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Thakur A, Rana M, Mishra A, Kaur C, Pan CH, Nepali K. Recent advances and future directions on small molecule VEGFR inhibitors in oncological conditions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116472. [PMID: 38728867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
"A journey of mixed emotions" is a quote that best describes the progress chart of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors as cancer therapeutics in the last decade. Exhilarated with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of numerous VEGFR inhibitors coupled with the annoyance of encountering the complications associated with their use, drug discovery enthusiasts are on their toes with an unswerving determination to enhance the rate of translation of VEGFR inhibitors from preclinical to clinical stage. The recently crafted armory of VEGFR inhibitors is a testament to their growing dominance over other antiangiogenic therapies for cancer treatment. This review perspicuously underscores the earnest attempts of the researchers to extract the antiproliferative potential of VEGFR inhibitors through the design of mechanistically diverse structural assemblages. Moreover, this review encompasses sections on structural/molecular properties and physiological functions of VEGFR, FDA-approved VEGFR inhibitors, and hurdles restricting the activity range/clinical applicability of VEGFR targeting antitumor agents. In addition, tactics to overcome the limitations of VEGFR inhibitors are discussed. A clear-cut viewpoint transmitted through this compilation can provide practical directions to push the cart of VEGFR inhibitors to advanced-stage clinical investigations in diverse malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Rana
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Anshul Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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2
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Bhaskari J, Bhagat R, Shilpa V, Premalata CS, Krishnamoorthy L. Pre-operative plasma VEGF-C levels portend recurrence in epithelial ovarian cancer patients and is a bankable prognostic marker even in the initial assessment of a patient. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:77. [PMID: 38594780 PMCID: PMC11003002 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our explorative study assessed a panel of molecules for their association with epithelial ovarian carcinomas and their prognostic implications. The panel included tissue expression of VEGF-C, COX-2, Ki-67 and eNOS alongside plasma levels of VEGF-C and nitric oxide. METHODS 130 cases were enrolled in the study. Plasma levels were quantified by ELISA and tissue expressions were scored by immunohistochemistry. The Chi square and Fischer's exact test were applied to examine the impact of markers on clinicopathological factors. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation test was applied to define the association among test factors. RESULTS Plasma VEGF-C levels and COX-2 tissue expression strongly predicted recurrence and poor prognosis (< 0.001). Tissue Ki-67 was strongly indicative of late-stage disease (< 0.001). The aforementioned markers significantly associated with clinicopathological factors. Nuclear staining of VEGF-C was intriguing and was observed to correlate with high grade-stage malignancies, highly elevated plasma VEGF-C, and with recurrence. eNOS tissue expression showed no significant impact while nitric oxide associated positively with ascites levels. Tissue expression of VEGF-C did not associate significantly with poor prognosis although the expression was highly upregulated in most of the cases. CONCLUSION Plasma VEGF-C holds immense promise as a prognostic marker and the nuclear staining of VEGF-C seems to have some significant implication in molecular carcinogenesis and is a novel finding that commands further robust scrutiny. We present a first such study that assesses a set of biomarkers for prognostic implications in clinical management of epithelial ovarian carcinomas in a pan-Indian (Asian) population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bhaskari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Bhagat
- Department of Biochemistry, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Oncostem Diagnostic Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - V Shilpa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, 560004, Karnataka, India
| | - C S Premalata
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, 560004, Karnataka, India.
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Vimalraj S, Hariprabu KNG, Rahaman M, Govindasami P, Perumal K, Sekaran S, Ganapathy D. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor-3 signaling in tumorigenesis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:326. [PMID: 37663750 PMCID: PMC10474002 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-promoting ligand vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) activates VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis is expressed by a range of human tumor cells in addition to lymphatic endothelial cells. Activating the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling enhances metastasis by promoting lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis inside and around tumors. Stimulation of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling promotes tumor metastasis in tumors, such as ovarian, renal, pancreatic, prostate, lung, skin, gastric, colorectal, cervical, leukemia, mesothelioma, Kaposi sarcoma, and endometrial carcinoma. We discuss and update the role of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling in tumor development and the research is still needed to completely comprehend this multifunctional receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Periyasami Govindasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
| | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
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Mirzaei A, Deyhimfar R, Azodian Ghajar H, Mashhadi R, Noori M, Dialameh H, Aghsaeifard Z, Aghamir SMK. Quercetin can be a more reliable treatment for metastatic prostate cancer than the localized disease: An in vitro study. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1725-1734. [PMID: 37232542 PMCID: PMC10273064 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant flavonoid that has been recognized to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of quercetin against prostate malignancy in vitro and the underlying resistance mechanism. IC50 values of quercetin were determined by MTT assay. Annexin-V/PI staining was used to measure the rate of apoptosis. DNA cell cycle was analysed by PI staining method. Real-time PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of OPN isoforms, VEGF isoforms, P53 and KLK2. Migration potential, proliferative capability and nucleus morphology of cells were evaluated by the scratch-wound assay, colony-forming assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. Quercetin significantly increased the apoptosis rate of PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines, arrested the cell cycle at the sub-G1/G1 phase, and reduced the migration potential and colony-forming capability. Moreover, upregulation of apoptosis-related genes and downregulation of genes involved in proliferation and angiogenesis was also observed. Although our results elucidated that quercetin has antitumor effects on PC-3 and LNCaP, for the first time, we showed that quercetin treatment causes alterations in the expression of OPN and VEGF isoforms, which are cancer-promoting modulators through various processes such as angiogenesis and drug-resistance. Prostate malignant cells can dodge the anti-carcinogenic properties of quercetin via modulation of OPN and VEGF isoforms in vitro. Therefore, quercetin acts as a double-edged sword in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Mirzaei
- Urology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Roham Deyhimfar
- Urology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Rahil Mashhadi
- Urology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hossein Dialameh
- Urology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ziba Aghsaeifard
- Urology Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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5
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Moon C, Gallegos AM, Sheikh B, Kumar P, Liss M, Patel DI. Pilot Study on the Impact of a Home-Based Exercise Program on Inflammatory Cytokines and Quality of Life in Men with Prostate Cancer Under Active Surveillance. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221130964. [PMID: 36200522 PMCID: PMC9549098 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate potential translation of pre-clinical studies to a home-based exercise intervention in mediating inflammatory cytokine markers and tumor progression in men under active surveillance for prostate cancer. METHODS A 2-arm randomized control parallel group design was used. The exercise intervention consisted of 24 weeks of an aerobic and resistance home-based exercise program and results were compared to a waitlist control group. Data were collected at baseline and end of study for eotaxin, interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), distanced walked during a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), body mass index, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS Non-significant decreases were observed in all biomarkers, especially VEGF (pre: 125.16 ± 198.66, post: 80.29 ± 124.30, P = .06) and INF-γ (pre: 152.88 ± 312.71, post: 118.93 ± 158.79, P = .08), in the intervention group; only IL- α (pre: 332.15 ± 656.77, post: 255.12 ± 502.09, P = .20) decreased in the control group while all other biomarkers increased from baseline to end of study. A non-significant increase in 6MWT distance was observed in the intervention group, while a decrease was seen in the control group. Significant decreases in physical function, emotional wellbeing, and total composite scale on the FACIT-F were observed in the intervention group, possibly due to the isolation restrictions of COVID-19. Physical function on the SF-36 significantly increased in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Future studies with powered samples are needed to confirm the trends observed for inflammatory biomarkers and functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisann Moon
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amber M. Gallegos
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bilal Sheikh
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pratap Kumar
- School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Liss
- School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Darpan I. Patel
- Biobehavioral Laboratory, School of
Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Barshop Institute for Longevity and
Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Darpan I. Patel, The University of Texas
Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229,
USA.
