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Hyperspectral Imaging for Burn Depth Assessment in an Animal Model. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 3:e591. [PMID: 26894016 PMCID: PMC4727700 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Differentiating between superficial and deep-dermal (DD) burns remains challenging. Superficial-dermal burns heal with conservative treatment; DD burns often require excision and skin grafting. Decision of surgical treatment is often delayed until burn depth is definitively identified. This study's aim is to assess the ability of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to differentiate burn depth. METHODS Thermal injury of graded severity was generated on the dorsum of hairless mice with a heated brass rod. Perfusion and oxygenation parameters of injured skin were measured with HSI, a noninvasive method of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, at 2 minutes, 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after wounding. Burn depth was measured histologically in 12 mice from each burn group (n = 72) at 72 hours. RESULTS Three levels of burn depth were verified histologically: intermediate-dermal (ID), DD, and full-thickness. At 24 hours post injury, total hemoglobin (tHb) increased by 67% and 16% in ID and DD burns, respectively. In contrast, tHb decreased to 36% of its original levels in full-thickness burns. Differences in deoxygenated and tHb among all groups were significant (P < 0.001) at 24 hours post injury. CONCLUSIONS HSI was able to differentiate among 3 discrete levels of burn injury. This is likely because of its correlation with skin perfusion: superficial burn injury causes an inflammatory response and increased perfusion to the burn site, whereas deeper burns destroy the dermal microvasculature and a decrease in perfusion follows. This study supports further investigation of HSI in early burn depth assessment.
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Chen X, Kong X, Zhang Z, Chen W, Chen J, Li H, Cao W, Ge Y, Fang S. Alpha-2-macroglobulin as a radioprotective agent: a review. Chin J Cancer Res 2014; 26:611-21. [PMID: 25400428 PMCID: PMC4220256 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.09.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is an important modality in cancer treatment, and eighty percent of cancer patients need radiotherapy at some point during their clinical management. However, radiation-induced damage to normal tissues restricts the therapeutic doses of radiation that can be delivered to tumours and thereby limits the effectiveness of the treatment. The use of radioprotectors represents an obvious strategy to obtain better tumour control using a higher dose in radiotherapy. However, most of the synthetic radioprotective compounds studied have shown inadequate clinical efficacy owing to their inherent toxicity and high cost. Hence, the development of radioprotective agents with lower toxicity and an extended window of protection has attracted a great deal of attention, and the identification of alternative agents that are less toxic and highly effective is an absolute necessity. Recent studies have shown that alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) possesses radioprotective effects. α2M is a tetrameric, disulfide-rich plasma glycoprotein that functions as a non-selective inhibitor of different types of non-specific proteases and as a carrier of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. α2M induces protein factors whose interplay underlies radioprotection, which supports the idea that α2M is the central effector of natural radioprotection in the rat. Pretreatment with α2M has also induced a significant reduction of irradiation-induced DNA damage and the complete restoration of liver and body weight. Mihailović et al. concluded that the radioprotection provided by α2M was in part mediated through cytoprotection of new blood cells produced in the bone marrow; these authors also indicated that an important aspect of the radioprotective effect of amifostine was the result of the induction of the endogenous cytoprotective capability of α2M. The radioprotective effects of α2M are possibly due to antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory functions, as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, and enhancement of the DNA repair and cell recovery processes. This review is the first to summarise the observations and elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of α2M. The lacunae in the existing knowledge and directions for future research are also addressed.
