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Yu S, Shen J, Fei J, Zhu X, Yin M, Zhou J. KNDC1 Is a Predictive Marker of Malignant Transformation in Borderline Ovarian Tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:709-718. [PMID: 32158223 PMCID: PMC6986543 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s223304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few screening markers for malignant transformation in borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) have been clearly established. The kinase noncatalytic C-lobe domain containing 1 (KNDC1), a brain-specific Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor, negatively regulates dendrite growth. However, the biological role and underlying mechanism of KNDC1 in human cancers, including ovarian cancer (OC), remain unknown. Methods Gene chip screening was used to detect the expression of KNDC1 mRNA in normal ovarian tissues, BOT tissues, and OC tissues. And results were further validated by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. KNDC1 overexpression and knockdown ovarian cancer cells were established to study the possible pathways that KNDC1 was involved. The effects of KNDC1 on the malignant behaviors of ovarian tumors were also investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results We observed that the expression of KNDC1 mRNA and KNDC1 protein in OC was significantly downregulated compared with BOT. Subsequent investigation revealed that knockdown of KNDC1 enhanced the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in vitro via induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas reinforcing the expression of KNDC1 attenuated the ERK1/2 activity. Similarly, knockdown of KNDC1 also promoted cell proliferation in vivo. Survival analysis showed that lower KNDC1 predicted a poor progression-free survival (PFS) for patients. Conclusion Collectively, we conclude that KNDC1 might function as a tumor suppressor in ovarian tumors, inhibiting the proliferation of ovarian cells by suppressing ERK1/2 activity and hindering the malignant transformation of BOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fei
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichen Yin
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, People's Republic of China
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Ji J, Hao Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Liu J, Lin B, Ma C, Lin Y. Effect of KNDC1 overexpression on the senescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7037-7044. [PMID: 29568929 PMCID: PMC5928657 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain containing 1 (KNDC1) exists in dendrites, guanine nucleotide exchange factor complexes and neuronal cell bodies as a putative protein-protein interaction module that regulates a number of signaling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that the knockdown of KNDC1 delays human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) senescence. However, the effect of KNDC1 overexpression on HUVEC function remains unclear. In the present study, an adenovirus vector carrying KNDC1 was constructed and then transfected into endothelial cells to observe cell senescence. Furthermore, the effect of KNDC1 overexpression on HUVEC senescence was investigated in vitro and the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining was used to determine cellular senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored to detect the level of cell oxidative stress. The mRNA transcription level and protein expression were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that KNDC1 overexpression possibly inhibited HUVEC activity and function and promoted HUVEC senescence. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that KNDC1 triggered a p53-ROS positive feedback loop, which serves a crucial role in regulating senescence. In conclusion, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that KNDC1-adenovirus vector inhibition of HUVEC proliferation by activating the p53 signaling pathway has been reported. Theoretically, the results of the present study also support KNDC1 as a therapeutic target for future anti-senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxuan Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Hengliang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Binghui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou People Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Lin
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Hayashi K, Furuya A, Sakamaki Y, Akagi T, Shinoda Y, Sadakata T, Hashikawa T, Shimizu K, Minami H, Sano Y, Nakayama M, Furuichi T. The brain-specific RasGEF very-KIND is required for normal dendritic growth in cerebellar granule cells and proper motor coordination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173175. [PMID: 28264072 PMCID: PMC5338823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-KIND/Kndc1/KIAA1768 (v-KIND) is a brain-specific Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor carrying two sets of the kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND), and is predominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells. Here, we report the impact of v-KIND deficiency on dendritic and synaptic growth in cerebellar granule cells in v-KIND knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, we evaluate motor function in these animals. The gross anatomy of the cerebellum, including the cerebellar lobules, layered cerebellar cortex and densely-packed granule cell layer, in KO mice appeared normal, and was similar to wild-type (WT) mice. However, KO mice displayed an overgrowth of cerebellar granule cell dendrites, compared with WT mice, resulting in an increased number of dendrites, dendritic branches and terminals. Immunoreactivity for vGluT2 (a marker for excitatory presynapses of mossy fiber terminals) was increased in the cerebellar glomeruli of KO mice, compared with WT mice. The postsynaptic density around the terminals of mossy fibers was also increased in KO mice. Although there were no significant differences in locomotor ability between KO and WT animals in their home cages or in the open field, young adult KO mice had an increased grip strength and a tendency to exhibit better motor performance in balance-related tests compared with WT animals. Taken together, our results suggest that v-KIND is required for compact dendritic growth and proper excitatory synaptic connections in cerebellar granule cells, which are necessary for normal motor coordination and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanehiro Hayashi
