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Lemke L, Carlson R, Flegel T, Volk A, Volk HA, Tipold A, Nessler JN. Interleukin-31 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with syringomyelia. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:244. [PMID: 37993920 PMCID: PMC10666301 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a spinal cord cavity containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-like fluid. If syringomyelia asymmetrically involves the dorsal horn grey matter of the spinal cord, affected dogs show increased signs of dysesthesia and neuropathic pain, like increased itching behaviour. In the dorsal horn, amongst others, receptors for Interleukin-31 (IL-31) can be found. IL-31 is one of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus in atopic dermatitis in different species. This study investigates suspected elevated levels of IL-31 in serum and CSF of dogs showing signs of pain or increased itching behaviour related to syringomyelia. The IL-31 were measured in archived samples (52 serum and 35 CSF samples) of dogs with syringomyelia (n = 48), atopic dermatitis (n = 3) and of healthy control dogs (n = 11) using a competitive canine IL-31 ELISA. RESULTS Mean serum IL-31 level in dogs with syringomyelia was 150.1 pg/ml (n = 39), in dogs with atopic dermatitis 228.3 pg/ml (n = 3) and in healthy dogs 80.7 pg/ml (n = 10). Mean CSF IL-31 value was 146.3 pg/ml (n = 27) in dogs with syringomyelia and 186.2 pg/ml (n = 8) in healthy dogs. Individual patients with syringomyelia (especially dogs with otitis media or otitis media and interna or intervertebral disc herniation) showed high IL-31 levels in serum and CSF samples, but the difference was not statistically significant. IL-31 serum and CSF levels did not differ significantly in dogs with syringomyelia with or without itching behaviour and with or without signs of pain. CONCLUSION Based on this study, increased IL-31 levels seem not to be correlated with itching behaviour or signs of pain in dogs with syringomyelia, but might be caused by other underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lemke
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Nicole Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Kim YJ, Lee S, Jung J, Jung H, In S, Chang J, Chang D, Fahie M. Atlantoaxial bands in small breed dogs: influence of external pressure by the endotracheal tube tie. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:163-169. [PMID: 31960442 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of dorsal cervical spinal compression in a population of dogs susceptible to caudal occipital dysplasia. To determine whether endotracheal tube ties iatrogenically alter the dorsal compression ratio in the atlantoaxial region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, randomised, controlled, cross-over, blinded cohort study of dogs weighing <15 kg and presenting for neurologic signs localised to the cervical region. In mid-sagittal T2-weighted MR images, dorsal cervical compression and cerebellar compression were evaluated. Dorsal cervical compression ratios were calculated and compared to determine the effect of the endotracheal tube tie on the atlantoaxial region depending on whether dogs were in extended or flexed neck position. RESULTS Prevalence of dorsal cervical spinal compression consistent with an atlantoaxial band was 32/44 (73%) dogs without tie pressure and 37/44 (84%) dogs with tie pressure. Significantly higher compression ratios were found with tie placement over the craniocervical region. Dorsal compression ratios of dogs with cerebellar compression were significantly greater than those without it. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The location of the endotracheal tube tie can influence interpretation of MR images of the craniocervical region of small breed dogs. These breeds more often had greater dorsal cervical spinal compression with tie pressure, especially when they had cerebellar compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, 91766, USA
| | - S Lee
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - J Jung
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - H Jung
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - S In
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - J Chang
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - D Chang
- Section of Medical imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - M Fahie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, 91766, USA
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Rusbridge C, Stringer F, Knowler SP. Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:280. [PMID: 30547039 PMCID: PMC6279941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) is a frequent diagnosis in predisposed brachycephalic toy breeds since increased availability of MRI. However, the relevance of that MRI diagnosis has been questioned as CM, defined as identification of a cerebellar herniation, is ubiquitous in some breeds and SM can be asymptomatic. This article reviews the current knowledge of neuroanatomical changes in symptomatic CM and SM and diagnostic imaging modalities used for the clinical diagnosis of CM-pain or myelopathy related to SM. Although often compared to Chiari type I malformation in humans, canine CM-pain and SM is more comparable to complex craniosynostosis syndromes (i.e., premature fusion of multiple skull sutures) characterized by a short skull (cranial) base, rostrotentorial crowding with rostral forebrain flattening, small, and ventrally orientated olfactory bulbs, displacement of the neural tissue to give increased height of the cranium and further reduction of the functional caudotentorial space with hindbrain