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Koistinen H, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. KLK3 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis-Tumorigenic or Not? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413545. [PMID: 34948344 PMCID: PMC8704207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this focused review, we address the role of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in the regulation of angiogenesis. Early studies suggest that KLK3 is able to inhibit angiogenic processes, which is most likely dependent on its proteolytic activity. However, more recent evidence suggests that KLK3 may also have an opposite role, mediated by the ability of KLK3 to activate the (lymph)angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D, further discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.J.)
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7
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Naruse T, Goi T, Yamaguchi A. Prokineticin-1 induces normal lymphangiogenic activity and is involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1388-1397. [PMID: 34262649 PMCID: PMC8274725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prokineticin family correlates with important roles in several biological processes, including homeostasis. We discovered novel functions of prokineticin1 (PROK1) in lymphangiogenesis and lymphnode metastasis in colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We examined changes in the number of lymphatic endothelial cells after PROK1 stimulation. PROK1 protein was stimulated with subcutaneously implanted in mice. Also a high-PROK1-expressing colorectal cancer cell line and anti-PROK1 antibody(Ab) were subcutaneously implanted in mice, and then examine lymphangiogenesis. PROK1 expression and the number of lymph vessels were examined in the primary lesion of 391 patients whose colorectal tumors had been resected. Results: When PROK1 was used as a stimulus, the number of lymphatic cells increased compared to unstimulated cells. And the number of lymph vessels in the skin of mice increased compared to mice implanted without PROK1. The number of lymph vessels in the primary tumor tissue increased when PROK1 was highly expressed compared to cases with non-detectable PROK1 expression. When PROK1 was expressed in human colorectal tumors, the rate of lymphnode metastasis was significantly higher than that in cases with non-detectable PROK1 expression. Conclusions: PROK1 is a lymphangiogenic factor involved in the formation of new lymph vessels and lymphnode metastasis in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Naruse
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Takanori Goi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
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8
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Yamamura A, Nayeem MJ, Muramatsu H, Nakamura K, Sato M. MAZ51 Blocks the Tumor Growth of Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667474. [PMID: 33959030 PMCID: PMC8093795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling plays a critical role in the carcinogenesis and tumor development of several cancer types. However, its pathological significance in prostate cancer, one of the most frequent and lethal malignancies in men, remains unclear. In the present study, we focused on a pathological role of the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), and examined their expression and effects of MAZ51 (an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase of VEGFR-3) on cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth in human prostate cancer cells. The expression level of VEGFR-3 was higher in androgen-independent and highly metastatic prostate cancer PC-3 cells than in other prostate PrEC, LNCaP, and DU145 cells. In PC-3 cells, VEGFR-3 and Akt were phosphorylated following a stimulation with 50 ng/ml VEGF-C, and these phosphorylations were blocked by 3 μM MAZ51. Interestingly, PC-3 cells themselves secreted VEGF-C, which was markedly larger amount compared with PrEC, LNCaP, and DU145 cells. MAZ51 reduced the expression of VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The proliferation of PC-3 cells was inhibited by MAZ51 (IC50 = 2.7 μM) and VEGFR-3 siRNA, and partly decreased by 100 nM GSK690693 (an Akt inhibitor) and 300 nM VEGFR2 Kinase Inhibitor I. MAZ51 and VEGFR-3 siRNA also attenuated the VEGF-C-induced migration of PC-3 cells. Moreover, MAZ51 blocked the tumor growth of PC-3 cells in a xenograft mouse model. These results suggest that VEGFR-3 signaling contributes to the cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth of androgen-independent/highly metastatic prostate cancer. Therefore, the inhibition of VEGFR-3 has potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | | | - Kogenta Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sato
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Klusa D, Lohaus F, Furesi G, Rauner M, Benešová M, Krause M, Kurth I, Peitzsch C. Metastatic Spread in Prostate Cancer Patients Influencing Radiotherapy Response. Front Oncol 2021; 10:627379. [PMID: 33747899 PMCID: PMC7971112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.627379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy and surgery are curative treatment options for localized prostate cancer (PCa) with a 5-year survival rate of nearly 100%. Once PCa cells spread into distant organs, such as bone, the overall survival rate of patients drops dramatically. The metastatic cascade and organotropism of PCa cells are regulated by different cellular subtypes, organ microenvironment, and their interactions. This cross-talk leads to pre-metastatic niche formation that releases chemo-attractive factors enforcing the formation of distant metastasis. Biological characteristics of PCa metastasis impacting on metastatic sites, burden, and latency is of clinical relevance. Therefore, the implementation of modern hybrid imaging technologies into clinical routine increased the sensitivity to detect metastases at earlier stages. This enlarged the number of PCa patients diagnosed with a limited number of metastases, summarized as oligometastatic disease. These patients can be treated with androgen deprivation in combination with local-ablative radiotherapy or radiopharmaceuticals directed to metastatic sites. Unfortunately, the number of patients with disease recurrence is high due to the enormous heterogeneity within the oligometastatic patient population and the lack of available biomarkers with predictive potential for metastasis-directed radiotherapy. Another, so far unmet clinical need is the diagnosis of minimal residual disease before onset of clinical manifestation and/or early relapse after initial therapy. Here, monitoring of circulating and disseminating tumor cells in PCa patients during the course of radiotherapy may give us novel insight into how metastatic spread is influenced by radiotherapy and vice versa. In summary, this review critically compares current clinical concepts for metastatic PCa patients and discuss the implementation of recent preclinical findings improving our understanding of metastatic dissemination and radiotherapy resistance into standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Klusa
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Lohaus
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giulia Furesi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden,Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden,Germany
| | | | - Mechthild Krause
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ina Kurth
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Peitzsch
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Borkowetz A, Froehner M, Rauner M, Conrad S, Erdmann K, Mayr T, Datta K, Hofbauer LC, Baretton GB, Wirth M, Fuessel S, Toma M, Muders MH. Neuropilin‐2 is an independent prognostic factor for shorter cancer‐specific survival in patients with acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2619-2627. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Stefanie Conrad
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Gustavo B. Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität Dresden Germany
- Tumor and Normal Tissue Bank of the University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Manfred Wirth
- Department of Urology Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology Technische Universität Dresden Germany
| | - Marietta Toma
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität Dresden Germany
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Cancer of Reproductive System: Receptors and Targeting Strategies. TARGETED INTRACELLULAR DRUG DELIVERY BY RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis in the different organs of the reproductive system, particularly, prostate, ovarian, and cervical tissues, involves aberrant expression of various physiological receptors belonging to different superfamilies. This chapter provides insights into the physiological receptors that are associated with the genesis, progression, metastasis, management, as well as the prognosis of the cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. It also highlights the structural and binding characteristics of the highly predominant receptors, namely, androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors, which are overexpressed in these cancers and discusses various strategies to target them.
