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Ayinde O, Ross JDC. Time to resolution of genital symptoms for uncomplicated gonorrhoea: a prospective cohort study. Sex Transm Infect 2020; 97:368-374. [PMID: 32829308 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the time to resolution of symptoms (TTR) following treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea and to identify factors associated with TTR in a cohort of sexual health clinic attendees. METHODS Participants were recruited from 14 clinics across England into the 'Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhoea (GToG)' trial between October 2014 and November 2016. We analysed demographic, behavioural and clinical data in a subset of the GToG study cohort presenting with genital discharge and/or dysuria, who subsequently experienced microbiological clearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2 weeks after treatment. Testing for gonorrhoea was performed using a nucleic acid amplification test. The results were expressed as median TTR (IQR) and HRs with 95% CIs for resolution of symptoms. RESULTS 216 participants (89% male) with a mean age of 32 years reported genital discharge (204/216 (94%)) or dysuria (173/216 (80%)) at their baseline visit. Symptom resolution occurred in 202/216 (94%) at the 2-week follow-up appointment. The median TTR was 2 days (IQR 1-3 days). 50/216 (23%) patients presented with gonorrhoea-chlamydia coinfection at their baseline attendance and in this group symptom resolution was slower (3 days for gonorrhoea-chlamydia coinfection compared with 2 days for gonorrhoea only, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.95)). TTR was also longer in women (4 days for females compared with 2 days for males, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.77)). CONCLUSIONS The time to resolution of genital symptoms following effective treatment of gonorrhoea is variable, but 90% of patients report symptom resolution within 1 week. Concurrent chlamydia infection and being female were associated with prolonged TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseyi Ayinde
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan D C Ross
- Department of Sexual Health and HIV, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Genetic Polymorphism in Cytokines and Costimulatory Molecules in Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation. Clin Lab Med 2019; 39:107-123. [PMID: 30709500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting the genetic variability outside of HLA system that is contributing to the variation in transplant outcomes. Determining novel predictors could help to identify patients at risk and tailor their immunosuppressive regimens. This article discusses the various single nucleotide polymorphisms in costimulatory molecules and cytokines that have been evaluated for their effect on transplantation. An overview of how gene polymorphism studies are conducted and factors to consider in the experimental design to ensure meaningful data can be concluded are discussed.
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Lajunen TK, Jaakkola JJK, Jaakkola MS. IL6 polymorphisms modify the effects of smoking on the risk of adult asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:799-802.e9. [PMID: 28987812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taina K Lajunen
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Maritta S Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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4
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Lin JS, Lee LH, Liu HM, Chen YJ, Chiou TJ. Association of IL-6 C-572G Gene Polymorphism with Anti-E Production. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 45:48-52. [PMID: 29593460 DOI: 10.1159/000468992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is involved in regulation of immunoglobulin production. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL-6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-6 promoter and anti-E in red blood cell (RBC) transfusion recipients. Methods 50 healthy subjects, 54 patients with RBC alloantibody anti-E (responders), and 45 patients without alloantibody (non-responders) were recruited. All patients were E antigen-negative. Results All healthy subjects and patients had GG at -174 position of IL-6 gene. In our healthy subjects, the frequency of the -572 CC genotype was 58%, that of the -572 CG genotype 38%, and that of the -572 GG genotype 4%. The frequency of G allele of -572 SNP in responders was significantly higher than that in non-responders, (31.5 vs. 16.7%; p = 0.020). The frequency of -572 G-positive genotypes (CG and GG) in responders was also significantly higher than that in non-responders, (55.6 vs. 31.1%; p = 0.016). The relative risk of RBC alloimmunization for patients with the -572 G-positive genotype was significantly higher than that of patients with the -572 CC genotype, (1.771 vs. 0.640; p = 0.016). Conclusion IL-6 C-572G gene polymorphism is significantly associated with anti-E production, with the allele G as a risk allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Shi Lin
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsuan Lee
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueng-Mei Liu
