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González Porto SA, Domenech N, Blanco FJ, Centeno Cortés A, Rivadulla Fernández C, Álvarez Jorge Á, Sánchez Ibáñez J, Rendal Vázquez E. Intraneural IFG-1 in Cryopreserved Nerve Isografts Increase Neural Regeneration and Functional Recovery in the Rat Sciatic Nerve. Neurosurgery 2019; 85:423-431. [PMID: 30060164 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was found to stimulate Schwann cell mitosis. Exogenous IGF-1 may improve nerve regeneration after cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE To evaulate the effect of intraneural administration of IGF-1 in cryopreserved nerve isografts. METHODS Eighteen millimeter grafts were used for bridging an 18-mm defect in the rat sciatic nerve. A total of 57 rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) autograft (Group 1); (2) cryopreserved isograft (Group 2); (3) cryopreserved isograft with intraneural IGF-1 administration (Group 3). 12 weeks after surgery, functional recovery (Sciatic functional index [SFI], Swing speed [SS], nerve conduction velocity [NCV], amplitude of compound motor action potentials [CMAP], and gastrocnemius muscle index [GMI]) and nerve regeneration (myelin sheath area, total fiber counts, fiber density, and fiber width) were all evaluated. RESULTS The intraneural injection of IGF-1 significantly improved SFI and SS at weeks 10 and 12. There were no statistical differences between Groups 1 and 3 in any of the SFI or SS evaluations. CMAP and NCV in Group 1 were significantly higher than in Groups 2 and 3, and Group 3 had significantly higher CMAP and NCV compared to Group 2. No significant differences were found in fiber width. The number of nerve fibers, percentage of myelinated fibers, fiber density, and GMI was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2, but no significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSION The results show that intraneural injection of IGF-1 in an 18 mm cryopreserved isograft improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nieves Domenech
- Biobanco A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Grupo de Investigación de Proteómica-PBR2-ProteoRed/ISCIII-Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alberto Centeno Cortés
- Centro Tecnológico de Formación XXIAC, Instituto de Investigacións Biomédicas de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Casto Rivadulla Fernández
- Grupo de Neurociencia e Control Motor, NEUROcom, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Fisioterapia e Medicina, Instituto de Investigacións Biomédicas de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángel Álvarez Jorge
- Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jacinto Sánchez Ibáñez
- Unidad de Criobiología, Banco de Tejidos, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Esther Rendal Vázquez
- Unidad de Criobiología, Banco de Tejidos, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
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Chang YM, Chang HH, Tsai CC, Lin HJ, Ho TJ, Ye CX, Chiu PL, Chen YS, Chen RJ, Huang CY, Lin CC. Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruit extract activates IGFR-PI3K/Akt signaling to induce Schwann cell proliferation and sciatic nerve regeneration. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:184. [PMID: 28359314 PMCID: PMC5374583 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that the medicinal herb Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. is widely used as a remedy for diarrhea as well as the symptoms accompanying hypertension and cerebrovascular disorders. Moreover, it has also been reported that Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. has beneficial effects on anti-senescence and neuro-protection. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which the Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits promote neuron regeneration. METHODS A piece of silicone rubber was guided across a 15 mm gap in the sciatic nerve of a rat. This nerve gap was then filled with various doses of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits to assess their regenerative effect on damaged nerves. Further, we investigated the role of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits in RSC96 Schwann cell proliferation. RESULTS Our current results showed that treatment with the extract of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits triggers the phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor- phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase pathway, and up-regulated the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis on RSC96 Schwann cells showed that, after exposure to Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruit extract, the transition from the first gap phase to the synthesis phase occurs in 12-18 h. The expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A increased in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection with a small interfering RNA blocked the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and induced down-regulation both on the mRNA and protein levels, which resulted in a reduction of the expression of the survival factor B-cell lymphoma 2. CONCLUSION We provide positive results that demonstrate that Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. fruits facilitate the survival and proliferation of RSC96 cells via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling.
