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Carlton‐Carew SRE, Greenberg HZE, Connor EJ, Zadeh P, Greenwood IA, Albert AP. Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations of rat mesenteric arteries by endothelium-dependent and -independent pathways via BK Ca and K ATP channels. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15926. [PMID: 38281732 PMCID: PMC10822715 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) induces both vasoconstrictions and vasorelaxations but underlying cellular processes remain unclear. This study investigates expression and effect of stimulating the CaSR by increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]o ) on contractility of rat mesenteric arteries. Immunofluorescence studies showed expression of the CaSR in perivascular nerves, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and vascular endothelium cells. Using wire myography, increasing [Ca2+ ]o from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations which were inhibited by the calcilytic Calhex-231 and partially dependent on a functional endothelium. [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations were reduced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS, L-NAME) and large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (BKCa , iberiotoxin), with their inhibitory action requiring a functional endothelium. [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations were also markedly inhibited by an ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP ) blocker (PNU37883), which did not require a functional endothelium to produce its inhibitory action. Inhibitor studies also suggested contributory roles for inward rectifying K+ channels (Kir ), Kv7 channels, and small conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (SKCa ) on [Ca2+ ]o -induced vasorelaxations. These findings indicate that stimulation of the CaSR mediates vasorelaxations involving multiple pathways, including an endothelium-dependent pathway involving NO production and activation of BKCa channels and an endothelium-independent pathway involving stimulation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonette R. E. Carlton‐Carew
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Harry Z. E. Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Eleanor J. Connor
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Pooneh Zadeh
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Iain A. Greenwood
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anthony P. Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Section, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research InstituteSt. George's University of LondonLondonUK
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Zhao Y, Tang N, Xi D, Huang Z, Zhang T, Liu Y, Wang L, Tang Y, Zhong H, He F. Calcilytic NPS2143 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of spontaneously hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:818-829. [PMID: 32742325 PMCID: PMC7388331 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and apoptosis and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play critical roles in the development of essential hypertension. The activation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), functionally expressed in VSMCs, inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation by elevating intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and then suppressing renin release. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of NPS2143-mediated inhibition of CaSR on VSMC proliferation and apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) VSMCs and to assess whether these effects were mediated by alterations to RAS signaling. Primary VSMCs were isolated from the aortas of SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto rats. SHR VSMCs were treated with CaSR antagonist NPS2143 and cell proliferation and CaSR and RAS-related protein expression levels were measured to assess the effect. The results indicated that NPS2143 treatment promoted SHR VSMC proliferation, lower CaSR expression levels and higher RAS-related proteins levels when compared with control treatment. Additional measurement of the expression levels of proteins related to proliferation, remodeling, apoptosis and RAS related proteins, as well as cell viability, cell cycle, cell apoptosis ratio, [Ca2+]i, and the concentration of cAMP was performed after treatment with NPS2143, PLC inhibitor U73122, IP3 receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (APB), adenylyl cyclase-V inhibitor MDL12330A, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, angiotensin I receptor (AT1R) inhibitor losartan, NPS2143 + U73122, NPS2143 + 2-APB, NPS2143 + MDL12330A, NPS2143 + captopril and NPS2143 + losartan. The results suggested that NPS2143 promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, decreased [Ca2+]i and increased the expression of RAS compared with control treatments. NPS2143 + U73122 and NPS2143 + 2-APB enhanced the effects of NPS2143, while NPS2143 + MDL12330A, NPS2143 + captopril, NPS2143 + losartan attenuated the effected of NPS2143 in SHR VSMCs. Furthermore, the knockdown of AT1R by AT1R-short hairpin RNA also attenuated the effects of NPS2143 compared with NPS2143 alone. Collectively, these data indicated that NPS2143 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of VSMCs in SHRs, the effect of which was achieved by activation of RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Wang