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12
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The value of ESWAN in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of prostate cancer: Preliminary study. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 44:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Zhang X, Xu R. Six1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1293-1298. [PMID: 28454249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common human brain cancer and has poor prognosis. Messenger RNA profiling identified that sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) is dysregulated in glioma tumor progenitor cells from glial progenitor cells isolated from normal white matter. However, the expression and role of Six1 in glioma remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression level of Six1 in glioma tissues and the association between Six1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of gliomas. The Six1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in 163 glioma tissues of distinct malignancy grades, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess the prognosis of the patients. The Six1 protein was stained in 49.1% (80 out of 163) of the glioma tissues, including 34.2% of low-grade [World Health Organization (WHO) I/II] gliomas and 80.8% of high-grade (WHO III/IV) gliomas. Normal brain tissues rarely expressed the Six1 protein. In addition, Six1 expression was significantly associated with WHO grade (P<0.001). According to the log-rank test and Cox regression model, Six1 may be suggested as an independent prognostic factor, in addition to the WHO grade. Overall, Six1 protein expression varies between different grades of glioma and is associated with the WHO grade. Upregulation of Six1 is more frequent in high-grade glioma and is an independent prognostic factor of poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Affiliated General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Affiliated General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.,Neurosurgery Institute of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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Prognostic Value of Endocan in Prostate Cancer: Clinicopathologic Association between Serum Endocan Levels and Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2016; 103:204-208. [DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the diagnostic capability of serum endocan level in association with clinicopathologic features and its impact on biochemical progression-free survival in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Methods A total of 86 patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with open radical prostatectomy (RP). The control group included 80 patients who were referred to the urology outpatient clinic with normal rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. The patients’ characteristics, baseline PSA value, and serum endocan levels were recorded. The patients were followed up with the measurement of PSA concentration every 3 months during the first year, thereafter every 6 months until 5 years, then yearly after surgery. The primary endpoint of follow-up was the time of biochemical recurrence. Results The median serum endocan levels were 3.14 ng/mL in the RP group and 2.98 ng/mL in the control group (p = 0.122). A total of 86 patients who underwent RP for PCa were divided into 2 groups based on a cutoff serum endocan level of 1.8 ng/mL. The distribution of Gleason score and biochemical failure rate were significantly higher in patients with serum endocan ≥1.8 ng/mL (p = 0.031 and p = 0.047). The biochemical recurrence-free time for endocan ≥1.8 ng/mL and <1.8 ng/mL were 38 and 56 months, respectively (p = 0.041). Spearman correlation analysis showed a linear relationship between endocan expression and Gleason score (p = 0.025, p = 0.511). Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated serum endocan level (≥1.8 ng/mL) was a significant predictor of biochemical progression-free survival (hazard ratio 2.44; 95% confidence interval 1.78-3.23; p = 0.001). Conclusions The current study indicates that endocan has a close relationship with tumor recurrence in PCa.
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Esfahani M, Ataei N, Panjehpour M. Biomarkers for evaluation of prostate cancer prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2601-11. [PMID: 25854335 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, with a lifetime prevalence of one in six men, is the second cause of malignancy-related death and the most prevalent cancer in men in many countries. Nowadays, prostate cancer diagnosis is often based on the use of biomarkers, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which can result in enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients. However, because of the low specificity of PSA, unnecessary biopsies and mistaken diagnoses frequently occur. Prostate cancer has various features so prognosis following diagnosis is greatly variable. There is a requirement for new prognostic biomarkers, particularly to differentiate between inactive and aggressive forms of disease, to improve clinical management of prostate cancer. Research continues into finding additional markers that may allow this goal to be attained. We here selected a group of candidate biomarkers including PSA, PSA velocity, percentage free PSA, TGFβ1, AMACR, chromogranin A, IL-6, IGFBPs, PSCA, biomarkers related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, PTEN, androgen receptor, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis, and also prognostic biomarkers with Genomic tests for discussion. This provides an outline of biomarkers that are presently of prognostic interest in prostate cancer investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran E-mail :
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Kervancioglu E, Kosan M, Erinanc H, Gonulalan U, Oguzulgen AI, Coskun EZ, Ozkardes H. Predictive values of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel-density levels in initial biopsy for prostate cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:74-9. [PMID: 26944325 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important factor in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCA). We aimed to investigate the values of vascular-endothelial-growth-factor (VEGF) expression level and microvessel density (MVD) in the prediction of PCA diagnosis at repeated prostate biopsy (re-PBx). We retrospectively evaluated 167 patients with re-PBx according to elevated prostate-specific antigen levels, suspicious digital rectal examination, and the presence of premalignant lesions. Patients with PCA on re-PBx were included in the cancer group (n = 17). Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or normal tissues on re-PBx were included in the control group (n = 21). The groups were compared according to the expression level of VEGF and MVD in initial prostate biopsy. There was no statistically significant difference between groups according to age and serum prostate-specific-antigen values. The mean VEGF scores of the cancer and control groups were 232.64 ± 11.14 and 183.09 ± 14.56, respectively (p < 0.05). The mean MVD of the biopsy samples in the cancer and control groups were 246.47 ± 17.59 n/mm(2) and 197.33 ± 16.26 n/mm(2), respectively (p < 0.05). The cutoff values of VEGF scores and MVD were set as 200 and 215, respectively, for PCA detection in our study. Our results showed that the expression level of VEGF and MVD significantly increased in the initial prostate-biopsy samples of patients with PCA diagnosed with re-PBx. The evaluation of VEGF expression level and MVD might have an important value in the prediction of PCA at re-PBx. The expression level of VEGF and MVD should be kept in mind as PCA-related histopathological changes that indicate the increased angiogenesis in prostatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Kervancioglu
- Department of Urology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Kosan
- Department of Urology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara and Konya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Erinanc
- Department of Pathology, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Gonulalan
- Department of Urology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara and Konya, Turkey.