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Shattuck EC, Muehlenbein MP. Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:1-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
| | - Michael P. Muehlenbein
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
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Shi Q, Wang XS, Li G, Shah ND, Orlowski RZ, Williams LA, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Racial/ethnic disparities in inflammatory gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms as predictors of a high risk for symptom burden in patients with multiple myeloma 1 year after diagnosis. Cancer 2014; 121:1138-46. [PMID: 25469832 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine whether any regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in an inflammatory gene was associated with a high symptom burden in patients 1 year after the diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS MM patients rated symptoms with the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory multiple myeloma module (MDASI-MM) and provided buccal-swab DNA samples. SNPs for 4 cytokine genes (interleukin 6 [IL6] -174G>C, IL1β -511C>T, tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα] -308G>A, and IL10 -1082G>A) were tested. Logistic regression models were used to identify SNPs that might predict moderate/severe symptoms (rated ≥ 4 on the MDASI-MM 0-10 scale). For the evaluation of the relationship between SNPs and overall symptom burden, a 2-step cluster analysis was used to divide patients into subgroups with high or low symptom levels. RESULTS Forty-one percent of the 344 patients enrolled had a high overall symptom burden. The most prevalent moderate/severe symptoms were fatigue (47%), pain (42%), numbness (38%), and bone aches (32%). For non-Hispanic whites, the IL1β -511 CC genotype was associated with a high overall symptom burden (odds ratio [OR], 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-4.72; P = .004), whereas the IL6 -174 GG genotype predicted less moderate/severe fatigue (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29-0.88; P = .013). For other patients, the IL6 -174 GG genotype predicted moderate/severe pain (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.23-13.64; P = .010). CONCLUSIONS These results support growing evidence showing that inflammation is associated with cancer-related symptoms, and they suggest that racial/ethnic factors contribute to this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Shi
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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7
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Damrongrungruang T, Ogawa H, Hori-Matsumoto S, Minagawa K, Hanyu O, Sone H, Miyazaki H. Correlation between SNP genotypes and periodontitis in Japanese type II diabetic patients: a preliminary study. Odontology 2014; 103:233-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wells JCK, Cortina-Borja M. Different associations of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses with pathogen load: an ecogeographical analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:594-605. [PMID: 23913438 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dominant evolutionary perspective on adipose tissue has considered it a relatively inert energy store. However, variability in adipose tissue distribution has recently been associated with age, parity, thermal environment and immune function. Genes regulating the innate immune system are more strongly expressed in deep-lying than peripheral adipose tissue. We hypothesized that central adiposity would correlate more strongly than peripheral adiposity with pathogen load across populations. METHODS Primary outcomes were subscapular and triceps skinfolds from 133 male and 106 female populations. National values for disability-adjusted life years lost, attributable to infectious diseases, were used to index pathogen load. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted, including a random effect term by country to investigate the association of each skinfold with pathogen load, adjusting for the other skinfold, mean annual temperature and clustering of the populations across countries. RESULTS Adjusting for subscapular skinfold, triceps skinfold was not associated with pathogen load in either sex. Adjusting for triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold was negatively associated with pathogen load in both sexes (P < 0.02). These associations were independent of variability in annual temperature. Adjusting for pathogen load and temperature, Oceanic populations had a different fat distribution compared to other populations. CONCLUSIONS Across populations, higher pathogen load was associated with reduced central but not peripheral skinfolds, supporting the hypothesis that central adiposity is more closely associated with immune function. This scenario might explain why some populations increase disproportionately in central adiposity when the environment shifts from low-energy high-pathogen status to high-energy low-pathogen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Phulukdaree A, Khan S, Ramkaran P, Govender R, Moodley D, Chuturgoon AA. The interleukin-6 -147 g/c polymorphism is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in young South African Indian men. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013; 11:205-9. [PMID: 23461479 DOI: 10.1089/met.2012.