- The Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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3
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Greenberg HZE, Carlton-Carew SRE, Zargaran AK, Jahan KS, Birnbaumer L, Albert AP. Heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels mediate calcium-sensing receptor-induced relaxations and nitric oxide production in mesenteric arteries: comparative study using wild-type and TRPC1 -/- mice. Channels (Austin) 2019; 13:410-423. [PMID: 31603369 PMCID: PMC7426016 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1673131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously provided pharmacological evidence that stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) induces endothelium-dependent relaxations of rabbit mesenteric arteries through activation of heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels and nitric oxide (NO) production. The present study further investigates the role of heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels in these CaSR-induced vascular responses by comparing responses in mesenteric arteries from wild-type (WT) and TRPC1-/- mice. In WT mice, stimulation of CaSR induced endothelium-dependent relaxations of pre-contracted tone and NO generation in endothelial cells (ECs), which were inhibited by the TRPV4 channel blocker RN1734 and the TRPC1 blocking antibody T1E3. In addition, TRPV4 and TRPC1 proteins were colocalised at, or close to, the plasma membrane of endothelial cells (ECs) from WT mice. In contrast, in TRPC1-/- mice, CaSR-mediated vasorelaxations and NO generation were greatly reduced, unaffected by T1E3, but blocked by RN1734. In addition, the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK) induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations which were blocked by RN1734 and T1E3 in WT mice, but only by RN1734 in TRPC1-/- mice. Moreover, GSK activated cation channel activity with a 6pS conductance in WT ECs but with a 52 pS conductance in TRPC1-/- ECs. These results indicate that stimulation of CaSR activates heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels and NO production in ECs, which are responsible for endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations. This study also suggests that heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels may form the predominant TRPV4-containing channels in mouse mesenteric artery ECs. Together, our data further implicates CaSR-induced pathways and heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels in the regulation of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simonette R E Carlton-Carew
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander K Zargaran
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kazi S Jahan
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anthony P Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
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4
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CaSR participates in the regulation of vascular tension in the mesentery of hypertensive rats via the PLC‑IP3/AC‑V/cAMP/RAS pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4433-4448. [PMID: 31485595 PMCID: PMC6797953 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease that severely impairs human health; however, its specific etiology and pathogenesis are complex. The present study investigated the effects of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) on vascular tone in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and clarified the role and mechanism of CaSR in regulating this property with respect to the phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)/adenylate cyclase-V(AC-V)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway in these animals. CaSR protein expression in the mesenteric artery (MA) of rats and CaSR protein expression in SHRs were significantly reduced. Based on wire myography studies, vasoconstriction was significantly augmented and vasodilatation was attenuated in SHRs, and this effect was endothelium-independent. The CaSR calcimimetic NPSR568 and inhibitor NPS2143 reduced vasoconstriction and enhanced vasodilation in SHRs. Furthermore, pretreatment with PLC-IP3/AC-V/cAMP/RAS pathway blockers significantly reduced the vasoconstriction response and enhanced the vasodilator response in SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and these effects were partially dependent on the endothelium. Additionally, pretreatment with CaSR inhibitors were determined to cooperate with the PLC-IP3/AC-V/cAMP/RAS pathway inhibitors to significantly reduce vasoconstriction and enhance vasodilation in SHRs and WKY. Our results demonstrated that CaSR is functionally expressed in the MA of SHRs, and that CaSR expression is decreased in SHRs. Additionally, vasoconstriction was enhanced while vasodilatation was attenuated in SHRs; these processes were determined to be endothelium-independent. CaSR is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and vascular tension in SHRs and WKYs. In association with mechanistic differences, this effect was proposed to be partially endothelium-dependent and mediated by the PLC-IP3/AC-V/cAMP/RAS pathway.