herniation. MRI may further reveal changes suggesting raised intracranial pressure such as loss of sulci definition in conjunction with ventriculomegaly. In addition to these brachycephalic changes, dogs with SM are more likely to have craniocervical junction abnormalities including rostral displacement of the axis and atlas with increased odontoid angulation causing craniospinal junction deformation and medulla oblongata elevation. Symptomatic SM is diagnosed on the basis of signs of myelopathy and presence of a large syrinx that is consistent with the neuro-localization. The imaging protocol should establish the longitudinal and transverse extent of the spinal cord involvement by the syrinx. Phantom scratching and cervicotorticollis are associated with large mid-cervical syringes that extend to the superficial dorsal horn. If the cause of CSF channel disruption and syringomyelia is not revealed by anatomical MRI then other imaging modalities may be appropriate with radiography or CT for any associated vertebral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan P Knowler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Knowler SP, Galea GL, Rusbridge C. Morphogenesis of Canine Chiari Malformation and Secondary Syringomyelia: Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:171. [PMID: 30101146 PMCID: PMC6074093 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and secondary syringomyelia (SM), as well as their analogous human conditions, is a complex developmental condition associated with pain and accompanying welfare concerns. CM/SM is diagnosed ever more frequently, thanks in part to the increased availability of magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary medicine. Research over the last two decades has focused primarily on its pathophysiology relating to overcrowding of the cranial caudal fossa. More recent characterizations of CM/SM include brachycephaly with osseous reduction and neural parenchymal displacement involving the entire brain and craniocervical junction to include rostral flattening, olfactory bulb rotation, increased height of the cranium, reduced cranial base with spheno-occipital synchondrosis angulation, reduced supraoccipital and interparietal crest and rostral displacement of the axis and atlas with increased odontoid angulation. The most shared manifestation of CM is the development of fluid-filled pockets (syrinx, syringes) in the spinal cord that can be readily quantified. Dogs with symptomatic CM without SM have a reduced basioccipital bone, compensatory increased cranial fossa height with displaced parenchyma whereby the cerebellum is invaginated beneath the occipital lobes but without compromising cerebrospinal fluid channels enough to cause SM. Thus, broadly defined, CM might be described as any distortion of the skull and craniocervical junction which compromises the neural parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid circulation causing pain and/or SM. The etiology of CM is multifactorial, potentially including genetically-influenced, breed-specific abnormalities in both skeletal and neural components. Since causation between specific morphologic changes and SM or clinical signs is unproven, CM might be more appropriately considered as a brachycephalic obstructive CSF channel syndrome (BOCCS) rather than a single malformation. Understanding the normal development of the brain, skull and craniocervical junction is fundamental to identifying deviations which predispose to CM/SM. Here we review its anatomical, embryological, bio-mechanical, and genetic underpinnings to update the profession's understanding of this condition and meaningfully inform future research to diminish its welfare impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Knowler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London,, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Fitzpatrick Referrals Veterinary Specialist Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Sokołowski W, Czubaj N, Skibniewski M, Barszcz K, Kupczyńska M, Kinda W, Kiełbowicz Z. Rostral cranial fossa as a site for cerebrospinal fluid drainage - volumetric studies in dog breeds of different size and morphotype. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:162. [PMID: 29776403 PMCID: PMC5960198 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrocephalus is a multifactorial condition, whose aetiology is not fully understood. Congenital hydrocephalus frequently occurs in small and brachycephalic dog breeds. Although it is widely accepted that the cribriform plate located in the rostral cranial fossa (RCF) is a site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, the RCF has not been studied extensively. Literature reports indicate that a decreased caudal cranial fossa (CCF) volume in the course of the Chiari-like malformation may obstruct CSF circulation. We hypothesised that morphological diversity among different breeds in the volume of the RCF may affect CSF circulation. The aim of the study was to carry out a volumetric analysis of the RCF and the cranial cavity and to determine the ratio between them in dog breeds of different size and morphotype. We performed computed tomography (CT) morphometric analysis of the RCF compartment by obtaining volume measurements from the transverse and reformatted sagittal and dorsal planes. Results The rostral cranial fossa percentage – volume of the rostral cranial fossa/volume of cranial cavity × 100 (volRCF/volCC × 100) was lower in small and brachycephalic dog breeds than in the other dogs. Conclusions A reduced RCF volume was detected in small and brachycephalic dog breeds, some of which are predisposed to congenital hydrocephalus. This may lead to overcrowding of brain parenchyma in the RCF and may impede CSF circulation. Our observations may be useful for future studies focusing on the causes and new therapies to treat conditions such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1483-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Sokołowski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Norbert Czubaj
