed insights into the sequence-function relationships of these oxygen-dependent metalloenzymes. Although only ∼2.4% and <0.4% of streptomycete P450s have been functionally and structurally characterized, respectively, the study of streptomycete P450s involved in the biosynthesis of natural products has revealed their diverse roles in nature, expanded their catalytic repertoire, created structural and mechanistic paradigms, and exposed their potential for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Continued study of these remarkable enzymes will undoubtedly expose their true complement of chemical and biological capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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16
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Yasuda K, Sugimoto H, Hayashi K, Takita T, Yasukawa K, Ohta M, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Shiro Y, Sakaki T. Protein engineering of CYP105s for their industrial uses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:23-31. [PMID: 28583351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to the CYP105 family are predominantly found in bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria and the order Actinomycetales. In this review, we focused on the protein engineering of P450s belonging to the CYP105 family for industrial use. Two Arg substitutions to Ala of CYP105A1 enhanced its vitamin D3 25- and 1α-hydroxylation activities by 400 and 100-fold, respectively. The coupling efficiency between product formation and NADPH oxidation was largely improved by the R84A mutation. The quintuple mutant Q87W/T115A/H132L/R194W/G294D of CYP105AB3 showed a 20-fold higher activity than the wild-type enzyme. Amino acids at positions 87 and 191 were located at the substrate entrance channel, and that at position 294 was located close to the heme group. Semi-rational engineering of CYP105A3 selected the best performing mutant, T85F/T119S/V194N/N363Y, for producing pravastatin. The T119S and N363Y mutations synergistically had remarkable effects on the interaction between CYP105A3 and putidaredoxin. Although wild-type CYP105AS1 hydroxylated compactin to 6-epi-pravastatin, the quintuple mutant I95T/Q127R/A180V/L236I/A265N converted almost all compactin to pravastatin. Five amino acid substitutions by two rounds of mutagenesis almost completely changed the stereo-selectivity of CYP105AS1. These results strongly suggest that the protein engineering of CYP105 enzymes greatly increase their industrial utility. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- RIKEN Spring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Keiko Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, KitashirakawaOiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, KitashirakawaOiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Ohta
- Department of Food and Nutrition Management Studies, Faculty of Human Development, Soai University, 4-4-1 Nanko-naka, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamakura
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Shiro
- RIKEN Spring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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Yasuda K, Yogo Y, Sugimoto H, Mano H, Takita T, Ohta M, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Yasukawa K, Shiro Y, Sakaki T. Production of an active form of vitamin D 2 by genetically engineered CYP105A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:336-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Characterization of cytochrome P450 CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium as a novel vitamin D 3 hydroxylase. J Biotechnol 2016; 243:38-47. [PMID: 28043840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study the ability of CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium to metabolize vitamin D3 (VD3) was investigated. In an in vitro system using bovine adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and adrenodoxin (Adx4-108), VD3 was converted by CYP109E1 into several products. Furthermore, a whole-cell system in B. megaterium MS941 was established. The new system showed a conversion of 95% after 24h. By NMR analysis it was found that CYP109E1 catalyzes hydroxylation of VD3 at carbons C-24 and C-25, resulting in the formation of 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 (24S(OH)VD3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) and 24S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24S,25(OH)2VD3). Through time dependent whole-cell conversion of VD3, we identified that the formation of 24S,25(OH)2VD3 by CYP109E1 is derived from VD3 via the intermediate 24S(OH)VD3. Moreover, using docking analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified important active site residues capable of determining substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. HPLC analysis of the whole-cell conversion with the I85A-mutant revealed an increased selectivity towards 25-hydroxylation of VD3 compared with the wild type activity, resulting in an approximately 2-fold increase of 25(OH)VD3 production (45mgl-1day-1) compared to wild type (24.5mgl-1day-1).
