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Tayayouth S, Kalerum P, Girddee J, Pattanapon N, Yodsheewan R, Danpanang N, Theerapan W, Assawarachan SN. Double cholecystectomy of duplex gallbladder associated with chronic cholecystitis in a cat. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1337. [PMID: 38124456 PMCID: PMC10766050 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old female neutered Persian cat presented with hyporexia and gradual weight loss over 6 months. Physical examination revealed cranial abdominal pain. Haematology and serum biochemistry were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography and a computed tomography scan suggested a non-neoplastic mass compressing the gallbladder. During an exploratory laparotomy, a duplex gallbladder with two separate cystic ducts was diagnosed intraoperatively. The mass identified using the imaging techniques was an abnormal right gallbladder which was distended with immobile mucoid bile and a thickened wall. The left gallbladder and cystic duct were grossly normal. A cholecystectomy of both gallbladders was performed. Histopathology of the right gallbladder identified chronic cholecystitis. The cat made a good recovery from surgery and reported complete resolution of its hyporexia and a return to normal body weight. This is the first report of a successful cholecystectomy of a duplex gallbladder with chronic cholecystitis of a single gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirada Tayayouth
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng SaenFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityKamphaeng Saen, Nakhon PathomThailand
| | - Patimaporn Kalerum
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng SaenFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityKamphaeng Saen, Nakhon PathomThailand
| | - Jirayu Girddee
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng SaenFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityKamphaeng Saen, Nakhon PathomThailand
| | - Nakrob Pattanapon
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Kamphaeng SaenFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityKamphaeng Saen, Nakhon PathomThailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nut Danpanang
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Hua HinFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityHua Hin, Prachuap Khiri KhanThailand
| | - Wutthiwong Theerapan
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Sathidpak Nantasanti Assawarachan
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
- Endocrinology and Gastroenterology UnitKasetsart University Veterinary Teaching HospitalFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
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Low D, Williams J. Surgical Management Of Feline Biliary Tract Disease: Decision-making and techniques. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231206846. [PMID: 37933545 PMCID: PMC10812002 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231206846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diseases of the hepatobiliary system are not uncommon in first-opinion practice. The anatomy of the feline hepatobiliary tract differs from that of dogs and may predispose cats to inflammatory hepatobiliary disease. Case management can be challenging, and the prognosis is variable and dependent on the underlying disease process. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Biliary tract disease in the cat has non-specific clinical signs that overlap with those of diseases of other body systems. Diagnostic tests of the hepatobiliary system are widely available, but interpretation of results can be challenging. Deciding on medical or surgical management can also be challenging; for example, various degrees of cholestasis may be seen with different diseases and disease severities, and will influence the decision to manage the patient medically or surgically. Surgery is indicated in cases of bile peritonitis, severe cholestasis, focal neoplasia or disease that is refractory to medical management. Intensive perioperative and postoperative management, with 24 h hospitalisation facilities, is essential. AUDIENCE This review article is written for the small animal general/primary care practitioner, with an emphasis on decision-making in the surgical management of feline hepatobiliary disease. EVIDENCE BASE Evidence available in the published literature is reviewed and presented, and the inherent limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Williams
- Vets Now 24/7 Hospital Manchester, Whitefield, Manchester M45 6TQ, UK
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Angelou V, Fiska A, Tsingotjidou A, Patsikas M, Papazoglou LG. Surgical Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2670. [PMID: 37627461 PMCID: PMC10451872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In cats, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the regions in which surgical procedures are most frequently performed by veterinary surgeons; therefore, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the feline gastrointestinal tract is of high importance. The main surgical procedures performed include gastrotomy, gastrectomy, enterotomy, and enterectomy, as well as procedures in the liver and pancreas. There are also anatomical differences between dogs and cats, increasing the need for deep knowledge of the anatomy treated in the different surgical approaches. The aim of the present review is to describe in detail the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in cats highlighting the anatomical regions of significant importance in different surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Angelou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.A.); (L.G.P.)
| | - Aliki Fiska
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Michael Patsikas
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G. Papazoglou
- Unit of Surgery and Obstetrics, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.A.); (L.G.P.)
