Recognition of Intercenter Differences May Help Develop Best Practice

Update of data from the world apheresis association (WAA) registry

The WAA registry has been active since 2002. It allows bed side registration of safety and efficacy data. The data each center enters is accessible for its own use but also used for merged analysis. Most types of procedures are represented. Treatments of many severe diseases as well as the collection of autologous and donor cells for therapeutic use especially in oncologic diseases are recorded. Previous reports have shown a successive reduction in adverse events (AE) over the years. The aim of the present report is to update data of the risk for AE during the years from 2013 to Oct 2024. Contributions of 44 centers from 20 countries were analysed. Over these years, more than 169,000 apheresis procedures have been registered in more than 26,000 patients. During the study period the mean incidence of AE, merged for all types of procedures, was 1.6 /100 procedures for mild, 2.0/100 for moderate and 0.20/100 for severe AE, and reduced since 2013. Since 2002, death due to apheresis could not be excluded in one patient. There was an increased risk of hypotension during apheresis in patients with neurological diagnoses (ICD-10 chapter G) versus those with diseases of the musculoskeletal or connective tissue (ICD-10 chapter M) and vice versa for urticaria and tingling. In conclusion, the present data show the risk for various degrees of AE in apheresis procedures. Many patients suffer from severe illness and apheresis is often offered as a rescue therapy. Although the risk of death due to the apheresis procedure is extremely rare the concomitant severe disease itself poses a risk for severe events.

The world apheresis association registry, 2023 update

The WAA apheresis registry contains data on more than 140,000 apheresis procedures conducted in 12 different countries. The aim is to give an update of indications, type and number of procedures and adverse events (AEs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The WAA-registry is used for registration of apheresis procedures and is free of charge. The responsible person for a center can apply at the site www.waa-registry.org RESULTS: Data includes reported AEs from 2012 and various procedures and diagnoses during the years 2018-2022; the latter in total from 27 centers registered a total of 9500 patients (41% women) that began therapeutic apheresis (TA) during the period. A total of 58,355 apheresis procedures were performed. The mean age was 50 years (range 0-94). The most common apheresis procedure was stem cell collection for which multiple myeloma was the most frequent diagnosis (51%). Donor cell collection was done in 14% and plasma exchange (PEX) in 28% of patients; In relation to all performed procedures PEX, using a centrifuge (35%) and LDL-apheresis (20%) were the most common. The main indication for PEX was TTP (17%). Peripheral veins were used in 56% as the vascular access. The preferred anticoagulant was ACD. AEs occurred in 2.7% of all procedures and were mostly mild (1%) and moderate 1.5% (needed supportive medication) and, only rarely, severe (0.15%). CONCLUSION: The data showed a wide range of indications and variability in apheresis procedures with low AE frequency.

Using the World Apheresis Association Registry Helps to Improve the Treatment Quality of Therapeutic Apheresis

Therapeutic apheresis (TA) is prescribed to patients that suffer from a severe progressive disease that is not sufficiently treated by conventional medications. A way to gain more knowledge about this treatment is usually by the local analysis of data. However, the use of large quality assessment registries enables analyses of even rare findings. Here, we report some of the recent data from the World Apheresis Association (WAA) registry. Data from >104,000 procedures were documented, and TA was performed on >15,000 patients. The main indication for TA was the collection of autologous stem cells (45% of patients) as part of therapy for therapy. Collection of stem cells from donors for allogeneic transplantation was performed in 11% of patients. Patients with indications such as neurological diseases underwent plasma exchange (28%). Extracorporeal photochemotherapy, lipid apheresis, and antibody removal were other indications. Side effects recorded in the registry have decreased significantly over the years, with approximately only 10/10,000 procedures being interrupted for medical reasons.

Conclusion

Collection of data from TA procedures within a multinational and multicenter concept facilitates the improvement of treatment by enabling the analysis of and feedback on indications, procedures, effects, and side effects.

Acute hyperviscosity: syndromes and management

Plasma hyperviscosity is a rare complication of both monoclonal and polyclonal disorders associated with elevation of immunoglobulins. Asymptomatic patients with an elevation in the serum viscosity do not require plasma exchange, and the majority will have other indications for therapeutic intervention. For patients with hemorrhagic or central nervous system manifestations, plasma exchange is the therapy of choice and is relatively safe. Viscosity measurements are not required to initiate therapy if the index of suspicion is high and the clinical presentation is typical. However, patients should have a sample sent for confirmation of the diagnosis. Whole-blood hyperviscosity is seen in patients with extreme elevation of the red cell and white cell count. Phlebotomy of patients with primary and secondary elevation of the red cell count is a well-established therapy.