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Le-Huu P, Petrović D, Strodel B, Urlacher VB. One-Pot, Two-Step Hydroxylation of the Macrocyclic Diterpenoid β-Cembrenediol Catalyzed by P450 BM3 Mutants. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priska Le-Huu
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Universitätsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.42.U1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6); Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6); Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Universitätsstrasse 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Universitätsstrasse 1, Bldg. 26.42.U1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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Sequential hydroxylation of vitamin D 2 by a genetically engineered CYP105A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:853-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cook D, Finnigan J, Cook K, Black G, Charnock S. Cytochromes P450. INSIGHTS INTO ENZYME MECHANISMS AND FUNCTIONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS 2016; 105:105-26. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Warnke M, Jung T, Dermer J, Hipp K, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Ferlaino S, Fries A, Müller M, Boll M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Synthesis by Enzymatic Steroid Side-Chain Hydroxylation with Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1881-4. [PMID: 26695374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) side chains to give 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHVD3) is a crucial reaction in the formation of the circulating and biologically active forms of VD3 . It is usually catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that depend on complex electron donor systems. Cell-free extracts and a purified Mo enzyme from a bacterium anaerobically grown with cholesterol were employed for the regioselective, ferricyanide-dependent hydroxylation of VD3 and proVD3 (7-dehydrocholesterol) into the corresponding tertiary alcohols with greater than 99 % yield. Hydroxylation of VD3 strictly depends on a cyclodextrin-assisted isomerization of VD3 into preVD3 , the actual enzymatic substrate. This facile and robust method developed for 25OHVD3 synthesis is a novel example for the concept of substrate-engineered catalysis and offers an attractive alternative to chemical or O2 /electron-donor-dependent enzymatic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Warnke
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juri Dermer
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin Hipp
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sascha Ferlaino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Fries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Warnke M, Jung T, Dermer J, Hipp K, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Ferlaino S, Fries A, Müller M, Boll M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3
Synthesis by Enzymatic Steroid Side-Chain Hydroxylation with Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Warnke
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Juri Dermer
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karin Hipp
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences; Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences; Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sascha Ferlaino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander Fries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
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Whole cell bioconversion of vitamin D3 to calcitriol using Pseudonocardia sp. KCTC 1029BP. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1281-90. [PMID: 25666830 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol is an important drug used for treating osteoporosis, which can be produced from vitamin D3. The current method of producing calcitriol from vitamin D3 during cultivation of microbial cells results in low yields of calcitriol and high purification costs. Therefore, in this study, the steps of cell cultivation and bioconversion of vitamin D3 to calcitriol were separated. Cells of Pseudonocardia sp. KCTC 1029BP were utilized as a whole cell catalyst to produce a high level and yield of calcitriol from vitamin D3. In addition, the effects of bioconversion buffers, cyclodextrins, and metal salts on the production of calcitriol were comparatively examined and selected for incorporation in the bioconversion medium, and their compositions were statistically optimized. The optimal bioconversion medium was determined as consisting of 15 mM Trizma base, 25 mM sodium succinate, 2 mM MgSO4, 0.08% β-cyclodextrin, 0.1% NaCl, 0.2% K2HPO4, and 0.03% MnCl2. Using this optimal bioconversion medium, 61.87 mg/L of calcitriol, corresponding to a 30.94% mass yield from vitamin D3, was produced in a 75-L fermentor after 9 days. This calcitriol yield was 3.6 times higher than that obtained using a bioconversion medium lacking β-cyclodextrin, NaCl, K2HPO4, and MnCl2. In conclusion, utilizing whole cells of Pseudonocardia sp. KCTC 1029BP together with the optimal bioconversion medium markedly enhanced the production of calcitriol from vitamin D3.
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Janocha S, Schmitz D, Bernhardt R. Terpene hydroxylation with microbial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:215-50. [PMID: 25682070 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids comprise a highly diverse group of natural products. In addition to their basic carbon skeleton, they differ from one another in their functional groups. Functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton are the basis of the terpenoids' diverse properties. Further modifications of terpene olefins include the introduction of acyl-, aryl-, or sugar moieties and usually start with oxidations catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s, CYPs). P450s are ubiquitously distributed throughout nature, involved in essential biological pathways such as terpenoid biosynthesis as well as the tailoring of terpenoids and other natural products. Their ability to introduce oxygen into nonactivated C-H bonds is unique and makes P450s very attractive for applications in biotechnology. Especially in the field of terpene oxidation, biotransformation methods emerge as an attractive alternative to classical chemical synthesis. For this reason, microbial P450s depict a highly interesting target for protein engineering approaches in order to increase selectivity and activity, respectively. Microbial P450s have been described to convert industrial and pharmaceutically interesting terpenoids such as ionones, limone, valencene, resin acids, and triterpenes (including steroids) as well as vitamin D3. Highly selective and active mutants have been evolved by applying classical site-directed mutagenesis as well as directed evolution of proteins. As P450s usually depend on electron transfer proteins, mutagenesis has also been applied to improve the interactions between P450s and their respective redox partners. This chapter provides an overview of terpenoid hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by bacterial P450s and highlights the achievements made by protein engineering to establish productive hydroxylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Janocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