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Ornaghi S, Barnhart KT, Frieling J, Streisand J, Paidas MJ. Clinical syndromes associated with acquired antithrombin deficiency via microvascular leakage and the related risk of thrombosis. Thromb Res 2014; 133:972-84. [PMID: 24593911 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) is a 65kDa glycoprotein belonging to a group of inhibitory factors known as serpins (serine protease inhibitors). It plays a critical role in the inhibition of coagulation and inflammation processes within the environment of the vascular endothelium. Inadequate levels of functional AT in plasma results in an increased risk of thrombotic events, both venous and arterial. AT deficiency can be inherited or acquired. Congenital AT deficiency is the most severe inherited thrombophilic condition with an odds ratio of 20 for the increased risk of venous thrombosis. Acquired AT deficiency occurs in a variety of physiologic and pathologic medical conditions with similar risks of increased thrombosis. In this article, we review clinical settings characterized by an acquired AT deficiency largely or partly subsequent to protein microvascular leakage. Other different mechanisms of AT depletion are implied in some clinical conditions together with endothelial loss, and, therefore, outlined. In addition, we provide a description of the current knowledge on the specific mechanisms underlying endothelial AT leakage and on the consequences of this protein decrease, specifically looking at thrombosis. We identify potential directions of research that might prove useful in patients with acquired AT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ornaghi
- Yale Women and Children's Center For Blood Disorders, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan-Bicocca, via Pergolesi 33, Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Kurt T Barnhart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johan Frieling
- rEVO Biologics 175 Crossing Boulevard, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - James Streisand
- rEVO Biologics 175 Crossing Boulevard, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Yale Women and Children's Center For Blood Disorders, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hypothesis of the study was that the incidence of pin loosening and pin infection would increase, whereas the general stability of the pin-bone interface would decrease with ongoing implantation time. The aim of this study was to analyze the biologic reactions of the bone tissue adjacent to the pin to determine the relationship among the osseous anchorage of pins, the incidence of infections, and the histologic appearance. METHODS Three groups of sheep received a tibial osteotomy stabilized by external fixators. The pin-bone interface was analyzed biomechanically, radiologically, microbiologically, and histologically after 3, 6, and 9 weeks. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Contrary to common opinion, pin anchorage was not altered biomechanically throughout the 9 weeks of the study. This effect might be attributed to an increasing remodeling found in the callus and cortex around the pins and was likely assisted by a strict pin care routine and a low infection rate.
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McDONALD DONALDM, THURSTON GAVIN, BALUK PETER. Endothelial Gaps as Sites for Plasma Leakage in Inflammation. Microcirculation 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.1999.tb00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hindmarsh EJ, Marks RM. Complement Activation Occurs on Subendothelial Extracellular Matrix In Vitro and Is Initiated by Retraction or Removal of Overlying Endothelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vascular endothelium is continuously exposed to plasma complement, which could generate a potent proinflammatory signal if activated on the vascular wall. Normal endothelium, however, expresses an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which includes resistance to complement fixation. As activated endothelium converts to a proinflammatory phenotype, we investigated the effect of cytokines on endothelial susceptibility to complement fixation. Cytokine-treated HUVEC were exposed to human serum as a source of complement, and C3 deposition was quantified. IL-1β and TNF-α in combination with IFN-γ markedly increased endothelial C3 deposition; however, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the endothelial cells had retracted, and that bound C3 was concentrated not on cells but in areas of exposed subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). Studies with cell-free ECM indicated that complement activation required only ECM exposure and was independent of cellular activation. C3 deposition on ECM was reproduced by reconstituting the alternative pathway, which generated a stable C3 convertase on ECM, but not on endothelial cells. C3b and iC3b were identified on ECM exposed to purified alternative pathway components and serum, respectively. In conditions associated with endothelial disruption, exposure of subendothelial ECM could induce complement fixation and contribute to inflammation and vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rory M. Marks
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Laranne J, Lagerstedt A, Pukander J, Rantala I, Hanamure Y, Ohyama M. Immediate histological changes in soft palate after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with CO2, contact Nd:YAG or combined CO2 and Nd:YAG laser beams. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 529:206-9. [PMID: 9288311 DOI: 10.3109/00016489709124123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CO2, contact Nd:YAG and Combolaser (combined, simultaneous and coaxial CO2 + Nd:YAG laser beam) were used for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). It has been proposed that the combined beam geometry diminishes thermal damage to surrounding tissues when compared with single laser radiation. To study the extent of thermal tissue damage produced by the lasers, tissue samples for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were taken from the surface of the resected area and 2 and 4 mm below the resection plane. The depth of tissue damage and coagulation was measured. The results showed no consistent differences in the inflammatory reactions or the amount and depth of tissue coagulation observed in samples taken immediately after the operation. The CO2 laser typically produced a carbonized and coagulated wound edge. Combolaser and contact Nd:YAG lasers generated slightly less charring but otherwise resembled each other with coagulated and vacuolized resecate margins. These results indicate that the beam geometry in Combolaser does not diminish thermal damage to surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland
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Letter to the editor. Int J Hyperthermia 1996. [DOI: 10.3109/02656739609027690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pathophysiologische Veränderungen nach Polytrauma. Eur Surg 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The vascular-extravascular exchange of fluid and solute molecules in a tissue is determined by three transport parameters (vascular permeability, P, hydraulic conductivity, Lp, and reflection coefficient, sigma); the surface area for exchange, A; and the transluminal concentration and pressure gradients. The transport parameters and the exchange area for a given molecule are governed by the structure of the vessel wall. In general, tumor vessels have wide interendothelial junctions; large number of fenestrae and transendothelial channels formed by vesicles; and discontinuous or absent basement membrane. While these factors favor movement of molecules across tumor vessels, high interstitial pressure and low microvascular pressure may retard extravasation of molecules and cells, especially in large tumors. These characteristics of the transvascular transport have significant implications in tumor growth, metastasis, detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
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Abstract
Wound healing was examined in normal and diabetic, non ketotic Chinese hamsters by morphological and morphometric methods. Dermal, perforating wounds were made in the ears of the hamsters and the response to injury was evaluated in tissue biopsies. The response in normal hamsters was characterized by vascular and cellular migration and pronounced infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the area closest to the wound (zone 1). The transition region (zone 2) between wounded and non-wounded tissue was infiltrated primarily by fibroblasts and capillaries. In wounds from diabetic hamsters, 8 h after injury, there was less cellular infiltration (fibroblasts 49%, polymorphonuclear leukocytes 48% of control) and vascular proliferation (47% of control). In the late phase of healing (16 h after injury) the vascular (87% of control) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (103%) responses in diabetic wounds were not significantly different from control in zones 1 and 2. Wounds from diabetic hamsters also showed considerable oedema (143% of control) in zones 1 and 2, which was accompanied by vascular degeneration and necrosis. At 16 h the collagen content of diabetic wounds was also decreased (54% of control). Increased oedema with reduced vascular proliferation and cellular infiltration in the early healing period characterises the response to injury in the diabetic Chinese hamster.