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5
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Guo Y, Yang X, He J, Liu J, Yang S, Dong H. Important roles of the Ca 2+-sensing receptor in vascular health and disease. Life Sci 2018; 209:217-227. [PMID: 30098342 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), a member of G protein-coupled receptor family, is widely expressed in the vascular system, including perivascular neurons, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). When stimulated, CaSR can further increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in two ways: intracellular Ca2+ release from endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) and extracellular Ca2+ entry through Ca2+-permeable cation channels. In endothelium, increased Ca2+ subsequently activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa), resulting in vasodilation through NOS-mediated NO release or membrane hyperpolarization. In VSMCs, CaSR-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase causes blood vessel constriction. CaSR activation predominantly induces vasorelaxation of whole vascular tissues through VECs-dependent mechanisms; however, CaSR-induced Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs may play a braking role in CaSR-mediated vasorelaxation. Emerging evidence reveals the importance of CaSR in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Here, we summarized recent advances in CaSR-mediated vascular reaction and the underlying mechanisms in different species, including humans. In addition, several studies have demonstrated that CaSR dysfunction may be associated with some fatal vascular diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, primary hypertension, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction and vascular calcification. With the advance of studies on CaSR in vascular health and disease, it is expected positive modulators or negative modulators of CaSR used for the treatment of specific diseases may be promising therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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7
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Heteromeric TRPV4/TRPC1 channels mediate calcium-sensing receptor-induced nitric oxide production and vasorelaxation in rabbit mesenteric arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 96-98:53-62. [PMID: 28867591 PMCID: PMC5614111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) by increasing the external calcium concentration (Ca2 +]o) induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation through nitric oxide (NO) production and activation of intermediate Ca2 +-activated K+ currents (IKCa) channels in rabbit mesenteric arteries. The present study investigates the potential role of heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels in mediating these CaSR-induced vascular responses. Immunocytochemical and proximity ligation assays showed that TRPV4 and TRPC1 proteins were expressed and co-localised at the plasma membrane of freshly isolated endothelial cells (ECs). In wire myography studies, increasing [Ca2 +]o between 1 and 6 mM induced concentration-dependent relaxations of methoxamine (MO)-induced pre-contracted tone, which were inhibited by the TRPV4 antagonists RN1734 and HC067047, and the externally-acting TRPC1 blocking antibody T1E3. In addition, CaSR-evoked NO production in ECs measured using the fluorescent NO indicator DAF-FM was reduced by RN1734 and T1E3. In contrast, [Ca2 +]o-evoked perforated-patch IKCa currents in ECs were unaffected by RN1734 and T1E3. The TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK) induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of MO-evoked pre-contracted tone and increased NO production, which were inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, RN1734 and T1E3. GSK activated 6pS cation channel activity in cell-attached patches from ECs which was blocked by RN1734 and T1E3. These findings indicate that heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels mediate CaSR-induced vasorelaxation through NO production but not IKCa channel activation in rabbit mesenteric arteries. This further implicates CaSR-induced pathways and heteromeric TRPV4-TRPC1 channels in regulating vascular tone.
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Qu YY, Wang LM, Zhong H, Liu YM, Tang N, Zhu LP, He F, Hu QH. TRPC1 stimulates calcium‑sensing receptor‑induced store‑operated Ca2+ entry and nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4613-4619. [PMID: 28791397 PMCID: PMC5647016 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) via store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCC), encoded by transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel proteins, is an important underlying mechanism regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and various intracellular functions in endothelial cells (ECs). TRPC1, the probable candidate for SOCC, is expressed in ECs. Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is functionally expressed in vascular endothelium and is important in Ca2+ mobilization and cardiovascular functions. To date, there have been no reports demonstrating an association between CaSR and TRPC1 in ECs. The present study investigated the effects of TRPC1 on CaSR-induced Ca2+ influx and nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). TRPC1 and CaSR proteins in HUVECs were measured by immunostaining and western blot analysis. [Ca2+]i levels were measured using the Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester method. The indicator 3-amino, 4-aminomethyl-2, 7-difluorescein diacetate was used to measure NO production in HUVECs. The expression of TRPC1 protein in HUVECs was silenced by transfecting HUVECs with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TRPC1. Although changes in extracellular Ca2+ failed to alter [Ca2+]i in HUVECs, the CaSR agonist spermine increased [Ca2+]i and NO production in HUVECs. NO production in HUVECs was diminished in Ca2+-free medium or following treatment with a CaSR negative allosteric