Adverse events in apheresis: An update of the WAA registry data

Apheresis with different procedures and devices are used for a variety of indications that may have different adverse events (AEs). The aim of this study was to clarify the extent and possible reasons of various side effects based on data from a multinational registry. The WAA-apheresis registry data focus on adverse events in a total of 50846 procedures in 7142 patients (42% women). AEs were graded as mild, moderate (need for medication), severe (interruption due to the AE) or death (due to AE). More AEs occurred during the first procedures versus subsequent (8.4 and 5.5%, respectively). AEs were mild in 2.4% (due to access 54%, device 7%, hypotension 15%, tingling 8%), moderate in 3% (tingling 58%, urticaria 15%, hypotension 10%, nausea 3%), and severe in 0.4% of procedures (syncope/hypotension 32%, urticaria 17%, chills/fever 8%, arrhythmia/asystole 4.5%, nausea/vomiting 4%). Hypotension was most common if albumin was used as the replacement fluid, and urticaria when plasma was used. Arrhythmia occurred to similar extents when using plasma or albumin as replacement. In 64% of procedures with bronchospasm, plasma was part of the replacement fluid used. Severe AEs are rare. Although most reactions are mild and moderate, several side effects may be critical for the patient. We present side effects in relation to the procedures and suggest that safety is increased by regular vital sign measurements, cardiac monitoring and by having emergency equipment nearby.

Analyses of data of patients with Thrombotic Microangiopathy in the WAA registry

Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) is a histopathological feature of various diseases including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome and prognostic variables of TMA-patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were consecutively retrieved from the WAA-apheresis registry (www.waa-registry.org) during 2003-2009. Included were all 120 patients (1237 procedures) who suffered from various forms of TMA, as registered by the ICD-10 code M31.1. Besides registry data, more extensive information was retrieved from the latest 64 patients. Adverse events of the TMA patients were compared to those of the other patients in the registry.

RESULTS

The mean age was 46 years (range 11-85 years, 57% women). In 72% therapeutic apheresis was due to an acute indication while a long-term indication was present in 28%. Plasma exchange was performed by centrifugation and filtration technique (95% and 4%, respectively), and immunoadsorption in 1% of the patients. Only fresh frozen plasma was used as replacement fluid in 69% of procedures. Adverse events were more frequent than in the general apheresis population (10% versus 5%, RR 1.9, CI 1.6-2.3). No death occurred due to apheresis treatment. Three percent of the procedures were interrupted. Bronchospasm and/or anaphylactic shock were present in two patients and one patient suffered from TRALI. At admission 26% were bedridden and needed to be fed. The risk of dying during the treatment period was significantly higher if the patient also suffered from a compromising disease, such as cancer. There was an inverse correlation between the ADAMTS13 level and the antibody titer (r=-0.47, p=0.034).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with TMA have an increased risk for moderate and severe AE compared to the general apheresis population. Many patients were severely ill at admission. The prognosis is worse if the patient also has a severe chronic disease. Even slightly increased ADAMTS13-antibody titers seem to have a negative impact on the ADAMTS13 levels.

The German Lipid Apheresis Registry - remaining to be established

BACKGROUND

The target-oriented distribution of increasingly limited health care resources demand data, which support the benefit of established treatment procedures such as lipid apheresis. In recent years, the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), a paramount decision-making body of the German Health Care System, warrants reassessment of the approval of chronic lipid apheresis therapy for regular reimbursement. Therefore, in 2005, an interdisciplinary German apheresis working group has been established by members of both German Societies of Nephrology. The goal of this working group has been to revise 1.) the indication for lipid apheresis according to current guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of lipid disorders and 2.) to transfer recent advances of our understanding of the impact of lipoproteins for atherogenesis and thrombosis into these recommendations. In addition, the working group developed standardized report forms, which could be implemented in a software solution to establish a German Lipid Apheresis Registry.

METHODS AND RESULTS

From 2005 to 2009 the working group met on a regular basis to substantiate the first defined goals. The indication for lipid apheresis was critically revised with respect to cardiovascular guidelines and actual scientific evidence and was accepted by the members of the apheresis working group. The first draft of report forms for the German Lipid Apheresis Registry was validated. Various software solutions were discussed, but proved not feasible because of the lack of financial sponsoring.

CONCLUSIONS

There is consensus between the medical societies and health care authorities that there is a need for a German Lipid Apheresis Registry. The advantage of such a registry is to substantiate prospective long-term data on clinical outcome of chronic lipid apheresis treatment and to support additional clinical research activities in that field. In addition, this registry should comply with requests of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA). The necessary terms for this registry are well defined, but financial support is an issue.