| | | | - Esra Zeynep Coskun
- Department of Pathology, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Ozkardes
- Department of Urology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara and Konya, Turkey
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Michaelsen FW, Saeed MEM, Schwarzkopf J, Efferth T. Activity of Artemisia annua and artemisinin derivatives, in prostate carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1223-1231. [PMID: 26655404 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisia annua L, artemisinin and artesunate reveal profound activity not only against malaria, but also against cancer in vivo and clinical trials. Longitudinal observations on the efficacy of A. annua in patients are, however missing as of yet. METHODS Clinical diagnosis was performed by imaging techniques (MRT, scintigraphy, SPECT/CT) and blood examinations of standard parameters from clinical chemistry. Immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor material was performed to determine the expression of several biomarkers (cycloxygenase-2 (COX2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), Ki-67, MYC, oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1 (LOX1), p53, P-glycoprotein, transferrin receptor (TFR, CD71), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (CD31)). The immunohistochemical expression has been compared with the microarray-based mRNA expression of these markers in two prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC-3, DU-145). RESULTS A patient with prostate carcinoma (pT3bN1M1, Gleason score 8 (4+4)) presented with a prostate specific antigen (PSA) level >800 µg/l. After short-term treatment with bacalitumide (50 mg/d for 14 days) and long-term oral treatment with A. annua capsules (continuously 5 × 50 mg/d), the PSA level dropped down to 0.98 µg/l. MRT, scintigraphy and SPECT/CT verified tumor remission. Seven months later, PSA and ostase levels increased, indicating tumor recurrence and skeletal metastases. Substituting A. annua capsules by artesunate injections (2 × 150 mg twice weekly i.v.) did not prohibit tumor recurrence. PSA and ostase levels rose to 1245 µg/l and 434 U/l, respectively, and MRT revealed progressive skeletal metastases, indicating that the tumor acquired resistance. The high expression of MYC, TFR, and VEGFC in the patient biopsy corresponded with high expression of these markers in the artemisinin-sensitive PC-3 cells compared to artemisinin-resistant DU-145 cells. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with A. annua capsules combined with short-term bicalitumide treatment resulted in considerable regression of advanced metastasized prostate carcinoma. Controlled clinical trials are required to evaluate the clinical benefit of A. annua in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Nassar ZD, Hill MM, Parton RG, Francois M, Parat MO. Non-caveolar caveolin-1 expression in prostate cancer cells promotes lymphangiogenesis. Oncoscience 2015; 2:635-45. [PMID: 26328273 PMCID: PMC4549361 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis allows prostate cancer (PCa) lymphatic metastasis, which is associated with poor prognosis and short survival rates. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a membrane protein localized in caveolae, but also exists in non-caveolar, cellular or extracellular forms. Cav-1 is overexpressed in PCa, promotes prostate tumour progression and metastasis. We investigated the effect of caveolar and non-caveolar Cav-1 on PCa lymphangiogenic potential. Cav-1 was down-regulated in PC3 and DU145, and ectopically expressed in LNCaP cells. The effect of PCa cell conditioned media on lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) viability, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and differentiation was assessed. The effect of Cav-1 on PCa cell expression of lymphangiogenesis-modulators VEGF-A and VEGF-C was assessed using qPCR and ELISA of the conditioned medium. Non-caveolar Cav-1, whether exogenous or endogenous (in LNCaP and PC3 cells, respectively) enhanced LEC proliferation, migration and differentiation. In contrast, caveolar Cav-1 (in DU145 cells) did not significantly affect PCa cell lymphangiogenic potential. The effect of non-caveolar Cav-1 on LECs was mediated by increased expression of VEGF-A as demonstrated by neutralization by anti-VEGF-A antibody. This study unveils for the first time a crucial role for non-caveolar Cav-1 in modulating PCa cell expression of VEGF-A and subsequent LEC proliferation, migration and tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad D Nassar
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, QLD, Australia
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Davidson BA, Rubatt JM, Corcoran DL, Teoh DK, Bernardini MQ, Grace LA, Soper WJ, Berchuck A, Siamakpour-Reihani S, Chen W, Owzar K, Murphy SK, Secord AA. Differential Angiogenic Gene Expression in TP53 Wild-Type and Mutant Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2014; 4:163. [PMID: 24999452 PMCID: PMC4064453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Underlying mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in ovarian cancer have not been completely elucidated. Evidence suggests that the TP53 tumor suppressor pathway and tumor microenvironment play integral roles. We utilized microarray technology to study the interaction between TP53 mutational status and hypoxia on angiogenic gene expression. METHODS Affymetrix U133A arrays were analyzed for angiogenic gene expression in 19 ovarian cancer cell lines stratified both by TP53 mutation status and A2780 wild-type (wt) TP53 vs. mutated (m) TP53 cell lines after treatment under hypoxic conditions or with ionizing radiation. RESULTS Twenty-eight differentially expressed angiogenic genes were identified in the mTP53 cell lines compared to wtTP53 lines. Five genes were upregulated in mTP53 cells: 40% involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation [matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10)/15] and 60% in angiogenesis (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3/VEGFA/ephrin receptor-B4). Twenty-three genes were upregulated in wtTP53: nearly 22% were ECM constituents or involved in ECM degradation; over 40% were growth factors or mediators of angiogenesis. Five genes were upregulated in the A2780mTP53 cells: 40% involved in ECM remodeling (MMP10, ADAMTS1), 40% with pro-angiogenic activity (EFNB2, factor 2 receptor), and 20% with anti-angiogenic properties (ADAMTS1). Three genes were upregulated in hypoxia treated cells compared to controls: one with anti-angiogenic activity (angiopoietin-like 4) and two with pro-angiogenic activity (VEGFA, EFNA3). No significant gene fold changes were noted after exposure to radiation. Four genes continued to demonstrate significant differential expression (p ≤ 0.05) after adjusting for multiple comparisons. These genes included endoglin upregulation in wt lines (pro-angiogenesis) and upregulation of FGF20 (growth factor), ADAMTS1 (anti-angiogenesis) and MMP10 (ECM degradation) in mTP53 cell lines. CONCLUSION Our exploratory findings indicate that non-overlapping angiogenic pathways may be altered by TP53 mutations and hypoxic conditions in the tumor microenvironment. Further evaluation is needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Anne Davidson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Rubatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David L. Corcoran
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deanna K. Teoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Q. Bernardini
- Gynecology Oncology, Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa A. Grace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William John Soper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan K. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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Yang ZS, Xu YF, Huang FF, Ding GF. Associations of nm23H1, VEGF-C, and VEGF-3 receptor in human prostate cancer. Molecules 2014; 19:6851-62. [PMID: 24858271 PMCID: PMC6271091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the expression of the non-metastatic clone 23 type 1 (nm23H1) gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, and its receptor VEGFR-3 using an in situ hybridization technique and immunohistochemical analyses with prostate cancer tissues and adjacent benign tissues of 52 human archival cases. The association between VEGF-C expression, microlymphatic count (MLC), and staining intensity for nm23H1 and VEGFR-3 was used to evaluate tumor metastasis and survival rate. MLC values were significantly higher in tumorous tissue than in non-cancerous tissue. VEGF-C mRNA, VEGFR-3, and nm23H1 were highly expressed in tumorous tissue. VEGFR-3 expression was greater in VEGF-C mRNA-positive tumors than in VEGF-C mRNA-negative tumors. The association of VEGFR-3 expression with VEGF-C mRNA and MLC suggested that the poor prognosis and tumor metastasis associated with VEGFR-3 expression may be due, in part, to its role in promoting angiogenesis. VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with tumor lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune response as a potent multifunctional stimulating factor in prostate cancer. Expression of nm23H1 was significantly inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between the expression of nm23H1, VEGF-C mRNA, and MLC. These findings provide important information for prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui-Su Yang
- Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organism Medical Products, Medical College of Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yin-Feng Xu
- Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organism Medical Products, Medical College of Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Fang-Fang Huang
- Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organism Medical Products, Medical College of Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Guo-Fang Ding
- Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organism Medical Products, Medical College of Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Sharif MR, Shaabani A, Mahmoudi H, Nikoueinejad H, Akbari H, Einollahi B. Association of the serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate malignancies. Nephrourol Mon 2014; 6:e14778. [PMID: 25032132 PMCID: PMC4090676 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, the development of new biomarkers as prognostic and predictive markers in prostate cancer has been crucial. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine whether serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels would be a prognostic marker or risk assessment factor in patients with prostate cancer and to investigate whether it could differentiate cancerous tissue from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Patients and Methods: We enrolled 44 patients with prostate cancer, 57 patients with BPH, and 57 healthy individuals. Serum VEGF levels was measured by ELISA and was compared among all groups; then, its correlation with PSA and Gleason score in cancerous group was assessed. In addition, by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC), we determined the sensitivity and specificity of VEGF as well as combined variable of VEGF and PSA as a diagnostic marker of prostate cancer. Results: Serum VEGF level was significantly higher in patients with prostate cancer in comparison to the other groups (P value < 0.001); however, it was not different between BPH and control groups. Only in cancerous group a significant correlation between VEGF and PSA was found (r = 0.425, P = 0.004). Assessing the risk of prostate cancer, we found a powerful correlation between the VEGF alone as well as the combination of VEGF and PSA with prostate cancer. Conclusions: VEGF may be a diagnostic biomarker of prostate cancer. In addition, it may differentiate the cancerous tissue from BPH. We suggest that VEGF combined with PSA may be used as a screening test of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sharif
- Department of Pediatrics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Amirreza Shaabani
- Department of Urology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Mahmoudi
- Department of Urology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- Department of Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hassan Nikoueinejad, Department of Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Mollasadra Ave., Vanak Sq., P.O. Box: 19395-5487, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2181262073, Fax: +98-3615551112, E-mail:
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Department of Biostatistics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Department of Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Singh A, Gautam KA, Dalela D, Sankhwar S, Natu S, Sankhwar P, Srivastava A. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factors A and C in patients undergoing prostatic biopsy and TURP for suspected prostatic neoplasia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:2053-8. [PMID: 23679318 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formation of new blood vessels is necessary for the development and spread of neoplasms more than 1 mm3 in volume, angiogenesis being responsible for formation of new from pre-existing blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is pivotal and the best studied angiogenic factor in all human cancers. Therefore we designed this study to investigate the role of VEGF-A and VEGF-C in prostate cancer in comparison with BPH controls in a north Indian population. METHODS In this case-control study a total of 100 subjects were included on the basis of confirmed histopathological reports, out of which 50 were prostate cancer patients and the other 50 were BPH patients with PSA levels >2 ng/ml and abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings during September 2009 to August 2011 from the Department of Urology, KGMU, Lucknow, India. Plasma levels of VEGF were determined using quantitative immunoassay (ELISA- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 15.0 version. RESULTS The mean age of prostate cancer (67.6±5.72) patients was significantly higher (p=0.005) than BPH (63.6±7.92) patients. Expression of VEGF-A was not significantly higher in disease stage C1 than D1 or D2 and A or B (p=0.13) while the level of VEGF-A was significantly higher (p=0.04) in prostate cancer as compared to BPH subjects (PCa=13.0 pg/ml, BPH=6.8 pg/ml). Levels of VEGF-C were similar in both groups (PCa=832.6 pg/ml, BPH=823.7 pg/ml). In ROC curve, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.60-0.80) and the cut-off value for which a higher proportion of patients was correctly classified (20%) was 26.0 pg/mL. CONCLUSION Although VEGF-A is increased in cancer prostate patients a statistically significant correlation could not be established in this study. VEGF-C was not found to be a useful biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Singh
- Biochemistry Department, GSVM College, Kanpur, India.
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Augmented mast cell infiltration and microvessel density in prostate cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2013; 17:378-82. [PMID: 24592126 PMCID: PMC3934053 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2013.37220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Recent investigations have taken into account the role of mast cells in prostate cancer formation, analyzing their dual functions (as tumour growth promoters and tumour growth inhibitors). The aim of our study was to compare mast cell infiltration and microvessel density in prostate cancer and in benign prostate hyperplasia. We also attempted to find possible relationships among mast cell infiltration and microvessel density, Gleason score, as well as serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Material and methods The investigation was confined to evaluations of material from prostate needle biopsies, carried out in 26 patients with prostate cancer, and of 14 specimens diagnosed as benign hyperplasia. The numbers of tryptase positive mast cells and CD34 positive vessels were determined using a computer image analysis system. In the patients with prostate cancer, both mast cell infiltrates and microvessel density were significantly increased, as compared to the control patients. Results Significant positive correlations were identified between the mean numbers of mast cells and microvessel densities, both in the prostate cancer group and in the control group. Moreover, significant positive correlations were observed between Gleason score on one hand and the number of mast cells and microvessel density on the other. The correlations between PSA serum levels and both mast cell infiltration and microvessel density were positive, but not in a statistically significant way. Conclusions The reported investigations may support the assumption of mast cell promoter function in prostate cancer development, whereas no evidence was found for their opposite
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Collaborative overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C predicts adverse prognosis in patients with gliomas. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:697-702. [PMID: 23870768 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), a member of the MMP family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, has been detected to be strongly expressed in gliomas with high tumor grade and to be correlated with increased tumor invasiveness. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), which is able to induce MMP-1 transcription, has been found to be upregulated in glioblastoma compared to low grade gliomas and non-neoplastic brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of the co-expression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C in glioma patients on determining the prognosis. METHODS One hundred and sixteen glioma patients (26 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 30 WHO grade II, 30 WHO grade III, and 30 WHO grade IV) and 15 non-neoplastic brain specimens acquired from 15 patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy as control were collected. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C in glioma and non-neoplastic brain tissues. The correlations of collaborative MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression with selected clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome of glioma patients were also assessed. RESULTS Both MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression were significantly higher in glioma tissues compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues (both P<0.001). Of 116 glioma patients, 68 (58.62%) overexpressed MMP-1 and VEGF-C simultaneously. In addition, combined MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with WHO grade (P<0.001) and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score (P=0.01). Moreover, glioma patients expressing both MMP-1 and VEGF-C exhibited markedly poorer overall survival (P<0.001). According to the multivariate analyses, collaborative overexpression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated for the first time that overexpression of both MMP-1 and VEGF-C may be an independent poor prognostic factor in gliomas, suggesting the interaction between MMP-1 and VEGF-C collaboratively stimulated advanced tumor progression and adverse outcome. Inhibiting both MMP-1 and VEGF-C could be a novel therapeutic approach for gliomas.