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Ehrlich HP, Trelstad RL, Fallon JT. Dermal vascular patterns in response to burn or freeze injury in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1981; 34:281-9. [PMID: 7238839 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(81)90045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cavallo T, Graves K, Granholm NA. Endothelial and perivascular anionic sites during immediate transient vascular leakage. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1980; 388:1-12. [PMID: 7467119 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To study surface charge characteristics of small blood vessels and perivascular components in vivo, rat cremaster vessels exposed to serotonin or mild thermal injury were labelled with systemically injected cationized ferritin and studied by electron microscopy. Leaky vessels showed increased density of anionic sites on the luminal endothelial plasma membrane, compared to controls. Binding of cationized ferritin and the increased density of anionic sites in leaky vessels occurred in the absence of serum factors; albumin diminished both phenomena. Anionic sites were also demonstrated a) on the surface membranes of open interendothelial junctions, b) on the attachment surface of endothelial cells, c) along the vascular basal lamina, perimysial membrane, and interstitial collagen. The biological significance of these findings is considered in relation to ligand-anionic sites interaction, inflammation, vascular permeability, and thrombosis.
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Oort J, Scheper RJ. Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1977:25-30. [PMID: 272835 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7290-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, defined as local reaction to injury, is basically a homeostatic process-loop system with morphological and biochemical components. If this homeostatic loop is uncomplicated a normal situation is reached soon after injury. Morphologically different patterns of inflammation can appear, depending on the character and intensity of the injury. Furthermore, the contributions made by hyperaemia, exudation of fluid, infiltrates carrying inflammatory cells, and cell proliferation not only vary with the type of injury but also depend on the time after injury. Some of the histopathological changes can be seen as essential for the restoration of the normal situation, whereas others damage the tissue more than seems desirable. The morphological aspects of different types of inflammation are discussed in relation to the homeostatic nature of the inflammatory process.
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Munster AM, Leary AG, Spicer SS, Fisher MW. Effect of lymphocytotherapy on the course of experimental Pseudomonas sepsis. Ann Surg 1974; 179:482-8. [PMID: 4593102 PMCID: PMC1356001 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197404000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wilhelm DL. Mechanisms responsible for increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1973; 3:297-306. [PMID: 4785028 DOI: 10.1007/bf01986484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Borgers M, Schaper J, Schaper W. The origin of subendothelial cells in developing coronary collaterals. A cytochemical approach. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGY. PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE 1973; 358:281-94. [PMID: 4632534 DOI: 10.1007/bf00543269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shea SM, Caulfield JB, Burke JF. Microvascular ultrastructure in thermal injury: a reconsideration of the role of mediators. Microvasc Res 1973; 5:87-96. [PMID: 4567803 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-2862(73)80010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Städtler K, Allgöwer M, Cueni LB, Schoenenberger GA. [Pathophysiological studies on a burn model in mice]. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1972; 158:23-33. [PMID: 5053063 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Northover AM, Northover BJ. The effect of vaso-active substances on rat mesenteric blood vessels. J Pathol 1970; 101:99-108. [PMID: 4319913 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Borgers M, Schaper J, Schaper W. Acute vascular lesions in developing coronary collaterals. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGY. PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE 1970; 351:1-11. [PMID: 5312802 DOI: 10.1007/bf00549027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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