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Skibniewski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kupczyńska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kinda
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
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Elliptical Fourier descriptors of outline and morphological analysis in caudal view of foramen magnum of the tropical raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) (Linnaeus, 1758). Morphologie 2018. [PMID: 29519615 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate sexual-size dimorphism and attempt at categorization of inter-individual shapes of foramen magnum outlines using Fourier descriptors which allow for shape outline evaluations with a resultant specimen character definition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individual characterization and quantification of foramen magnum shapes in direct caudal view based on elliptical Fourier technique was applied to 46 tropical raccoon skulls (26 females, 20 males). RESULTS Incremental number of harmonics demonstrates morphological contributions of such descriptors with their relations to specific anatomical constructions established. The initial harmonics (1st to 3rd) described the general foramen shapes while the second (4th to 12th) demonstrated fine morphological details. Sexual-size dimorphism was observed in females (87.1%) and 91.7% in males, normalization of size produces 75% in females and 83% in males. With respect to foramen magnum dimorphism analysis, the result obtained through elliptic Fourier analysis was comparatively better in detail information of outline contours than earlier classical methods. The first four effective principal components defined 70.63% of its shape properties while the rest (22.51%) constituted fine details of morphology. CONCLUSION Both size and shape seems important in sexual dimorphisms in this species, this investigation suggest clinical implications, taxonomic and anthropologic perspectives in foramen characterization magnum characterization and further postulates an increased possibility of volume reduction cerebellar protrusion, ontogenic magnum shape irregularities in the sample population with neurologic consequences especially among females.
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Kupczyńska M, Czubaj N, Barszcz K, Sokołowski W, Czopowicz M, Purzyc H, Dzierzęcka M, Kinda W, Kiełbowicz Z. Prevalence of dorsal notch and variations in the foramen magnum shape in dogs of different breeds and morphotypes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gordon CR, Marchant TW, Lodzinska J, Schoenebeck JJ, Schwarz T. Morphological variation of the caudal fossa of domestic cat skulls assessed with CT and geometric morphometrics analysis. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 20:752-758. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17730707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate differences and demonstrate a normal range of morphological variation of the caudal fossa of the cranium of domestic cats. Methods CT scans of 32 domestic cat heads of 11 breeds were included. Isosurfaces from skulls were characterised through three-dimensional geometric morphometrics using geographical landmarks placed on the internal surface of the caudal fossa and foramen magnum. Raw data was transformed with a Procrustes fit and coordinate covariance was analysed by principal components to establish breed- and sex-level differences. Skulls were also classified according to the number of concavities along the mid-sagittal vermiform impression. Differences were investigated between breed groups and sex, and correlation was sought with age. Results Analyses revealed size-independent differences in occipital bone morphology across breeds and sex; however, no clustering was evident. Most variability was observed at the exoccipital bones, ventral portion of the supraoccipital bone, dorsum sellae of the basisphenoid and the osseous tentorium cerebelli. No statistically significant differences were identified via two-sample t-tests between breed groups or sexes. No statistically significant correlation using Spearman rho correlation coefficient was identified with age. Conclusions and relevance The feline caudal fossa displays a wide range of intra- and inter-breed variation, not linked to age or sex. Concavities along the vermiform impression have not previously been described. As advanced imaging modalities are becoming more frequently used for domestic felids, an established range of normality is important for discriminating pathological changes from anatomical variances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Gordon
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | - Joanna Lodzinska
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Oldfield EH. Pathogenesis of Chiari I – Pathophysiology of Syringomyelia: Implications for Therapy: A Summary of 3 Decades of Clinical Research. Neurosurgery 2017; 64:66-77. [PMID: 28899066 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Oldfield