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Cheng D, Kong H, Li Y. Prognostic values of VEGF and IL-8 in malignant pleural effusion in patients with lung cancer. Biomarkers 2013; 18:386-90. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.797499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cheng D, Liang B, Li Y. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55309. [PMID: 23383322 PMCID: PMC3562180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C is regarded as one of the most efficient factors in regulating lymphangiogenesis. The aim of this study was to better understand the role of VEGF-C in the progression of ovarian cancer and to assess its diagnostic and prognostic significance. A total of 109 patients with ovarian cancer, 76 patients with benign ovarian diseases, and 50 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Serum levels of VEGF-C were determined by ELISA method. The results showed that serum levels of VEGF-C were significantly higher in the patients with ovarian cancer than those with benign ovarian diseases and healthy controls (P<0.01). Serum level of VEGF-C was correlated with FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor resectability, and survival of the patients (P<0.05). The areas of receiver operating curves of VEGF-C were higher than those of CA125 in different screening groups. Analysis using the Kaplan-meier method indicated that patients with high VEGF-C had significantly shorter overall survival time than those with low VEGF-C (P<0.0001). In a multivariate analysis along with clinical prognostic parameters, serum VEGF-C was identified as an independent adverse prognostic variable for overall survival. These results indicated that serum VEGF-C may be a clinically useful indicator for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Cheng
- Department of Transfusion, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Bai Y, Wang MY, Han YH, Dou SW, Lin Q, Guo Y, Li W, Ding DG, Dai JP, Qin W, Shi DP, Tian J, Dai YM. Susceptibility weighted imaging: a new tool in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and detection of prostatic calcification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53237. [PMID: 23308170 PMCID: PMC3538770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is a new MRI technique which has been proved very useful in the diagnosis of brain diseases, but few study was performed on its value in prostatic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of SWI in distinguishing prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and detecting prostatic calcification. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 23 patients with prostate cancer and 53 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia proved by prostate biopsy were scanned on a 3.0T MR and a 16-row CT scanner. High-resolution SWI, conventional MRI and CT were performed on all patients. The MRI and CT findings, especially SWI, were analyzed and compared. The analyses revealed that 19 out of 23 patients with prostate cancer presented hemorrhage within tumor area on SWI. However, in 53 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, hemorrhage was detected only in 1 patient in prostate by SWI. When comparing SWI, conventional MRI and CT in detecting prostate cancer hemorrhage, out of the 19 patients with prostate cancer who had prostatic hemorrhage detected by SWI, the prostatic hemorrhage was detected in only 7 patients by using conventional MRI, and none was detected by CT. In addition, CT demonstrated calcifications in 22 patients which were all detected by SWI whereas only 3 were detected by conventional MRI. Compared to CT, SWI showed 100% in the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) in detecting calcifications in prostate but conventional MRI demonstrated 13.6% in sensitivity, 100% in specificity, 75% in accuracy, 100% in PPV and 74% in NPV. CONCLUSIONS More apparent prostate hemorrhages were detected on SWI than on conventional MRI or CT. SWI may provide valuable information for the differential diagnosis between prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia. Filtered phase images can identify prostatic calcifications as well as CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bai
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mei-Yun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Hong Han
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - She-Wei Dou
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - De-Gang Ding
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Life Science Research Center, School of Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Da-Peng Shi
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Taurin S, Nehoff H, Greish K. Anticancer nanomedicine and tumor vascular permeability; Where is the missing link? J Control Release 2012; 164:265-75. [PMID: 22800576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer nanomedicine was coined to describe anticancer delivery systems such as polymer conjugates, liposomes, micelles, and metal nanoparticles. These anticancer delivery platforms have been developed with the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect as a central mechanism for tumor targeting. EPR based nanomedicine has demonstrated, beyond doubt, to selectively target tumor tissues in animal models. However, over the last two decades, only nine anticancer agents utilizing this targeting strategy have been approved for clinical use. In this review, we systematically analyze various aspects that explain the limited clinical progress yet achieved. The influence of nanomedicine physicochemical characteristics, animal tumor models, and variations in tumor biology, on EPR based tumor targeting is closely examined. Furthermore, we reviewed results from over one hundred publications to construct patterns of factors that can influence the transition of EPR based anticancer nanomedicine to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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29
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Wang CA, Jedlicka P, Patrick AN, Micalizzi DS, Lemmer KC, Deitsch E, Casás-Selves M, Harrell JC, Ford HL. SIX1 induces lymphangiogenesis and metastasis via upregulation of VEGF-C in mouse models of breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1895-906. [PMID: 22466647 DOI: 10.1172/jci59858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer was observed decades ago. However, the mechanisms by which tumor cells infiltrate the lymphatic system are not completely understood. Recently, it has been proposed that the lymphatic system has an active role in metastatic dissemination and that tumor-secreted growth factors stimulate lymphangiogenesis. We therefore investigated whether SIX1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor previously associated in breast cancer with lymph node positivity, was involved in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. In a model in which human breast cancer cells were injected into immune-compromised mice, we found that SIX1 expression promoted peritumoral and intratumoral lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic invasion, and distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. SIX1 induced transcription of the prolymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C, and this was required for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Using a mouse mammary carcinoma model, we found that VEGF-C was not sufficient to mediate all the metastatic effects of SIX1, indicating that SIX1 acts through additional, VEGF-C-independent pathways. Finally, we verified the clinical significance of this prometastatic SIX1/VEGF-C axis by demonstrating coexpression of SIX1 and VEGF-C in human breast cancer. These data define a critical role for SIX1 in lymphatic dissemination of breast cancer cells, providing a direct mechanistic explanation for how VEGF-C expression is upregulated in breast cancer, resulting in lymphangiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-An Wang
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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30
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Jiang J, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Yao X, Qi J. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the detection and characterization of prostate cancer: correlation with microvessel density and Gleason score. Clin Radiol 2011; 66:732-7. [PMID: 21524418 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether there is a correlation between the peak intensity of the lesion at contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and the microvessel density (MVD) and Gleason score in biopsy specimens of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using cadence-contrast pulse sequence (CPS) technology was performed in 147 patients with suspected prostate cancer before biopsy. An auto-tracking contrast quantification (ACQ) software was used to analyse the peak intensity (PI) of the lesion. The Gleason score and MVD immunoreactivity were determined in the prostate biopsy specimens. Ultrasound findings were correlated with biopsy findings. RESULTS Prostate cancer was detected in 73 of 147 patients. The PI values of prostate cancer patients were significantly higher than those of non-malignant patients [9.81 (4.23) versus 5.69 (3.19) dB; p<0.01]. The mean (SD) PIs of prostate cancer lesions with a Gleason score of 6-9 were 7.08 (3.80), 8.65 (4.08), 9.76 (3.75), and 9.85 (4.13) dB, respectively. The PI value increased significantly with a higher Gleason score (p<0.01). The mean (SD) MVDs observed in prostate cancer lesions with a Gleason score of 6-9 were 52.50 (10.54), 56.85 (10.31), 59.91 (9.29), and 66.04 (11.82), respectively. There was a positive correlation between PI and MVD in prostate cancer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.617. No correlation was found between PI value and age, prostate specific antigen (PSA) or prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) level (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The PI obtained by CPS harmonic ultrasonography appears to be of value as an indicator of MVD and increases with a higher Gleason score. CPS harmonic ultrasonography could be promising as a useful imaging technique in the detection and characterization of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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31
