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Abstract
Oligonucleotides are key compounds widely used for research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The rapid increase in oligonucleotide-based applications, together with the progress in nucleic acids research, has led to the design of nucleotide analogs that, when part of these oligomers, enhance their efficiency, bioavailability, or stability. One of the most useful nucleotide analogs is the first-generation bridged nucleic acids (BNA), also known as locked nucleic acids (LNA), which were used in combination with ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, or other analogs to construct oligomers with diverse applications. However, there is still room to improve their efficiency, bioavailability, stability, and, importantly, toxicity. A second-generation BNA, BNANC (2'-O,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid), has been recently made available. Oligomers containing these analogs not only showed less toxicity when compared to LNA-containing compounds but, in some cases, also exhibited higher specificity. Although there are still few applications where BNANC-containing compounds have been researched, the promising results warrant more effort in incorporating these analogs for other applications. Furthermore, newer BNA compounds will be introduced in the near future, offering great hope to oligonucleotide-based fields of research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Soler-Bistué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín 1650, Argentina.
| | - Angeles Zorreguieta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo E Tolmasky
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA.
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2
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Lin LJ, Lin SB, Wu CW, Kan LS. 1H NMR Study on the pH-Dependent Polymorphism of a DNA Triplex with Oligonucleoside Methylphosphonate Analogues. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Abstract
The advent of rapid and efficient methods of oligonucleotide synthesis has allowed the design of modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to specific nucleotide sequences in mRNA targets. Such modified oligonucleotides can be used to disrupt the flow of genetic information from transcribed mRNAs to proteins. This antisense strategy has been used to develop therapeutic oligonucleotides against cancer and various infectious diseases in humans. This overview reports recent advances in the application of oligonucleotides as drug candidates, describes the relationship between oligonucleotide modifications and their therapeutic profiles, and provides general guidelines for enhancing oligonucleotide drug properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cook
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
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4
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Ahmadibeni Y, Parang K. Synthesis and evaluation of modified oligodeoxynucleotides containing diphosphodiester internucleotide linkages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4739-43. [PMID: 17497623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ahmadibeni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Ahmadibeni Y, Parang K. Synthesis and Evaluation of Modified Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Diphosphodiester Internucleotide Linkages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Murakami A, Yamayoshi A, Iwase R, Nishida J, Yamaoka T, Wake N. Photodynamic antisense regulation of human cervical carcinoma cell growth using psoralen-conjugated oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate). Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:25-34. [PMID: 11292565 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The antisense strategy has been applied to regulate gene expression in a sequence specific manner, which enables suppression of the proliferation of cancer cells and exploration of the functions of unknown genes. In order to generalize and to enhance the ability of the strategy, functionalization of antisense DNAs was done using a photo-crosslinking reagent, 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and the possibility of photodynamic antisense regulation of gene expression was examined. Psoralen-conjugated oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate)s (Ps-S-oligo) were prepared and used to inhibit the proliferation of human cervical carcinoma cells. Upon UVA irradiation of Ps-S-oligo treated cells, Ps-S-oligo complementary to the initiation codon region (Ps-P-As) of HPV18-E6*-mRNA of human cervical carcinoma cells inhibited drastically the cell growth (IC(50)=16 nM). In contrast, Ps-S-oligo with mismatched sequences and scrambled one showed lesser inhibitory effects than Ps-P-As. These results showed that the inhibition by Ps-S-oligo was dependent on (a) sequence, (b) UVA irradiation, (c) concentration and (d) cell line. The amount of intact HPV18-E6*-mRNA was decreased in a sequence dependent manner, indicating that the antiproliferative effect of Ps-P-As was an antisense manner. The psoralen-conjugated antisense DNA has significant potential to regulate gene expression, which may provide useful information to explore the novel gene regulating reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murakami
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, 606-8585, Kyoto, Japan.