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Noguchi A, Iwanaga T, Miura N, Sogawa T, Fujiki M. Common bile duct perforation due to choledocholithiasis in a cat with gallbladder agenesis. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169221146513. [PMID: 36742368 PMCID: PMC9893371 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221146513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary An 8-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was presented for further investigation of anorexia, vomiting and lethargy. Abdominal ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT revealed choledocholithiasis with suspected bacterial peritonitis and non-visualisation of the gallbladder. During surgery, the common bile duct was noted to be perforated, and a cholelith was found in the abdominal cavity. No gallbladder was confirmed during surgery. Three months postoperatively, the cat underwent CT cholangiography and absence of the gallbladder with a vestigial duplicated gallbladder was diagnosed. Relevance and novel information Gallbladder agenesis is extremely rare in cats, with only one previous report, but several dogs have been diagnosed based on CT cholangiography and laparoscopy. This report describes gallbladder agenesis concurrent with choledocholithiasis in an adult cat and represents the first report of CT cholangiography in a cat with gallbladder agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Noguchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima
University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iwanaga
- Koganei Animal Medical Emergency
Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,Tomoko Iwanaga DVM, PhD, Koganei Animal
Medical Emergency Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 1848588, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima
University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sogawa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima
University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujiki
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima
University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Spain HN, Penninck DG, Thelen M. Ultrasonographic prevalence and proposed morphologic classification of bilobed gallbladder in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:986-993. [PMID: 34709081 PMCID: PMC10812300 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211055629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphologic anomalies of the feline gallbladder (GB) have been previously reported in the literature. These morphologic variants are frequently encountered on routine abdominal ultrasound examination. The aim of this study was to provide an ultrasonographic classification system of these variants and document the overall incidence in the feline population. METHODS A prospective, descriptive study was undertaken; cats that had an abdominal ultrasound examination that included at least one sagittal and transverse plane image of the GB were included. GB shape was evaluated and categorized based on a classification scheme of morphologic variants modified from the human literature. Septated (S), bilobed (B1, B2, B3), duplex (D) and complex (C) categories were described. RESULTS Of 516 cats included in the study, 389 had normal GB morphology, while 127 had anomalous GB morphology. The overall incidence rate of anomalous GB morphology was 24.61%. When examined by morphologic type, the septated (S) morphology had an incidence of 9.69%. A bilobed (B) morphology was the most commonly observed classification; incidence was 14.35% within our population; incidence of B1, B2 and B3 subtypes were 2.91%, 6.98% and 4.46%, respectively. Duplex GBs only made up 0.39% of the total population. The incidence of complex (C) morphologies was 0.19%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The incidence of GB morphologic anomalies was higher in our population than previously reported. Identification of these anomalies on routine ultrasound evaluation is common; numerous different morphologies can be identified and a standardized classification scheme is proposed. Complete evaluation of morphology can be challenging, particularly with regard to cystic duct anatomy. Clinical significance is uncertain and future studies are warranted to determine the relationship between morphologic variants and hepatobiliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Spain
- Department of Radiology, BluePearl, The Pet Specialists of Monterey, Del Rey Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Jaffey JA. Feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex - what have we learned? J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:573-589. [PMID: 35522164 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex in cats is commonly encountered in clinical practice worldwide. Diagnosis and management of cats with this complex is difficult because of the ambiguity of clinical signs, diagnostic test results and commonality of comorbid disorders. These impediments can delay disease identification and treatment, which can increase morbidity and mortality. In this narrative review, we aimed to provide a thorough review of the unique physioanatomic features of the biliary system as well as clinically relevant updates on cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, 85308, USA
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Fujimoto S, Torisu S, Kaneko Y, Mizutani S, Yamamoto S, Naganobu K, Nakamura K. Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of healthy cats and its association with biliary morphology. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1780-1788. [PMID: 34117814 PMCID: PMC8295664 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human medicine, congenital maljunction of the common bile duct (CBD) and main pancreatic duct (MPD), or pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM), is a known cause of cholecystitis. Objective Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile (a diagnostic marker for PBM) of healthy cats was measured to determine normal values and evaluate its relationship with biliary morphology. Animals Fifty‐two healthy cats. Methods Cross‐sectional study of the biliary tracts of healthy cats during laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and measurement of pancreatic enzyme activity in bile. The cats were divided into groups A and B based on the ratio of the diameter of the cystic duct (CD) to the CBD. The normal ratio was 3.4. Pancreatic enzyme activity in bile was compared between the groups. Results The CBDs were straight in all cases, whereas the CDs were variably tortuous or dilated. Amylase activity in the bile (median, <100 U/L; range, <100‐591 U/L) was lower than in serum in all cases, and group B, which had a CD/CBD ratio >3.4, had significantly higher amylase activity (median, 109 U/L; range, <100‐591 U/L) in the bile than did group A (median, <100 U/L; range, <100‐238 U/L), which had a CD/CBD ratio <3.4 (P = .0009). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results suggest that a dilated CD is associated with reflux of pancreatic juice. In the future, it will be necessary to examine the clinical usefulness of these findings by measuring pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of cats with cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Fujimoto