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Zhang S, Yu H, Zhang L. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3/Flt-4 in early-stage cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:453-456. [PMID: 22966325 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3/Flt-4 in the early stages of cervical cancer. VEGFR-3/Flt-4 expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D in the early stages (Ia-IIa) of cervical cancer in 41 patients was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, the VEGFR-3/Flt-4-marked vascular density (MVD) was examined and the relationship of these factors with clinicopathological factors was analyzed. VEGFR-3/Flt-4 was found to be expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and, to a certain extent, in vascular endothelial cells. The VEGFR-3/Flt-4-positive vessels were largely distributed in the stroma surrounding the tumor tissues, and these vessels were morphologically divided into blood and lymphatic vessels, respectively. Cancer cells were found to express VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3/Flt-4, and their positive expression rate was 48.7% (20/41), 58.5% (24/41) and 63.4% (26/41), respectively. VEGFR-3/Flt-4 expression in the cancer cells of the cervical cancer patients in our study was found to be correlated to the clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D. However, this expression was unrelated to menstrual status, histological grade and histological classification. MVD was correlated to the clinical stage and expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D, but was unrelated to menstrual status, histological grade, histological classification, lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion. In conclusion, VEGFR-3/Flt-4 plays an important role in the early stages of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012
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Bolenz C, Fernández MI, Tilki D, Herrmann E, Heinzelbecker J, Ergün S, Ströbel P, Reich O, Michel MS, Trojan L. The role of lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic tumour spread of urological cancers. BJU Int 2009; 104:592-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Burton JB, Priceman SJ, Sung JL, Brakenhielm E, An DS, Pytowski B, Alitalo K, Wu L. Suppression of prostate cancer nodal and systemic metastasis by blockade of the lymphangiogenic axis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7828-37. [PMID: 18829538 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node involvement denotes a poor outcome for patients with prostate cancer. Our group, along with others, has shown that initial tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes via lymphatics also promotes systemic metastasis in mouse models. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of suppressive therapies targeting either the angiogenic or lymphangiogenic axis in inhibiting regional lymph node and systemic metastasis in subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumor xenografts. Both androgen-dependent and more aggressive androgen-independent prostate tumors were used in our investigations. Interestingly, we observed that the threshold for dissemination is lower in the vascular-rich prostatic microenvironment compared with subcutaneously grafted tumors. Both vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) ligand trap (sVEGFR-3) and antibody directed against VEGFR-3 (mF4-31C1) significantly reduced tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distal vital organs without influencing tumor growth. Conversely, angiogenic blockade by short hairpin RNA against VEGF or anti-VEGFR-2 antibody (DC101) reduced tumor blood vessel density, significantly delayed tumor growth, and reduced systemic metastasis, although it was ineffective in reducing lymphangiogenesis or nodal metastasis. Collectively, these data clarify the utility of vascular therapeutics in prostate tumor growth and metastasis, particularly in the context of the prostate microenvironment. Our findings highlight the importance of lymphangiogenic therapies in the control of regional lymph node and systemic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Burton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, USA
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Mao X, Shaw G, James SY, Purkis P, Kudahetti SC, Tsigani T, Kia S, Young BD, Oliver RTD, Berney D, Prowse DM, Lu YJ. Detection of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene in circulating prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:467-73. [PMID: 18385909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the existence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene in circulating tumor cells (CTC) from prostate cancer patients and its potential in monitoring tumor metastasis. METHODS We analyzed the frequency of TMPRSS2:ERG and TMPRSS2:ETV1 transcripts in 27 prostate cancer biopsies from prostatectomies, and TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts in CTC isolated from 15 patients with advanced androgen independent disease using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to analyze the genomic truncation of ERG, which is the result of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion in 10 of the 15 CTC samples. RESULTS TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts were found in 44% of our samples, but we did not detect expression of TMPRSS2:ETV1. Using FISH analysis we detected chromosomal rearrangements affecting the ERG gene in 6 of 10 CTC samples, including 1 case with associated TMPRSS2:ERG fusion at the primary site. However, TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts were not detected in any of the 15 CTC samples, including the 10 cases analyzed by FISH. CONCLUSION Although further study is required to address the association between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and prostate cancer metastasis, detection of genomic truncation of the ERG gene by FISH analysis could be useful for monitoring the appearance of CTC and the potential for prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Mao
- Medical Oncology Centre, Cancer Institute, Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor in osteosarcomas. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:575-82. [PMID: 18440723 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), have been implicated as important factors in the formation of lymphatic vessels, but its role in osteosarcomas has not yet been fully investigated. This study aims to define the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in primary and metastatic osteosarcomas and their relationship to various clinicopathologic parameters. Thirty-three primary osteosarcomas and two pulmonary metastatic samples were immunostained for VEGF-C and VEGFR-3. In addition, VEGF-C and vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) mRNA expression levels in three different human osteosarcoma cell lines and control fibroblasts were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Of the 35 patients with osteosarcoma, 16 patients (45.7%) showed strong positive reaction with VEGF-C. Four cases (11.4%) were negative, and 15 cases (42.9%) showed weak immunoreactivity. For VEGFR-3, 12 patients (34.3%) showed strong positive reaction. Fifteen cases (42.9%) were negative, and eight cases (22.8%) showed weak immunoreactivity. A significant, positive correlation (Rs=0.42, p=0.01) was found between the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in osteosarcomas. The expression of VEGF-C was significantly associated with the osteoblastic subtype and high histologic grade in osteosarcomas. However, the expression of VEGF-C showed no significant correlation with the presence of metastasis. Expression of VEGFR-3 was not related to any clinicopathologic features analyzed. Two of the three osteosarcoma cell lines tested showed amplification of VEGF-C mRNA compared with control cells. No amplification of VEGF-D was noted in these cell lines. Our data suggest that VEGF-C and its receptor are expressed in osteosarcomas. Although the level of VEGF-C was high, it does not seem to have a direct influence on tumor metastasis in osteosarcomas.