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Knowler SP, Kiviranta AM, McFadyen AK, Jokinen TS, La Ragione RM, Rusbridge C. Craniometric Analysis of the Hindbrain and Craniocervical Junction of Chihuahua, Affenpinscher and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dogs With and Without Syringomyelia Secondary to Chiari-Like Malformation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169898. [PMID: 28121988 PMCID: PMC5266279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize and compare the phenotypic variables of the hindbrain and craniocervical junction associated with syringomyelia (SM) in the Chihuahua, Affenpinscher and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS). METHOD Analysis of 273 T1-weighted mid-sagittal DICOM sequences of the hindbrain and craniocervical junction from 99 Chihuahuas, 42 Affenpinschers and 132 CKCSs. The study compared 22 morphometric features (11 lines, eight angles and three ratios) of dogs with and without SM using refined techniques based on previous studies of the Griffon Bruxellois (GB) using Discriminant Function Analysis and ANOVA with post-hoc corrections. RESULTS The analysis identified 14/22 significant traits for SM in the three dog breeds, five of which were identical to those reported for the GB and suggest inclusion of a common aetiology. One ratio, caudal fossa height to the length of the skull base extended to an imaginary point of alignment between the atlas and supraoccipital bones, was common to all three breeds (p values 0.029 to <0.001). Associated with SM were a reduced occipital crest and two acute changes in angulation i) 'sphenoid flexure' at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis ii) 'cervical flexure' at the foramen magnum allied with medulla oblongata elevation. Comparing dogs with and without SM, each breed had a unique trait: Chihuahua had a smaller angle between the dens, atlas and basioccipital bone (p value < 0.001); Affenpinschers had a smaller distance from atlas to dens (p value 0.009); CKCS had a shorter distance between the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and atlas (p value 0.007). CONCLUSION The selected morphometries successfully characterised conformational changes in the brain and craniocervical junction that might form the basis of a diagnostic tool for all breeds. The severity of SM involved a spectrum of abnormalities, incurred by changes in both angulation and size that could alter neural parenchyma compliance and/or impede cerebrospinal fluid channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Knowler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Mariam Kiviranta
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Knowler SP, v/d Berg H, McFadyen A, La Ragione RM, Rusbridge C. Inheritance of Chiari-Like Malformation: Can a Mixed Breeding Reduce the Risk of Syringomyelia? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151280. [PMID: 27008271 PMCID: PMC4805231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Chiari-like malformation (CM) is a complex abnormality of the skull and craniocervical junction associated with miniaturization and brachycephaly which can result in the spinal cord disease syringomyelia (SM). This study investigated the inheritance of CM in a Griffon Bruxellois (GB) family and feasibility of crossbreeding a brachycephalic CM affected GB with a mesaticephalic normal Australian terrier and then backcrossing to produce individuals free of the malformation and regain GB breed characteristics. The study family cohort (n = 27) included five founder dogs from a previous baseline study of 155 GB which defined CM as a global malformation of the cranium and craniocervical junction with a shortened skull base and increased proximity of the cervical vertebrae to the skull. T1-weighted sagittal DICOM images of the brain and craniocervical junction were analysed for five significant traits (two angles, three lines) identified from the previous study and subsequent Qualitative Trait Loci analysis. Mean measurements for mixed breed, pure-breed and baseline study groups were compared. Results indicated that mixed breed traits posed less risk for CM and SM and were useful to distinguish the phenotype. Moreover on the MR images, the filial relationships displayed by the traits exhibited segregation and those presenting the greatest risk for CM appeared additive towards the severity of the condition. The external phenotypes revealed that by outcrossing breed types and with careful selection of appropriate conformation characteristics in the first generation, it is possible to regain the GB breed standard and reduce the degree of CM. The four GB affected with SM in the study all exhibited reduced caudal skull development compared to their relatives. The craniocervical traits may be useful for quantifying CM and assessing the possibility of SM thus assisting breeders with mate selection. However, such a system requires validation to ensure appropriateness for all breeds at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Knowler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Henny v/d Berg
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Bertolini G, Ricciardi M, Caldin M. MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPRACOLLICULAR FLUID ACCUMULATIONS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:259-68. [PMID: 26880608 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal fluid accumulations in the supracollicular region are commonly termed quadrigeminal cysts and may be either subclinical or associated with neurologic deficits in dogs. Little published information is available on normal imaging anatomy and anatomic relationships for the canine quadrigeminal cistern. Objectives of this observational, cross-sectional study were to describe normal quadrigeminal cistern anatomy and determine the prevalence and characteristics of supracollicular fluid accumulations in dogs. Normal descriptions were accomplished using computed tomographic (CT) cisternography in one canine cadaver, and CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brain in four prospectively recruited dogs with no evidence of intracranial disease. Prevalence and characteristics descriptions were accomplished using a retrospective review of brain CT or MRI studies performed during the period of 2005-2015. The normal quadrigeminal cistern consistently exhibited a complex H shape and was separated from the third ventricle by a thin membrane. Prevalence of supracollicular fluid accumulations (SFAs) was 2.19% among CT studies (n = 4427) and 2.2% among MRI studies (n = 626). Dogs with SFA were significantly younger than control dogs (P < 0.0001). Shih-tzu (OR = 111.6), Chihuahua (OR = 81.1), and Maltese (OR = 27.6) breed dogs were predisposed (P < 0.0001). Among dogs with SFAs, the following three patterns were defined: (1) third ventricle (49.54%), (2) quadrigeminal cistern (13.51%), and (3) both third ventricle and quadrigeminal cistern (36.93%). Authors recommend that the term supracollicular fluid accumulation (SFA) should be used rather than the term quadrigeminal cyst to describe these focal fluid accumulations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Division, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - M Ricciardi
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, via Medaglie d'Oro 5, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - M Caldin
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, 35141, Padova, Italy
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Freeman AC, Platt SR, Kent M, Huguet E, Rusbridge C, Holmes S. Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1551-9. [PMID: 25145262 PMCID: PMC4895564 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs. Objectives To characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed. Animals Eighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited. Methods Prospective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student's t‐test, Spearman's correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate. Results Chiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Syringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Freeman
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Knowler SP, McFadyen AK, Freeman C, Kent M, Platt SR, Kibar Z, Rusbridge C. Quantitative analysis of Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in the Griffon Bruxellois dog. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88120. [PMID: 24533070 PMCID: PMC3922758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a system of quantitative analysis of canine Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia on variable quality MRI. We made a series of measurements from magnetic resonance DICOM images from Griffon Bruxellois dogs with and without Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia and identified several significant variables. We found that in the Griffon Bruxellois dog, Chiari-like malformation is characterized by an apparent shortening of the entire cranial base and possibly by increased proximity of the atlas to the occiput. As a compensatory change, there appears to be an increased height of the rostral cranial cavity with lengthening of the dorsal cranial vault and considerable reorganization of the brain parenchyma including ventral deviation of the olfactory bulbs and rostral invagination of the cerebellum under the occipital lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Knowler
- Neurology Department, Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Courtenay Freeman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon R. Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zoha Kibar
- Department of Neurosciences, Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Neurology Department, Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Driver CJ, Volk HA, Rusbridge C, Van Ham LM. An update on the pathogenesis of syringomyelia secondary to Chiari-like malformations in dogs. Vet J 2013; 198:551-9. [PMID: 23938004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Syringomyelia (SM) is a spinal cord disease that can cause neuropathic pain in dogs. The pathogenesis of SM secondary to Chiari-like malformation (CM) has been the focus of intense research in recent years. The gulf in our understanding of CM/SM in dogs relative to the analogous human condition has progressively narrowed. CM is primarily a disease of abnormal geometric morphometry affecting the caudal cranial fossa and the brain parenchyma contained within it. This review describes how advanced imaging techniques have revealed a series of morphometric abnormalities associated with CM/SM. The series is presented in a logical order to help describe the pathogenesis of CM and the subsequent formation of syringes, with particular reference to the concepts of craniospinal compliance and cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Driver