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). The -174 IL-6 G/C promoter polymorphism influences mRNA levels and protein expression and is implicated in CAD. The Indian population in South Africa, unlike the black community, has a high prevalence of premature CAD. This polymorphism has not been fully explored in this population. The present study assessed the -174 IL-6 G/C polymorphism in young Indian patients with angiographically documented CAD and compared them with age- and gender-matched Indian and black control subjects. METHODS Polymorphic variants were assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The -174 IL-6 C allele was found with a higher frequency (23%) in the total Indian group compared to 2% in the black participants [P<0.0001, odds ratio (OR)=0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.018-0.14). The difference in frequency was more pronounced when Indian controls were compared to black controls (29% vs. 2%, respectively) (P<0.0001, OR=0.05, 95% CI 0.02-0.17). A significant association between the -174 IL-6 G allele and CAD was found in Indian patients compared to Indian controls (84% in cases vs. 71% in Indian controls; P=0.043, OR=0.47 95% CI 0.23-0.95). Levels of IL-6 in circulation were higher in black controls (6.62±0.63 pg/mL) compared to Indian controls (2.51±0.57 pg/mL) and CAD patients (1.46±0.36 pg/mL) (P<0.0001). Levels of IL-6 were higher in all groups with homozygous -174 IL-6 C alleles, but only significant in the healthy Indian control group (GG 3.73±0.94 pg/mL vs. GC/CC 0.89±0.5 pg/mL, P=0.0001). CONCLUSION The presence of the IL-6 -174 G allele influences levels of IL-6 and increases the risk of CAD in South African Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Phulukdaree
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, Durban, South Africa
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Park S, Moon HS, Lee DS, Kim HC, Chun H. High-throughput on-chip leukemia diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:480-90. [PMID: 23414350 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in lab-on-a-chip technologies enabled programmable, reconfigurable, and scalable manipulation of a variety of laboratory procedures. Samples, reagents, and fluids can be precisely controlled; buffer temperature, pH, and concentration control systems as well as a variety of detection systems can be integrated on a small chip. These advantages have attracted attention in various fields of clinical application including leukemia diagnosis and research. A lot of research on lab-on-a-chip based diagnosis has been reported and the field is rapidly expanding. This review describes recent developments of lab-on-a-chip technologies as solutions to challenges for high-throughput leukemia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Park
- Interdisciplinary Program, Bioengineering Major, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Wells JCK. Ethnic variability in adiposity, thrifty phenotypes and cardiometabolic risk: addressing the full range of ethnicity, including those of mixed ethnicity. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:14-29. [PMID: 23107256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic groups vary in cardiometabolic risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Several components of body composition variability (fat/lean ratio, fat distribution, lean mass composition and metabolism, and adipose tissue biology) are increasingly linked with cardiometabolic risk and vary substantially across ethnic groups. Constituents of lean mass are proposed to contribute to 'metabolic capacity', a generic trait favouring the maintenance of homeostasis. Adiposity is proposed to contribute to 'metabolic load', which at higher levels challenges metabolic homeostasis, elevating cardiometabolic risk. Ethnic differences in body composition, representing different load-capacity ratios, may therefore contribute to ethnic variability in cardiometabolic risk. Ecological and evolutionary factors potentially contributing to ethnic variability in body composition are explored. In contemporary populations, clinicians encounter an increasing range of ethnicity, along with many individuals of mixed-ethnic ancestry. Increasing understanding of the contribution of body composition to cardiometabolic risk may reduce the need to treat ethnic groups as qualitatively different. A conceptual model is proposed, treating insulin sensitivity and stroke risk as composite functions of body composition variables. Operationalizing this model may potentially improve the ability to assess cardiovascular risk across the full ethnicity spectrum, and to predict cardiometabolic consequences of excess weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St., London, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Because obesity is associated with diverse chronic diseases, little attention has been directed to the multiple beneficial functions of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue not only provides energy for growth, reproduction and immune function, but also secretes and receives diverse signaling molecules that coordinate energy allocation between these functions in response to ecological conditions. Importantly, many relevant ecological cues act on growth