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Roy S, Khanna S, Sen CK. Redox regulation of the VEGF signaling path and tissue vascularization: Hydrogen peroxide, the common link between physical exercise and cutaneous wound healing. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:180-92. [PMID: 18191754 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization, under physiological or pathophysiological conditions, typically takes place by one or more of the following processes: angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Although all of these mechanisms of vascularization have sufficient contrasting features to warrant consideration under separate cover, one common feature shared by all is their sensitivity to the VEGF signaling pathway. Conditions such as wound healing and physical exercise result in increased production of reactive oxygen species such as H(2)O(2), and both are associated with increased tissue vascularization. Understanding these two scenarios of adult tissue vascularization in tandem offers the potential to unlock the significance of redox regulation of the VEGF signaling pathway. Does H(2)O(2) support tissue vascularization? H(2)O(2) induces the expression of the most angiogenic form of VEGF, VEGF-A, by a HIF-independent and Sp1-dependent mechanism. Ligation of VEGF-A to VEGFR2 results in signal transduction leading to tissue vascularization. Such ligation generates H(2)O(2) via an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism. Disruption of VEGF-VEGFR2 ligation-dependent H(2)O(2) production or decomposition of such H(2)O(2) stalls VEGFR2 signaling. Numerous antioxidants exhibit antiangiogenic properties. Current evidence lends firm credence to the hypothesis that low-level endogenous H(2)O(2) supports vascular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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37
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Local staging of Prostate Cancer Using Endoretal Coil Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cancer Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374212-4.50145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Wu TTL, Wang JS, Jiann BP, Yu CC, Tsai JY, Lin JT, Huang JK. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in Taiwanese benign and malignant prostate tissues. J Chin Med Assoc 2007; 70:380-4. [PMID: 17908652 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) has been correlated to the grading and stage of prostate cancers. However, data regarding Taiwanese prostate cancer patients are lacking. The aim of the present study was to examine VEGF expression in our radical prostatectomy specimens. METHODS Fifty-one radical prostatectomy specimens with prostate cancer (15 stage pT2N0, 25 pT3N0, 11 pT2-4 N1) were stained using goat anti-human VEGF polyclonal antibody (AB-293NA; R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The VEGF expression in malignant and nonmalignant prostate tissues was compared. The correlations of VEGF immunoreactivity with Gleason scores and pathologic stages were examined. MannWhitney U test was used for comparison of preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels between patients with and without VEGF expression. RESULTS Positive VEGF staining was observed in 80.4% of malignant epithelia, 39.2% of peritumoral stroma, 68.6% of benign hyperplastic glands, and 25.5% of adjacent stroma. There was no difference in VEGF expression between malignant and nonmalignant areas. Advanced disease had significantly higher frequency of stroma but not epithelium VEGF staining as compared to organ-confined disease (p = 0.002 and p = 0.412, respectively). The Gleason 7 and higher tumors had significantly higher frequency of VEGF staining in stroma but not glandular epithelium (p = 0.041 and p = 0.353, respectively). Tumors with positive epithelium VEGF staining had significantly higher PSA levels (21.3 18.1 vs. 10.8 6.8 ng/mL; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION There was no difference in VEGF immunoreactivity between malignant and benign prostatic epithelium in Taiwanese. High Gleason grade tumors and advanced disease had significantly higher frequency of VEGF expression in stroma but not glandular epithelium. Tumors with positive epithelium VEGF staining had significantly higher PSA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Tong-Lin Wu
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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39
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Herrmann E, Eltze E, Bierer S, Hertle L, Wülfing C. [Lymphangiogenesis axis in bladder carcinoma. An analysis with tissue microarray technology]. Urologe A 2007; 46:1254-6. [PMID: 17676294 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Herrmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum, Albert-Schweitzer Strasse 33, 48149 Münster.
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Laakkonen P, Waltari M, Holopainen T, Takahashi T, Pytowski B, Steiner P, Hicklin D, Persaud K, Tonra JR, Witte L, Alitalo K. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 is involved in tumor angiogenesis and growth. Cancer Res 2007; 67:593-9. [PMID: 17234768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) binds VEGF-C and VEGF-D and is essential for the development of the lymphatic vasculature. Experimental tumors that overexpress VEGFR-3 ligands induce lymphatic vessel sprouting and enlargement and show enhanced metastasis to regional lymph nodes and beyond, whereas a soluble form of VEGFR-3 that blocks receptor signaling inhibits these changes and metastasis. Because VEGFR-3 is also essential for the early blood vessel development in embryos and is up-regulated in tumor angiogenesis, we wanted to determine if an antibody targeting the receptor that interferes with VEGFR-3 ligand binding can inhibit primary tumor growth. Our results show that antibody interference with VEGFR-3 function can inhibit the growth of several human tumor xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the blood vessel density of anti-VEGFR-3-treated tumors was significantly decreased and hypoxic and necrotic tumor tissue was increased when compared with tumors treated with control antibody, indicating that blocking of the VEGFR-3 pathway inhibits angiogenesis in these tumors. As expected, the anti-VEGFR-3-treated tumors also lacked lymphatic vessels. These results suggest that the VEGFR-3 pathway contributes to tumor angiogenesis and that effective inhibition of tumor progression may require the inhibition of multiple angiogenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Laakkonen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Research Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Su JL, Yen CJ, Chen PS, Chuang SE, Hong CC, Kuo IH, Chen HY, Hung MC, Kuo ML. The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in cancer progression. Br J Cancer 2006; 96:541-5. [PMID: 17164762 PMCID: PMC2360045 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) (also called VEGFR-3) is activated by its specific ligand, VEGF-C, which promotes cancer progression. The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis is expressed not only by lymphatic endothelial cells but also by a variety of human tumour cells. Activation of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in lymphatic endothelial cells can facilitate metastasis by increasing the formation of lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) within and around tumours. The VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis plays a critical role in leukaemic cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy. Moreover, activation of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in several types of solid tumours enhances cancer cell mobility and invasion capabilities, promoting cancer cell metastasis. In this review, we discuss the novel function and molecular mechanism of the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Su
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medical, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C-J Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - P-S Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - S-E Chuang
- Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - C-C Hong
- Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - I-H Kuo
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - M-C Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M-L Kuo
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Angiogenesis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan. E-mail:
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Zaslau S, Sparks S, Riggs D, Jackson B, Kandzari SJ. Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron): in vitro effects on prostate cancer cells regarding cell growth and vascular endothelial growth factor production. Am J Surg 2006; 192:640-3. [PMID: 17071199 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elmiron (ALZA Corp, Mountain View, CA) is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved oral therapy for interstitial cystitis. We hypothesized that Elmiron would affect the growth of prostate cancer in vitro. METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines (LnCaP, PC3, and DU145) were treated with Elmiron. Cell viability was measured by MTT (3-4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), whereas vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Inhibition of cell growth was observed in all cell lines tested. LnCaP exhibited a mean inhibition of 12% +/- 7% at 24 hours (P = .025) and 20% +/- 15% at 72 hours (P < .001). PC3 exhibited a mean inhibition of 26% +/- 13% at 24 hours (P < .001) and 44% +/- 5% at 72 hours (P < .001). DU145 exhibited a mean inhibition of 9% +/- 6% at 24 hours (P < .015) and 30% +/- 5% at 72 hours (P < .001). PC3 cells exhibited a significant reduction in VEGF levels (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The reductions in cell growth and VEGF indicate that Elmiron may act as an antiangiogenic agent and may have application in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Zaslau
- Department of Surgery, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 9238, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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