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Driver CJ, De Risio L, Hamilton S, Rusbridge C, Dennis R, McGonnell IM, Volk HA. Changes over time in craniocerebral morphology and syringomyelia in cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari-like malformation. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:215. [PMID: 23136935 PMCID: PMC3514376 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia is a neurological disease complex with high prevalence in cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). The natural progression of this disease with time has not been described. The objectives of this study were to i) determine if syringomyelia progresses with time ii) determine if features of craniocrebral morphology previously associated with CM are progressive (including caudal cranial fossa volume, caudal cranial fossa parenchymal volume, ventricular dimensions, height of the foramen magnum and degree of cerebellar herniation). A retrospective morphometric analysis was undertaken in 12 CKCS with CM for which repeat magnetic resonance images were available without surgical intervention. Results The maximal syrinx width, height of the foramen magnum, length of cerebellar herniation and caudal cranial fossa volume increased over time. Ventricular and caudal fossa parenchymal volumes were not significantly different between scans. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that syringomyelia progresses with time. Increased caudal cranial fossa volume may be associated with active resorption of the supraoccipital bone, which has previously been found in histology specimens from adult CKCS. We hypothesise that active resorption of the supraoccipital bone occurs due to pressure from the cerebellum. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and variable natural clinical progression of CM and syringomyelia in CKCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Driver
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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Shaw TA, McGonnell IM, Driver CJ, Rusbridge C, Volk HA. Increase in cerebellar volume in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation and its role in the development of syringomyelia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33660. [PMID: 22506005 PMCID: PMC3323625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) has found that Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CM/SM) are associated with a volume mismatch between the caudal cranial fossa (CCF) and the brain parenchyma contained within. The objectives of this study were to i) compare cerebellar volume in CKCS (a "high risk' group which frequently develops CM/SM), small breed dogs (medium risk--occasionally develop CM/SM), and Labradors (low risk--CM/SM not reported); ii) evaluate a possible association between increased cerebellar volume and CM/SM in CKCS; iii) investigate the relationship between increased cerebellar volume and crowding of the cerebellum in the caudal part of the CCF (i.e. the region of the foramen magnum). Volumes of three-dimensional, magnetic resonance imaging derived models of the CCF and cerebellum were obtained from 75 CKCS, 44 small breed dogs, and 31 Labradors. As SM is thought to be a late onset disease process, two subgroups were formed for comparison: 18 CKCS younger than 2 years with SM (CM/SM group) and 13 CKCS older than 5 years without SM (CM group). Relative cerebellar volume was defined as the volume of the cerebellum divided by the total volume of brain parenchyma. Our results show that the CKCS has a relatively larger cerebellum than small breed dogs and Labradors and provide evidence that increased cerebellar volume in CKCS is associated with crowding of cerebellum in the caudal part of the CCF. In CKCS there is an association between increased cerebellar volume and SM. These findings have implications for the understanding of the pathological mechanisms of CM/SM, and support the hypothesis that it is a multifactorial disease process governed by increased cerebellar volume and failure of the CCF to reach a commensurate size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Shaw
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Imelda M. McGonnell
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Driver
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Stone Lion Veterinary Hospital, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Harcourt-Brown TR, Belshaw Z, Parker JE, Jeffery ND, Granger N. Effects of syringomyelia on electrodiagnostic test results in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:595-600. [PMID: 21529209 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.5.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of syringomyelia on electromyography (EMG) findings, somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs), and transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials (TMMEPs) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs). ANIMALS 27 client-owned CKCSs that underwent prebreeding magnetic resonance imaging screening or investigation of clinical signs consistent with syringomyelia. PROCEDURES In dogs with (n = 11) and without (16) magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed syringomyelia, the median nerve in each thoracic limb was stimulated and SEPs were recorded over the C1 vertebra; onset latency and latency and amplitude of the largest negative (N1) and positive (P1) peaks were measured. The TMMEPs were recorded bilaterally from the extensor carpi radialis and tibialis cranialis muscles; onset latencies in all 4 limbs were measured. Bilateral systematic needle EMG examination was performed on the cervical epaxial musculature, and the number of sites with spontaneous activity was recorded. RESULTS In dogs with syringomyelia, amplitudes of N1 and P1 and the amplitude difference between P1 and N1 were significantly smaller than those recorded for dogs without syringomyelia (approx 2-fold difference). No difference in SEP latencies, TMMEP latencies, or the proportion of dogs with > 2 sites of spontaneous activity detected during EMG examination was detected between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that SEP amplitude at the C1 vertebra was a more sensitive measure of spinal cord function in CKCSs with syringomyelia, compared with results of EMG or TMMEP assessment. Measurement of SEP amplitude may have use as an objective assessment of the evolution and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Harcourt-Brown
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, England.