modulator (Calhex231), SOCC inhibitor (MRS1845) or TRPC inhibitor (SKF96365). The spermine-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and NO production were reduced in HUVECs transfected with TRPC1 siRNA. These results suggested that TRPC1 is a primary candidate in forming SOCC that stimulates CaSR-induced SOCE and NO production in HUVECs and is a potential therapeutic target for vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - La-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Health Ministry of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Health Ministry of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Activation of the Ca 2+-sensing receptors increases currents through inward rectifier K + channels via activation of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1931-1943. [PMID: 27838849 PMCID: PMC5138266 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inward rectifier K+ channels are important for maintaining normal electrical function in many cell types. The proper function of these channels requires the presence of membrane phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Stimulation of the Ca2+-sensing receptor CaR, a pleiotropic G protein-coupled receptor, activates both Gq/11, which decreases PIP2, and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI-4-K), which, conversely, increases PIP2. How membrane PIP2 levels are regulated by CaR activation and whether these changes modulate inward rectifier K+ are unknown. In this study, we found that activation of CaR by the allosteric agonist, NPSR568, increased inward rectifier K+ current (I K1) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes and currents mediated by Kir2.1 channels exogenously expressed in HEK293T cells with a similar sensitivity. Moreover, using the fluorescent PIP2 reporter tubby-R332H-cYFP to monitor PIP2 levels, we found that CaR activation in HEK293T cells increased membrane PIP2 concentrations. Pharmacological studies showed that both phospholipase C (PLC) and PI-4-K are activated by CaR stimulation with the latter played a dominant role in regulating membrane PIP2 and, thus, Kir currents. These results provide the first direct evidence that CaR activation upregulates currents through inward rectifier K+ channels by accelerating PIP2 synthesis. The regulation of I K1 plays a critical role in the stability of the electrical properties of many excitable cells, including cardiac myocytes and neurons. Further, synthetic allosteric modulators that increase CaR activity have been used to treat hyperparathyroidism, and negative CaR modulators are of potential importance in the treatment of osteoporosis. Thus, our results provide further insight into the roles played by CaR in the cardiovascular system and are potentially valuable for heart disease treatment and drug safety.
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10
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Colella M, Gerbino A, Hofer AM, Curci S. Recent advances in understanding the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27803801 PMCID: PMC5074356 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8963.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), a ubiquitous class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is responsible for the control of calcium homeostasis in body fluids. It integrates information about external Ca
2+ and a surfeit of other endogenous ligands into multiple intracellular signals, but how is this achieved? This review will focus on some of the exciting concepts in CaR signaling and pharmacology that have emerged in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Aldebaran M Hofer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Silvana Curci
- Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
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11
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Qu YY, Hui J, Wang LM, Tang N, Zhong H, Liu YM, Li Z, Feng Q, He F. Reduced Expression of the Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) Is Associated with Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) to Promote Vascular Remodeling in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157456. [PMID: 27391973 PMCID: PMC4938397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), remodeling of the vasculature, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play important roles in the development of essential hypertension (EH), which is defined as high blood pressure (BP) in which secondary causes, such as renovascular disease, are absent. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in the regulation of BP. However, the underlying mechanisms by which the CaSR regulates BP are poorly understood. In the present study, the role of the CaSR in EH was investigated using male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and rat and human plasma samples. The percentages of medial wall thickness to external diameter (WT%), total vessel wall cross-sectional area to the total area (WA%) of thoracic arteries, as well as the percentage of wall area occupied by collagen to total vessel wall area (CA%) were determined. Tissue protein expression and plasma concentrations of the CaSR, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), renin, and angiotensin II (Ang II) were additionally assessed. WT%, WA%, and CA% were found to increase with increasing BP, whereas the plasma concentration of CaSR was found to decrease. With increasing BP, the levels of smooth muscle actin and calponin decreased, whereas those of osteopontin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen increased. The CaSR level negatively correlated with the levels of cAMP and Ang II, but positively correlated with those of renin. Our data suggest that reduced expression of the CaSR is correlated with activation of the RAS, which induces increased vascular remodeling and VSMC proliferation, and thereby associated with EH in the SHR model and in the Han Chinese population. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Emergency and critical care medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Jing Hui