and physique, with adiposity responding as a counterbalancing risk management strategy. The large number of individual alleles associated with adipose tissue illustrates its integration with diverse metabolic pathways. However, phenotypic variation in age, sex, ethnicity and social status is further associated with different strategies for storing and using energy. Adiposity therefore represents a key means of phenotypic flexibility within and across generations, enabling a coherent life-history strategy in the face of ecological stochasticity. The sensitivity of numerous metabolic pathways to ecological cues makes our species vulnerable to manipulative globalized economic forces. The aim of this article is to understand how human adipose tissue biology interacts with modern environmental pressures to generate excess weight gain and obesity. The disease component of obesity might lie not in adipose tissue itself, but in its perturbation by our modern industrialized niche. Efforts to combat obesity could be more effective if they prioritized 'external' environmental change rather than attempting to manipulate 'internal' biology through pharmaceutical or behavioral means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Kim HS, Kim JH, Yim H, Kim D. Changes in the levels of interleukins 6, 8, and 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in Korean burn patients: relation to burn size and postburn time. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32:339-44. [PMID: 22950069 PMCID: PMC3427821 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2012.32.5.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major burn injury induces an inflammatory response that is accompanied by the release of various cytokines. We investigated the gradual changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines following burn injury and determined the relationship between these levels and burn size in adult Korean patients with burn injury. Methods Blood samples from 9 healthy controls and 60 Korean burn patients were collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after burn injury, and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were measured. Burn patients were divided into 3 groups according to burn size (15-30%, 31-50%, >50% total body surface area), and the concentrations of the cytokines were compared between these groups and the control group over 3 weeks. Results Compared to their levels in controls, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and G-CSF levels in burn patients were significantly higher during the observation period. Median concentrations of IL-8, IL-10, and G-CSF at each time point increased with burn size, although peak levels and time to peak levels of these cytokines differed from patient to patient. Conclusions These findings indicate that IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and G-CSF are important mediators in inflammatory changes after burn injury; however, various factors, including burn size, may influence the concentrations of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Leblanc N, Cortey M, Fernandez Pinero J, Gallardo C, Masembe C, Okurut AR, Heath L, van Heerden J, Sánchez-Vizcaino JM, Ståhl K, Belák S. Development of a suspension microarray for the genotyping of African swine fever virus targeting the SNPs in the C-terminal end of the p72 gene region of the genome. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:378-83. [PMID: 22776009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes one of the most dreaded transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in Suidae. African swine fever (ASF) often causes high rates of morbidity and mortality, which can reach 100% in domestic swine. To date, serological diagnosis has the drawback of not being able to differentiate variants of this virus. Previous studies have identified the 22 genotypes based on sequence variation in the C-terminal region of the p72 gene, which has become the standard for categorizing ASFVs. This article describes a genotyping assay developed using a segment of PCR-amplified genomic DNA of approximately 450 bp, which encompasses the C-terminal end of the p72 gene. Complementary paired DNA probes of 15 or 17 bp in length, which are identical except for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the central position, were designed to either individually or in combination differentiate between the 22 genotypes. The assay was developed using xMAP technology; probes were covalently linked to microspheres, hybridized to PCR product, labelled with a reporter and read in the Luminex 200 analyzer. Characterization of the sample was performed by comparing fluorescence of the paired SNP probes, that is, the probe with higher fluorescence in a complementary pair identified the SNP that a particular sample possessed. In the final assay, a total of 52 probes were employed, 24 SNP pairs and 4 for general detection. One or more samples from each of the 22 genotypes were tested. The assay was able to detect and distinguish all 22 genotypes. This novel assay provides a powerful novel tool for the simultaneous rapid diagnosis and genotypic differentiation of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leblanc
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
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