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Bernhardt R, Urlacher VB. Cytochromes P450 as promising catalysts for biotechnological application: chances and limitations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6185-203. [PMID: 24848420 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of heme b containing monooxygenases with currently more than 21,000 members. These enzymes accept a vast range of organic molecules and catalyze diverse reactions. These extraordinary capabilities of CYP systems that are unmet by other enzymes make them attractive for biotechnology. However, the complexity of these systems due to the need of electron transfer from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) via redox partner proteins for the initial hydroxylation step limits a broader technical implementation of CYP enzymes. There have been several reviews during the past years tackling the potential CYPs for synthetic application. The aim of this review is to give a critical overview about possibilities and chances for application of these interesting catalysts as well as to discuss drawbacks and problems related to their use. Solutions to overcome these limitations will be demonstrated, and several selected examples of successful CYP applications under industrial conditions will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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Ban JG, Kim HB, Lee MJ, Anbu P, Kim ES. Identification of a vitamin D3-specific hydroxylase genes through actinomycetes genome mining. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously completed whole-genome sequencing of a rare actinomycete named Sebekia benihana, and identified the complete S. benihana cytochrome P450 complement (CYPome), including 21 cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP), seven ferredoxin (FD), and four ferredoxin reductase (FDR) genes. Through targeted CYPome disruption, a total of 32 S. benihana CYPome mutants were obtained. Subsequently, a novel cyclosporine A region-specific hydroxylase was successfully determined to be encoded by a CYP-sb21 gene by screening the S. benihana CYPome mutants. Here, we report that S. benihana is also able to mediate vitamin D3 (VD3) hydroxylation. Among the 32 S. benihana CYPome mutants tested, only a single S. benihana CYP mutant, ΔCYP-sb3a, failed to show regio-specific hydroxylation of VD3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, the VD3 hydroxylation activity in the ΔCYP-sb3a mutant was restored by CYP-sb3a gene complementation. Since all S. benihana FD and FDR disruption mutants maintained VD3 hydroxylation activity, we conclude that CYP-sb3a, a member of the bacterial CYP107 family, is the only essential component of the in vivo regio-specific VD3 hydroxylation process in S. benihana. Expression of the CYP-sb3a gene exhibited VD3 hydroxylation in the VD3 non-hydroxylating Streptomyces coelicolor, implying that the regio-specific hydroxylation of VD3 is carried out by a specific P450 hydroxylase in S. benihana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Ban
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
| | - Hyun-Bum Kim
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Lee
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
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Regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of various steroids at the 16α position of the D ring by the Streptomyces griseus cytochrome P450 CYP154C3. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1371-9. [PMID: 24334658 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03504-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), which constitute a superfamily of heme-containing proteins, catalyze the direct oxidation of a variety of compounds in a regio- and stereospecific manner; therefore, they are promising catalysts for use in the oxyfunctionalization of chemicals. In the course of our comprehensive substrate screening for all 27 putative P450s encoded by the Streptomyces griseus genome, we found that Escherichia coli cells producing an S. griseus P450 (CYP154C3), which was fused C terminally with the P450 reductase domain (RED) of a self-sufficient P450 from Rhodococcus sp., could transform various steroids (testosterone, progesterone, Δ(4)-androstene-3,17-dione, adrenosterone, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, dehydroepiandrosterone, 4-pregnane-3,11,20-trione, and deoxycorticosterone) into their 16α-hydroxy derivatives as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses. The purified CYP154C3, which was not fused with RED, also catalyzed the regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of these steroids at the same position with the aid of ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase from spinach. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) values of the binding between CYP154C3 and these steroids were less than 8 μM as determined by the heme spectral change, indicating that CYP154C3 strongly binds to these steroids. Furthermore, kinetic parameters of the CYP154C3-catalyzed hydroxylation of Δ(4)-androstene-3,17-dione were determined (Km, 31.9 ± 9.1 μM; kcat, 181 ± 4.5 s(-1)). We concluded that CYP154C3 is a steroid D-ring 16α-specific hydroxylase which has considerable potential for industrial applications. This is the first detailed enzymatic characterization of a P450 enzyme that has a steroid D-ring 16α-specific hydroxylation activity.
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Yasutake Y, Nishioka T, Imoto N, Tamura T. A Single Mutation at the Ferredoxin Binding Site of P450 Vdh Enables Efficient Biocatalytic Production of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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UV-dependent production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in the recombinant yeast cells expressing human CYP2R1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:311-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jung ST, Lauchli R, Arnold FH. Cytochrome P450: taming a wild type enzyme. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:809-17. [PMID: 21411308 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) has been very successful in generating valuable non-natural activities and properties, allowing these powerful catalysts to be used for the synthesis of drug metabolites and in biosynthetic pathways for the production of precursors of artemisinin and paclitaxel. Collected experience indicates that the P450s are highly 'evolvable' - they are particularly robust to mutation in their active sites and readily accept new substrates and exhibit new selectivities. Their ability to adapt to new challenges upon mutation may reflect the nonpolar nature of their active sites as well as their high degree of conformational variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Taek Jung
- Divison of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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