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Furuya
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Mental Biology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagi
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Shinoda
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hashikawa
- Research Resource Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruka Minami
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakayama
- Chromosome Engineering Team, Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Duan Z, Sun C, Shen M, Wang K, Yang N, Zheng J, Xu G. Genetic architecture dissection by genome-wide association analysis reveals avian eggshell ultrastructure traits. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28836. [PMID: 27456605 PMCID: PMC4960555 DOI: 10.1038/srep28836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of an eggshell is considered the major determinant of eggshell quality, which has biological and economic significance for the avian and poultry industries. However, the interrelationships and genome-wide architecture of eggshell ultrastructure remain to be elucidated. Herein, we measured eggshell thickness (EST), effective layer thickness (ET), mammillary layer thickness (MT), and mammillary density (MD) and conducted genome-wide association studies in 927 F2 hens. The SNP-based heritabilities of eggshell ultrastructure traits were estimated to be 0.39, 0.36, 0.17 and 0.19 for EST, ET, MT and MD, respectively, and a total of 719, 784, 1 and 10 genome-wide significant SNPs were associated with EST, ET, MT and MD, respectively. ABCC9, ITPR2, KCNJ8 and WNK1, which are involved in ion transport, were suggested to be the key genes regulating EST and ET. ITM2C and KNDC1 likely affect MT and MD, respectively. Additionally, there were linear relationships between the chromosome lengths and the variance explained per chromosome for EST (R2 = 0.57) and ET (R2 = 0.67). In conclusion, the interrelationships and genetic architecture of eggshell ultrastructure traits revealed in this study are valuable for our understanding of the avian eggshell and contribute to research on a variety of other calcified shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - ManMan Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Moreira-Filho CA, Bando SY, Bertonha FB, Iamashita P, Silva FN, Costa LDF, Silva AV, Castro LHM, Wen HT. Community structure analysis of transcriptional networks reveals distinct molecular pathways for early- and late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy with childhood febrile seizures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128174. [PMID: 26011637 PMCID: PMC4444281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age at epilepsy onset has a broad impact on brain plasticity and epilepsy pathomechanisms. Prolonged febrile seizures in early childhood (FS) constitute an initial precipitating insult (IPI) commonly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). FS-MTLE patients may have early disease onset, i.e. just after the IPI, in early childhood, or late-onset, ranging from mid-adolescence to early adult life. The mechanisms governing early (E) or late (L) disease onset are largely unknown. In order to unveil the molecular pathways underlying E and L subtypes of FS-MTLE we investigated global gene expression in hippocampal CA3 explants of FS-MTLE patients submitted to hippocampectomy. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) were obtained for the E and L patient groups. A network-based approach for GCN analysis was employed allowing: i) the visualization and analysis of differentially expressed (DE) and complete (CO) - all valid GO annotated transcripts - GCNs for the E and L groups; ii) the study of interactions between all the system's constituents based on community detection and coarse-grained community structure methods. We found that the E-DE communities with strongest connection weights harbor highly connected genes mainly related to neural excitability and febrile seizures, whereas in L-DE communities these genes are not only involved in network excitability but also playing roles in other epilepsy-related processes. Inversely, in E-CO the strongly connected communities are related to compensatory pathways (seizure inhibition, neuronal survival and responses to stress conditions) while in L-CO these communities harbor several genes related to pro-epileptic effects, seizure-related mechanisms and vulnerability to epilepsy. These results fit the concept, based on fMRI and behavioral studies, that early onset epilepsies, although impacting more severely the hippocampus, are associated to compensatory mechanisms, while in late MTLE development the brain is less able to generate adaptive mechanisms, what has implications for epilepsy management and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Yumi Bando
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernardi Bertonha
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Martins Castro
- Department of Neurology, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Clinical Neurology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hung-Tzu Wen
- Epilepsy Surgery Group, Hospital das Clínicas, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zhang C, Zhen YZ, Lin YJ, Liu J, Wei J, Xu R, Hu G. KNDC1 knockdown protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from senescence. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:82-8. [PMID: 24788352 PMCID: PMC4068720 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KNDC1 (kinase noncatalytic C-lobe domain containing 1), a brain-specific Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor, controls the negative regulation of neuronal dendrite growth. However, the effect of KNDC1 on cellular senescence remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the impact of KNDC1 knockdown on human endothelial cell senescence and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in vitro were used as a model of biological aging. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining was used to detect cellular senescence and flow cytometry was employed to determine cell cycle progression. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis were utilized to investigate mRNA transcription and protein expression. In the HUVECs, a senescence-like phenotypes developed with increasing passage number in vitro, which were associated with a progressive increase in the transcription and expression of KNDC1. KNDC1 knockdown promoted cell proliferation and partially reversed cellular senescence and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in aging HUVECs. Investigations into the mechanism underlying this effect demonstrated that KNDC1 knockdown promoted HUVEC proliferation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway and delayed HUVEC senescence by inhibiting the p53-p21-p16 transduction cascade. In addition, the promotion of the capillary tube network formation and the increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase revealed that the activity and function of endothelial cells were enhanced. In conclusion, KNDC1 knockdown delayed endothelial cell senescence and promoted HUVEC activity and function. These results demonstrated that KNDC1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the development of agents to extend human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Radiologic Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Zhan Zhen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Yu CY, Gui W, He HY, Wang XS, Zuo J, Huang L, Zhou N, Wang K, Wang Y. Neuronal and astroglial TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:457-72. [PMID: 24519742 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the role of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-Smad3 signaling pathway in dendrite growth and associated synaptogenesis, we used small inhibitory RNA to knockdown the Smad3 gene in either cultured neurons and or primary astrocytes. We found that TGFβ1 treatment of primary neurons increased dendrite extensions and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses. When Smad3 was knockdown in primary neurons, dendrite growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses reduced even with TGFβ1 treatment. When astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), collected from TGFβ1-treated astrocytes (TGFβ1-stimulated ACM), was added to cultured neurons, dendritic growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta reduced. When TGFβ1-stimulated ACM was collected from astrocytes with Smad3 knocked down, this conditioned media promoted the growth of dendrites and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta in cultured neurons. We further found that TGFβ1 signaling through Smad3 increased the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan, and phosphacan in ACM. Application of chondroitinase ABC to the TGFβ1-stimulated ACM reversed its inhibitory effects on the dendrite growth and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta. On the other hand, we found that TGFβ1 treatment caused a facilitation of Smad3 phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus induced by status epilepticus (SE) in wild-type (Smad3(+/+)) mice, and this treatment also caused a promotion of γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic synaptogenesis impaired by SE in Smad3(+/+) as well as in Smad3(-/-) mice, but more dramatic promotion in Smad3(+/+) mice. Thus, we provide evidence for the first time that TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways within neuron and astrocyte differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis, and this pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of some central nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yong Yu
- Epilepsy and Headache Group, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, China
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Zeth K, Pechlivanis M, Samol A, Pleiser S, Vonrhein C, Kerkhoff E. Molecular basis of actin nucleation factor cooperativity: crystal structure of the Spir-1 kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND)•formin-2 formin SPIR interaction motif (FSI) complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30732-30739. [PMID: 21705804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.257782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct actin nucleation factors of the Spir and formin subgroup families cooperate in actin nucleation. The Spir/formin cooperativity has been identified to direct two essential steps in mammalian oocyte maturation, the asymmetric spindle positioning and polar body extrusion during meiosis. Understanding the nature and regulation of the Spir/Fmn cooperation is an important requirement to comprehend mammalian reproduction. Recently we dissected the structural elements of the Spir and Fmn family proteins, which physically link the two actin nucleation factors. The trans-regulatory interaction is mediated by the Spir kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) and the C-terminal formin Spir interaction motif (FSI). The interaction inhibits formin nucleation activity and enhances the Spir activity. To get insights into the molecular mechanism of the Spir/Fmn interaction, we determined the crystal structure of the KIND domain alone and in complex with the C-terminal Fmn-2 FSI peptide. Together they confirm the proposed structural homology of the KIND domain to the protein kinase fold and reveal the basis of the Spir/formin interaction. The complex structure showed a large interface with conserved and positively charged residues of the Fmn FSI peptide mediating major contacts to an acidic groove on the surface of KIND. Protein interaction studies verified the electrostatic nature of the interaction. The data presented here provide the molecular basis of the Spir/formin interaction and give a first structural view into the mechanisms of actin nucleation factor cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markos Pechlivanis
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Bavarian Genome Research Network (BayGene), University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Annette Samol
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Bavarian Genome Research Network (BayGene), University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pleiser
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Bavarian Genome Research Network (BayGene), University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Vonrhein
- Global Phasing Limited, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, United Kingdom
| | - Eugen Kerkhoff
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Bavarian Genome Research Network (BayGene), University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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