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Janeczek M, Chrószcz A, Czerski A. Morphological investigations of the occipital area in adult American Staffordshire Terriers. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:278-82. [PMID: 21517942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morphological investigations into the occipital area were carried out on the skulls of 24 adult American Staffordshire Terriers. The dorsal notch was found in one skull. The normal height (h) and width (W) of the foramen magnum was measured, and the foramen magnum index was calculated. In the case of the presence of the dorsal notch, total height (H) and normal height (h) of foramen magnum were measured, and dorsal notch height (N) was estimated. The mean value of the foramen magnum index (FMIa = W/H × 100) was 82.7. The foramen magnum index with the exception of the skull with dorsal notch (FMIb = W/h × 100) was 77.89. The dysplasia index (ISD = N/h × 100) was 44.05. A radiographic evaluation was made according to the method introduced by Rusbridge. Occipital dysplasia is not a clinical problem itself but can provoke one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska, Wrocław, Poland.
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Loderstedt S, Benigni L, Chandler K, Cardwell JM, Rusbridge C, Lamb CR, Volk HA. Distribution of syringomyelia along the entire spinal cord in clinically affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet J 2011; 190:359-63. [PMID: 21216639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) is an important disease complex in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) but data about the anatomical distribution of SM along the spinal cord are lacking in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to define the anatomic distribution of SM in CKCS clinically affected by CM/SM. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and the entire spinal cord of 49 dogs was performed and different morphological parameters compared. Syrinx formation was present in the C1-C4 region and in other parts of the spinal cord. The maximal dorsoventral syrinx size can occur in any region of the spinal cord and the total syrinx size was positively correlated with age. Seventy-six per cent of CKCS with a cranial cervical syrinx also have a syrinx affecting more caudal spinal cord regions. MRI restricted to the cervical region may underestimate the extent of SM and the severity of the disease process in the majority of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenja Loderstedt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymns, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Viu J, Armengou L, Jose-Cunilleras E, Cesarini C, Pumarola M, Monreal L. Cranioencephalic Malformation with Atlanto-Occipital Luxation in an Andalusian Neonate Foal. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:639-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rusbridge C, Knowler SP, Pieterse L, McFadyen AK. Chiari-like malformation in the Griffon Bruxellois. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:386-93. [PMID: 19689665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in the Griffon Bruxellois and establishes if skull radiographs are useful for disease prediction. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging from 56 Griffon Bruxellois dogs was assessed for Chiari-like malformation and cerebrospinal fluid pathway abnormalities. Skull radiographs were obtained in 33 dogs. Two rostrocaudal and two ventrodorsal measurements were made, and ratios of one length to another were compared. RESULTS In this selected sample, 60.7 per cent had Chiari-like malformation. Syringomyelia occurred with and without Chiari-like malformation (37.5 and 8.9 per cent study population, respectively). The radiographic study demonstrated that one measurement ratio could be used to predict Chiari-like malformation (sensitivity of 87 per cent and specificity of 78 per cent) and that there were significant interaction factors between sex and syringomyelia for two measurement ratios. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study suggests that Chiari-like malformation is characterised by a shortening of the basicranium and supra-occipital bone with a compensatory lengthening of the cranial vault, especially the parietal bone. We described a simple radiographic technique, which may be useful as a screening test until a more definite genetic test for Chiari-like malformation is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rusbridge
- Stone Lion Veterinary Centre, Wimbledon, London, UK
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Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, Broadstone R, McCullough S, Osborne JA. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid flow in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels analyzed using phase velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:467-76. [PMID: 19788029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Syringomyelia is an important morbidity source in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Although abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow secondary to Chiari malformations is thought to cause syringomyelia in humans, this relationship is unknown in dogs. We used phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to evaluate CSF flow in dogs. Fifty-nine Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were assigned a neurologic grade reflecting their neurologic status. Five normal control dogs of other breeding were imaged for comparison. The presence of syringomyelia was noted from sagittal MR images. The pattern and velocity of CSF flow were assessed using phase-contrast cine MRI at the foramen magnum, C2-C3 disc space, and within syrinxes. Flow was measured most easily with the neck flexed to mimic standing. CSF flow velocity in the dorsal aspect of the subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum was significantly higher in control dogs than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (P = 0.035). Flow was obstructed at the foramen magnum in 41 of 59 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Turbulent flow and jets were associated with syringomyelia presence and severity, and CSF flow velocity at C2/3 dorsally was inversely related to the presence of syringomyelia (P = 0.0197). Peak dorsal subarachnoid space CSF flow velocity at the foramen magnum and C2-C3 were together highly predictive of syringomyelia. CSF flow can be assessed in dogs using phase-contrast cine MRI. Obstruction to flow at the foramen magnum is common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and CSF flow pattern and velocity are related to the presence of syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cerda-Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Concurrent occipital bone malformation and atlantoaxial subluxation in a neonatal harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:385-8. [PMID: 19569493 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A stranded male harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) neonate with progressive clinical signs of ataxia, tremors, and deteriorating consciousness was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging for suspected cerebellar brain disease prior to euthanasia because of grave prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging identified occipital bone dysplasia with cerebellar herniation and concurrent atlantoaxial subluxation with spinal cord compression. These imaging findings elucidated the cause of histopathology changes including gliosis of the cerebellum and axonal degeneration and dilation of myelin sheaths of the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord. Occipital bone dysplasia and/ or atlantoaxial subluxation should be considered as differentials for abnormal neurologic signs in harbor seal neonates. Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable modality for antemortem diagnosis.