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - La-mei Wang
- Centre of Medical Functional Experiments, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong-min Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology/Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Greenberg HZE, Shi J, Jahan KS, Martinucci MC, Gilbert SJ, Vanessa Ho WS, Albert AP. Stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations via nitric oxide production and activation of IKCa channels. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 80:75-84. [PMID: 26772767 PMCID: PMC4830458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of vascular calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) is reported to induce both constrictions and relaxations. However, cellular mechanisms involved in these responses remain unclear. The present study investigates the effect of stimulating CaSRs on vascular contractility and focuses on the role of the endothelium, nitric oxide (NO) and K(+) channels in these responses. In wire myography studies, increasing [Ca(2+)]o from 1mM to 6mM induced concentration-dependent relaxations of methoxamine pre-contracted rabbit mesenteric arteries. [Ca(2+)]o-induced relaxations were dependent on a functional endothelium, and were inhibited by the negative allosteric CaSR modulator Calhex-231. [Ca(2+)]o-induced relaxations were reduced by inhibitors of endothelial NO synthase, guanylate cyclase, and protein kinase G. CaSR activation also induced NO production in freshly isolated endothelial cells (ECs) in experiments using the fluorescent NO indicator DAF-FM. Pre-treatment with inhibitors of large (BKCa) and intermediate (IKCa) Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin), and Kv7 channels (linopirdine) also reduced [Ca(2+)]o-induced vasorelaxations. Increasing [Ca(2+)]o also activated IKCa currents in perforated-patch recordings of isolated mesenteric artery ECs. These findings indicate that stimulation of CaSRs induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxations which are mediated by two separate pathways involving production of NO and activation of IKCa channels. NO stimulates PKG leading to BKCa activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas IKCa activity contributes to endothelium-derived hyperpolarisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Jian Shi
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kazi S Jahan
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Matthew C Martinucci
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Steven J Gilbert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - W-S Vanessa Ho
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Anthony P Albert
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Cell Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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13
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Noh JS, Pak HJ, Shin YJ, Riew TR, Park JH, Moon YW, Lee MY. Differential expression of the calcium-sensing receptor in the ischemic and border zones after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 66-67:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Zhao M, He X, Yang YH, Yu XJ, Bi XY, Yang Y, Xu M, Lu XZ, Sun Q, Zang WJ. Acetylcholine protects mesenteric arteries against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibiting calcium-sensing receptor. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:481-8. [PMID: 25922231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays an important role in regulating vascular tone. In the present study, we investigated the positive effects of the vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine by suppressing CaSR activation in mesenteric arteries exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The artery rings were exposed to a modified 'ischemia mimetic' solution and an anaerobic environment to simulate an H/R model. Our results showed that acetylcholine (10(-6) mol/L) significantly reduced the contractions induced by KCl and phenylephrine and enhanced the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine. Additionally, acetylcholine reduced CaSR mRNA expression and activity when the rings were subjected to 4 h of hypoxia and 12 h of reoxygenation. Notably, the CaSR antagonist NPS2143 significantly reduced the contractions but did not improve the endothelium-dependent relaxation. When a contractile response was achieved with extracellular Ca(2+), both acetylcholine and NPS2143 reversed the H/R-induced abnormal vascular vasoconstriction, and acetylcholine reversed the calcimimetic R568-induced abnormal vascular vasoconstriction in the artery rings. In conclusion, this study suggests that acetylcholine ameliorates the dysfunctional vasoconstriction of the arteries after H/R, most likely by decreasing CaSR expression and activity, thereby inhibiting the increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Our findings may be indicative of a novel mechanism underlying ACh-induced vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xue-Yuan Bi
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xing-Zhu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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15
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Emerging roles of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in nutrient sensing: control of taste modulation and intestinal hormone secretion. Br J Nutr 2014; 111 Suppl 1:S16-22. [PMID: 24382107 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a sensor for a number of key nutrients within the body, including Ca ions (Ca²⁺) and L-amino acids. The CaSR is expressed in a number of specialised cells within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and much work has been done to examine CaSR's role as a nutrient sensor in this system. This review article examines two emerging roles for the CaSR within the GI tract--as a mediator of kokumi taste modulation in taste cells and as a regulator of dietary hormone release in response to L-amino acids in the intestine.