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7
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Lledo P, Zorec R, Rupnik M, Mason WT. Mediation of Secretory Cell Function by G Protein—Coupled Receptors. Compr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Kool
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
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Thibon J, Latxague L, Déléris G. Synthesis of Silicon Analogues of Acyclonucleotides Incorporable in Oligonucleotide Solid-Phase Synthesis. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo962165p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Thibon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Latxague
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Déléris
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Vaughn JP, Stekler J, Demirdji S, Mills JK, Caruthers MH, Iglehart JD, Marks JR. Inhibition of the erbB-2 tyrosine kinase receptor in breast cancer cells by phosphoromonothioate and phosphorodithioate antisense oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:4558-64. [PMID: 8948649 PMCID: PMC146276 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.22.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense activity against erbB-2 of a variety of sulfur-modified oligonucleotides was examined in a breast cancer cell line which overexpresses this oncogene. Using a 15 base anti-erbB-2 sequence previously shown to be effective, various backbone configurations containing phosphoromonothioate or phosphorodithioate linkages were evaluated for antisense activity by a two-color flow cytometric assay. This sequence was effective in inhibiting the production of erbB-2 protein when it was configured as a monothioate at each linkage and as an alternating dithioate/phosphodiester. Both of these compounds were also able to specifically inhibit erbB-2 mRNA expression, indicative of RNase H-mediated activity. The same sequence protected by either three dithioate or three monothioate linkages at each end was ineffective as an antisense reagent, suggesting that endonuclease activity is a significant determinant of the stability of oligonucleotides. Finally, the erbB-2 sequence target was shifted in an effort to improve antisense activity. A new lead sequence was identified that was significantly more effective in inhibiting erbB-2 protein levels and retained activity at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vaughn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kim SG, Nakashima H, Shoji Y, Inagawa T, Yamamoto N, Kinzuka Y, Takai K, Takaku H. 5'-linked lipid-oligodeoxyridonucleotide derivatives as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus replication. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:603-8. [PMID: 8735848 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of a phospholipid moiety, bound to the 5'-ends of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (L-ODNs and LS-ODNs), was achieved using H-phosphonate chemistry, and the lipid-oligonucleotides were assayed for the inhibition of virus replication in HIV-1 infected MT-4 cells. In the anti-HIV activity test, lipid-phosphorothioate oligonucleotides showed higher anti-HIV activities than non-lipid-phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, at the low concentration of 0.04 microM. LS-ODNs can inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity through interactions with the enzyme. We found that the covalent attachment of a phospholipid group to the 5'-end of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide enhances its nonsequence specific anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kim
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hyrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abdel Aleem AAH, Larsen E, Pedersen EB. Synthesis of a Carboxamide Linked UBr∗UBrDimer–Duplex and Triplex Stabilities of the Corresponding Oligodeoxynucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779508010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Lledo PM, Mason WT, Zorec R. Study of stimulus-secretion coupling in single cells using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and patch-clamp techniques to inhibit specific protein expression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1994; 14:539-56. [PMID: 7621512 DOI: 10.1007/bf02088836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Lledo
- C.N.R.S. Institut Alfred Fessard, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Rittner K, Burmester C, Sczakiel G. In vitro selection of fast-hybridizing and effective antisense RNAs directed against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:1381-7. [PMID: 8464728 PMCID: PMC309322 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.6.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of double strand formation between procaryotic antisense RNA and complementary RNA in vitro is known to correlate with the effectiveness of antisense RNA in vivo. In this work, an in vitro assay for determining the hybridization rates of a large number of antisense RNA species was developed. A set of HIV-1-directed antisense RNAs with the same 5'-end but successively shortened 3'-ends was produced by alkaline hydrolysis of a 150 nt HIV-1-directed antisense transcript. This mixture was used to determine hybridization rates for individual chain lengths with a complementary HIV-1-derived RNA in vitro. The second order binding rate constants of individual antisense RNA species differed by more than a factor of 100, although in some cases, slow-hybridizing and fast-hybridizing antisense RNAs differed by only two or three 3'-terminally-located nucleotides. The results indicated that there was not a trivial dependence of binding rates on the chain length of antisense RNAs. Further, the binding rate constants determined in vitro for individual antisense RNA species correlated with the extent of inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rittner