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Carrera I, Dennis R, Mellor DJ, Penderis J, Sullivan M. Use of magnetic resonance imaging for morphometric analysis of the caudal cranial fossa in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:340-5. [PMID: 19254145 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform morphometric analysis of the caudal cranial fossa in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs), to assess the relationship between caudal fossa dimensions and the frequency of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of occipital abnormalities in CKCSs (with and without syringomyelia), and to compare caudal cranial fossa measurements in CKCSs with measurements of 2 groups of mesaticephalic dogs. ANIMALS 70 CKCSs and 80 mesaticephalic (control) dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were placed into 4 groups as follows: Labrador Retrievers (n = 40), spaniel-type dogs (40; English Springer Spaniels and Cocker Spaniels), CKCSs with syringomyelia (55), and CKCSs without syringomyelia (15). Multiple morphometric measurements (linear, angular, and area) were obtained from cranial midsagittalT2-weighted magnetic resonance images including the brain and cervical portion of the spinal cord. Several specific MRI findings were also recorded for CKCSs that appeared to affect the occipital bone and cervicomedullary junction. RESULTS No significant difference was identified among breeds in control groups and between sexes in any of the groups for all morphometric measurements. Significant differences were identified in CKCSs, compared with mesaticephalic dogs, in the area of the caudal cranial fossa and for several linear measurements that reflected the length of the ventral aspect of the occipital bone. These differences were greater in CKCSs with syringomyelia. All CKCSs had abnormalities in occipital bone shape. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CKCSs had a shallower caudal cranial fossa and abnormalities of the occipital bone, compared with those of mesaticephalic dogs. These changes were more severe in CKCSs with syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Carrera
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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Couturier J, Rault D, Cauzinille L. Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in normal cavalier King Charles spaniels: a multiple diagnostic imaging approach. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:438-43. [PMID: 18631225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were (1) to report the incidence of Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in a normal French cavalier King Charles spaniel breeding population; (2) to precise the standard computed tomography dimensions of the caudal fossa and (3) to investigate the use of ultrasonography in diagnosis of this syndrome. METHODS Clinically normal adult cavalier King Charles spaniel underwent ultrasonographic examination of the spinal cord and caudal fossa. Computed tomography was used to measure the caudal fossa and magnetic resonance imaging allowed syringomyelia and cerebellar herniation identification. RESULTS Of the 16 dogs in the study, seven had syringomyelia (43.7 per cent). All dogs had cerebellar herniation, suggesting Chiari-like malformation and also a tendency to occipital dysplasia. Computed tomography measurements of the caudal fossa are reported. In one dog, a syrinx was identified by ultrasonography. The only difference between dogs with or without syringomyelia was that dogs with Chiari-like malformation/syringomyelia were statistically older. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The incidence of Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia may be high in an asymptomatic population of cavalier King Charles spaniel . Computed tomography measurements reported in this study should now be compared with those of a symptomatic population to evaluate the hypothesis that dogs with Chiari-like malformation/syringomyelia syndrome have a smaller caudal fossa. This study did not identify a smaller caudal fossa in an asymptomatic cavalier King Charles spaniel population with syringomyelia. Ultrasonography probably has a low sensitivity for diagnosis of Chiari-like malformation/syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Couturier
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 43 Avenue Aristide Briand, 94110 Arcueil, France
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