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.,Ozu Animal Clinic, 317 Ozumachimuro, Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shidow Torisu
- Laboratory of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kaneko
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shinya Mizutani
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shushi Yamamoto
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Naganobu
- Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 18-9 Kita, Kita Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Chatzimisios K, Kasambalis DN, Angelou V, Papazoglou LG. Surgical Management of Feline Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Diseases. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 44:100534. [PMID: 33857663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction occurs infrequently in cats. Pathophysiology of biliary obstruction is characterized by cholestasis, obstruction, inflammation, and exudation. Clinical signs and laboratory examination findings are nonspecific. Ultrasonographic examination of the biliary tract aids significantly in diagnosis. The aims of feline biliary surgery are to determine the underlying cause and extent of the obstruction, restore bile flow to the gastrointestinal tract, and prevent bile leakage and subsequent peritonitis. Surgical techniques to restore bile flow and decompress the biliary distension include cholecystostomy tube placement and choledochal stenting, cholecystectomy, choledochotomy, and biliary diversion procedures. Surgical management of extrahepatic biliary obstruction carries a fair to guarded prognosis. Cats undergoing biliary diversion procedures have poorer outcomes than those undergoing nondiversion procedures. Cats with neoplastic involvement have significantly shorter lives than those with inflammatory involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Chatzimisios
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasileia Angelou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G Papazoglou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. The biliary tree encompasses the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, although only diseases affecting the latter two are discussed here. Diseases of the bile ducts and gall bladder are more common than those of the liver parenchyma and ultrasound plays an important role in their diagnosis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variation and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. In addition, a lack of pathological change does not necessarily rule out disease; for example, absence of gall bladder and/or extrahepatic biliary distension is not sufficient to exclude the possibility of biliary obstruction, and in many cases of cholangitis the liver and biliary tree are unremarkable on ultrasound examination. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the appearance of the normal and diseased biliary system. It is aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound and is accompanied by high-resolution images. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis is also covered. Ultrasound examination of the liver was discussed in an article published in January 2019 and an upcoming article will cover hepatic vascular anomalies. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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Otte CM, Penning LC, Rothuizen J. Feline biliary tree and gallbladder disease: Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:514-528. [PMID: 28438089 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Diseases of the biliary tree and gallbladder are more common in cats than diseases of the liver parenchyma. The parenchyma is usually affected secondarily to systemic illnesses, while the biliary system is the prime target for infectious agents (eg, bacteria and flukes) and non-infectious conditions (eg, neoplasia and cysts). Clinical approaches Cats with biliary disease are evaluated because of common feline clinical signs such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting and lethargy. Icterus may or may not be obvious. Biopsies for histological evaluation, and bile aspirates for culture and cytological evaluation are helpful diagnostically. Antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs have been used successfully. Hepatosupportive drugs may help in liquefying thick bile and protecting hepatic tissue from damage. Ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that may help in identifying dilated bile ducts, liver cysts and choleliths. It is also used to guide percutaneous bile aspiration. Audience This review, written for all veterinarians who treat cats, describes the various conditions that can affect the feline biliary tree and gallbladder. Treatment options are discussed, and brief summaries provided of surgical techniques and diagnostic approaches. Evidence base The veterinary literature pertaining to feline biliary disease is comprehensively reviewed. When appropriate, data on dogs and humans has been included to provide background information. Based on the available literature, more research into feline biliary diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corma Ma Otte
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Thiel C, Steinbach S, Schmidt M, Amort K, Zahn N, Kramer M, Moritz A. Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia in a 4-Week-Old Pug. Vet Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.22210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cetina Thiel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Surgery; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Sarah Steinbach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Surgery; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Kerstin Amort
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Surgery; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Nanette Zahn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Surgery; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Surgery; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
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Holt D, Agnello K. Peritoneum. FELINE SOFT TISSUE AND GENERAL SURGERY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149698 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4336-9.00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Garcia‐Gonzalez B, Cuesta‐Garcia N. Multiseptate gallbladder in an African lioness (
Panthera leo
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie S Wayne
- Angell Animal Medical Center, 350 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02135
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Diana A, Guglielmini C, Specchi S, Di Tommaso M, Pietra M, Baron Toaldo M, Cipone M. Ultrasonographic evaluation of preprandial and postprandial gallbladder volume in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1583-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baker SG, Mayhew PD, Mehler SJ. Choledochotomy and primary repair of extrahepatic biliary duct rupture in seven dogs and two cats. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 52:32-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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