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Ca2+-sensing receptor cleavage by calpain partially accounts for altered vascular reactivity in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:528-35. [PMID: 23429586 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828d0fa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, but its role in regulating vascular reactivity is unclear, as are the effects of disease on CaSR function and expression. We studied vascular reactivity in aortic segments from healthy and diabetic mice, combined with in vitro proteolysis studies and Western blot analyses of CaSR expression in tissue samples. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, extracellular Ca elicited a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation that was attenuated by the CaSR antagonist, NPS2390. The calcimimetic, calindol, induced the endothelium-independent relaxation of aortic segments that was also sensitive to NPS2390. The antagonist failed to affect responses to acetylcholine or U46619 but attenuated contractions to phenylephrine and potassium. In mice fed a Western-type diet, phenylephrine-induced contractions and calindol-induced relaxations were markedly attenuated, and CaSR expression was decreased. The latter phenomenon could be attributed to the activation of the Ca-dependent protease, µ-calpain, and the subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the CaSR. CaSR activation in smooth muscle cells modulates vascular responsiveness to Ca-elevating agonists. These effects are blunted during metabolic stress because of the limited proteolysis of the CaSR by calpain. The loss of the CaSR function may predispose to the macrovascular late complications associated with diabetes.
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Peterlik M, Kállay E, Cross HS. Calcium nutrition and extracellular calcium sensing: relevance for the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Nutrients 2013; 5:302-27. [PMID: 23340319 PMCID: PMC3571650 DOI: 10.3390/nu5010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through a systematic search in Pubmed for literature, on links between calcium malnutrition and risk of chronic diseases, we found the highest degree of evidence for osteoporosis, colorectal and breast cancer, as well as for hypertension, as the only major cardiovascular risk factor. Low calcium intake apparently has some impact also on cardiovascular events and disease outcome. Calcium malnutrition can causally be related to low activity of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This member of the family of 7-TM G-protein coupled receptors allows extracellular Ca2+ to function as a "first messenger" for various intracellular signaling cascades. Evidence demonstrates that Ca2+/CaSR signaling in functional linkage with vitamin D receptor (VDR)-activated pathways (i) promotes osteoblast differentiation and formation of mineralized bone; (ii) targets downstream effectors of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathway to inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of colorectal cancer cells; (iii) evokes Ca2+ influx into breast cancer cells, thereby activating pro-apoptotic intracellular signaling. Furthermore, Ca2+/CaSR signaling opens Ca2+-sensitive K+ conductance channels in vascular endothelial cells, and also participates in IP(3)-dependent regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+, the key intermediate of cardiomyocyte functions. Consequently, impairment of Ca2+/CaSR signaling may contribute to inadequate bone formation, tumor progression, hypertension, vascular calcification and, probably, cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinrad Peterlik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Identification and characterization of novel perivascular adventitial cells in the whole mount mesenteric branch artery using immunofluorescent staining and scanning confocal microscopy imaging. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:172746. [PMID: 22481943 PMCID: PMC3296306 DOI: 10.1155/2012/172746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel perivascular adventitial cell termed, adventitial neuronal somata (ANNIES) expressing the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the vasodilator neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), exists in the adult rat mesenteric branch artery (MBA) in situ. In addition, we have previously shown that ANNIES coexpress CGRP and NCAM. We now show that ANNIES express the neurite growth marker, growth associated protein-43(Gap-43), palladin, and the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), that senses changes in extracellular Ca(2+) and participates in vasodilator mechanisms. Thus, a previously characterized vasodilator, calcium sensing autocrine/paracrine system, exists in the perivascular adventitia associated with neural-vascular interface. Images of the whole mount MBA segments were analyzed under scanning confocal microscopy. Confocal analysis showed that the Gap-43, CaSR, and palladin were present in ANNIES about 37 ± 4%, 94 ± 6%, and 80 ± 10% respectively, comparable to CGRP (100%). Immunoblots from MBA confirmed the presence of Gap-43 (48 kD), NCAM (120 and 140 kD), and palladin (90–92 and 140 kD). In summary, CGRP, and NCAM-containing neural cells in the perivascular adventitia also express palladin and CaSR, and coexpress Gap-43 which may participate in response to stress/injury and vasodilator mechanisms as part of a perivascular sensory neural network.
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