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Ts'o
- Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Kibler-Herzog L, Zon G, Uznanski B, Whittier G, Wilson WD. Duplex stabilities of phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, and RNA analogs of two DNA 14-mers. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:2979-86. [PMID: 1711677 PMCID: PMC328260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.11.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplex stabilities of various phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, RNA and 2'-OCH3 RNA analogs of two self-complementary DNA 14-mers are compared. Phosphorothioate and/or methylphosphonate analogs of the two sequences d(TAATTAATTAATTA) [D1] and d(TAGCTAATTAGCTA) [D2] differ in the number, position, or chirality (at the 5' terminal linkage) of the modified phosphates. Phosphorothioate derivatives of D1 are found to be less destabilized when the linkage modified is between adenines rather than between thymines. Surprisingly, no base sequence effect on duplex stabilization is observed for any methylphosphonate derivatives of D1 or D2. Highly modified phosphorothioates or methylphosphonates are less stable than their partially modified counterparts which are less stable than the unmodified parent compounds. The 'normal' (2'-OH) RNA analog of duplex D1 is slightly destabilized, whereas the 2'-OCH3 RNA derivative is significantly stabilized relative to the unmodified DNA. For the D1 sequence, at approximately physiological salt concentration, the order of duplex stability is 2'-OCH3 RNA greater than unmodified DNA greater than 'normal' RNA greater than methylphosphonate DNA greater than phosphorothioate DNA. D2 and the various D2 methylphosphonate analogs investigated all formed hairpin conformations at low salt concentrations.
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23
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Young S, Wagner RW. Hybridization and dissociation rates of phosphodiester or modified oligodeoxynucleotides with RNA at near-physiological conditions. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:2463-70. [PMID: 1710357 PMCID: PMC329458 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.9.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used RNase H to study both the rates of oligonucleotide hybridization and dissociation at near-physiological conditions. We have studied the Effects of oligonucleotide length, mismatch, and chemical modifications on oligonucleotide association and dissociation with RNA. Dissociation results were compared with standard thermal melting curves to compare relative stabilities evaluated by the two techniques. Although generally the two techniques correlate for the compounds evaluated, we found several instances where the thermal melting curves failed to reflect the relative stability of different oligonucleotides at 37 degrees C using near-physiological conditions. This study suggests that direct measurement of hybridization and dissociation of an oligomer with RNA more accurately assesses the complicated kinetic scheme at 37 degrees C using near-physiological conditions than thermal melting curves would predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Young
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404
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Shea RG, Marsters JC, Bischofberger N. Synthesis, hybridization properties and antiviral activity of lipid-oligodeoxynucleotide conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:3777-83. [PMID: 2165251 PMCID: PMC331077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.13.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (2) was coupled to the 5' terminus of oligodeoxynucleotides via hydrogen phosphonate solid support DNA synthesis methodology. Duplex DNA oligomers with a single 5'-phospholipid melted at lower temperatures than the corresponding unmodified duplex, but duplexes bearing lipids at each 5' end had higher Tms. In uptake experiments with L929 cells, 8-10 times more lipid-DNA became cell-associated than did unmodified DNA. Unmodified antisense diesters were inactive in a VSV antiviral assay in L929 cells (at up to 200 microM). Attachment of a lipid to the oligomer, however, led to a greater than 90% at 150 microM (greater than 80% at 100 microM) reduction in viral protein synthesis. The antiviral activity depended on the sequence of the oligodeoxynucleotide, but some compounds having little or no base complementarity to the viral target were also effective. Phosphorothioate derivatives reduced viral protein synthesis by 20-30% at 100 microM in the VSV assay. The lipid-DNA compounds were not toxic to the cells at up to 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Shea
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Molecular Biology, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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