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Kilic A, Ojo B, Rajfer RA, Konopka G, Hagg D, Jang E, Akelina Y, Mao JJ, Rosenwasser MP, Tang P. Effect of white adipose tissue flap and insulin-like growth factor-1 on nerve regeneration in rats. Microsurgery 2013; 33:367-75. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Kilic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Bukola Ojo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | | | - Geoffrey Konopka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Daniel Hagg
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Columbia University College of Dental Medicine; New York NY
| | - Eugene Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Yelena Akelina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory; Columbia University College of Dental Medicine; New York NY
| | | | - Peter Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Columbia University; New York NY
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Gould TW, Oppenheim RW. Motor neuron trophic factors: therapeutic use in ALS? BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2011; 67:1-39. [PMID: 20971133 PMCID: PMC3109102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The modest effects of neurotrophic factor (NTF) treatment on lifespan in both animal models and clinical studies of Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) may result from any one or combination of the four following explanations: 1.) NTFs block cell death in some physiological contexts but not in ALS; 2.) NTFs do not rescue motoneurons (MNs) from death in any physiological context; 3.) NTFs block cell death in ALS but to no avail; and 4.) NTFs are physiologically effective but limited by pharmacokinetic constraints. The object of this review is to critically evaluate the role of both NTFs and the intracellular cell death pathway itself in regulating the survival of spinal and cranial (lower) MNs during development, after injury and in response to disease. Because the role of molecules mediating MN survival has been most clearly resolved by the in vivo analysis of genetically engineered mice, this review will focus on studies of such mice expressing reporter, null or other mutant alleles of NTFs, NTF receptors, cell death or ALS-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gould
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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Chang YM, Kuo WH, Lai TY, Shih YT, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Shu WT, Chen YY, Chen YS, Kuo WW, Huang CY. RSC96 Schwann Cell Proliferation and Survival Induced by Dilong through PI3K/Akt Signaling Mediated by IGF-I. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:216148. [PMID: 20040524 PMCID: PMC3135880 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell proliferation is critical for the regeneration of injured nerves. Dilongs are widely used in Chinese herbal medicine to remove stasis and stimulate wound-healing functions. Exactly how this Chinese herbal medicine promotes tissue survival remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Dilong promote neuron regeneration. Our results show that treatment with extract of Dilong induces the phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and activates protein expression of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in a time-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis showed that G1 transits into the S phase in 12–16 h, and S transits into the G2 phase 20 h after exposure to earthworm extract. Strong expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A occurs in a time-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PI3K significantly reduced PI3K protein expression levels, resulting in Bcl2 survival factor reduction and a marked blockage of G1 to S transition in proliferating cells. These results demonstrate that Dilong promotes the proliferation and survival of RSC96 cells via IGF-I signaling. The mechanism is mainly dependent on the PI3K protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science and Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Emel E, Ergün SS, Kotan D, Gürsoy EB, Parman Y, Zengin A, Nurten A. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I and platelet-rich plasma on sciatic nerve crush injury in a rat model. J Neurosurg 2010; 114:522-8. [PMID: 21029038 DOI: 10.3171/2010.9.jns091928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Local administration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to increase the rate of axon regeneration in crush-injured and freeze-injured rat sciatic nerves. Local administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been also shown to have a measurable effect on facial nerve regeneration after transection in a rat model. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of locally administered IGF-I and PRP on the parameters of the Sciatic Function Index (SFI), sensory function (SF), axon count, and myelin thickness/axon diameter ratio (G-ratio) in a rat model of crush-injured sciatic nerves. METHODS The right sciatic nerve of Wistar albino rats (24 animals) was crushed using a Yasargil-Phynox aneurysm clip for 45 minutes. All animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (control group) was treated with saline, Group 2 was treated with IGF-I, and Group 3 was treated with PRP. Injections were performed using the tissue expander's injection port with a connecting tube directed at the crush-injured site. Functional recovery was assessed with improvement in the SFI. Recovery of sensory function was using the pinch test. Histopathological examination was performed 3 months after the injury. RESULTS The SFI showed an improved functional recovery in the IGF-I-treated animals (Group 2) compared with the saline-treated animals (Group 1) 30 days after the injury. In IGF-I-treated rats, sensory function returned to the baseline level significantly faster than in saline-treated and PRP-treated rats as shown in values between SF-2 and SF-7. The G-ratios were found to be significantly higher in both experimental groups than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the application of IGF-I to the crush-injured site may expedite the functional recovery of paralyzed muscle by increasing the rate of axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Emel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vakif Gureba Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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CHENG HSINLIN, RUSSELL JAMESW, FELDMAN EVAL. IGF-I Promotes Peripheral Nervous System Myelination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 883:124-130. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xu QG, Li XQ, Kotecha SA, Cheng C, Sun HS, Zochodne DW. Insulin as an in vivo growth factor. Exp Neurol 2004; 188:43-51. [PMID: 15191801 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Revised: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin peptide has been identified to promote regeneration of axons in culture and in some in vivo model systems. Such actions have been linked to direct actions of insulin, or to cross occupation of closely linked IGF-1 receptors. In this work, we examined insulin support of peripheral nerve regenerative events in mice. Systemic insulin administration accelerated the reinnervation of foot interosseous endplates by motor axons after sciatic nerve transection and enhanced recovery of functional mouse hindpaw function. Similarly, insulin accelerated the regeneration-related maturation of myelinated fibers regrowing beyond a sciatic nerve crush injury. That such benefits might occur through direct signaling on axons was supported by immunohistochemical studies of expression with an antibody directed to the beta insulin receptor (IR) subunit. The proportion of sensory neurons expressing IRbeta increased ipsilateral to a similar sciatic crush injury in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia. Insulin receptors, although widely expressed in axons, were also preferentially and intensely expressed on axons regrowing just beyond a peripheral nerve crush injury zone. The findings indicate that insulin imparts a substantial impact on regenerating peripheral nerve axons through upregulation of its expression following injury. Although the findings do not exclude insulin coactivating IGF-1 receptors during regeneration, its own receptors are present and available for action on injured nerves.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Growth Cones/drug effects
- Growth Cones/metabolism
- Growth Cones/ultrastructure
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Motor Neurons/cytology
- Motor Neurons/drug effects
- Motor Neurons/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/metabolism
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/ultrastructure
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Nerve Regeneration/physiology
- Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects
- Neuronal Plasticity/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Peripheral Nerves/drug effects
- Peripheral Nerves/growth & development
- Peripheral Nerves/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-G Xu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
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Gibran NS, Tamura R, Tsou R, Isik FF. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells produce nerve growth factor: implications for wound repair. Shock 2003; 19:127-30. [PMID: 12578120 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200302000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following cutaneous injury, sensory nerves regenerate into the dermis and epidermis. Tissues that are innervated by sensory nerves synthesize neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF). The close anatomic proximity of nerves and capillaries throughout the skin suggests that mutual regulation may exist between nerve fibers and microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) during wound repair. Release of the neuropeptide substance P by sensory nerves induces endothelial cell rounding, capillary leak, and cytokine upregulation. We propose that dermal endothelial cells produce neurotrophins required for nerve fiber maintenance and regeneration. In this study, we demonstrate that substance P stimulates NGF messenger RNA expression by cultured human dermal MECs. Likewise, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay demonstrated that conditioned medium from cultured dermal MECs contains NGF. NGF bioactivity in the supemates was verified by conditioned medium-induced clonal rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cell differentiation. This activity was inhibited by anti-NGF antibodies. Therefore, we have demonstrated that substance P, an inflammatory neuropeptide released by sensory nerve fibers, induces endothelial cells to produce NGF. Our data suggest that MECs may be unrecognized contributors to nerve regeneration after cutaneous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Gibran
- University of Washington, Department of Surgery, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Launay T, Cabelguen JM, Marini JF, Chanoine C. Effects of locomotor training on hindlimb regeneration in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii. J Physiol 2001; 535:241-8. [PMID: 11507173 PMCID: PMC2278772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2001] [Accepted: 04/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of locomotor training on hindlimb regeneration were studied in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii. 2. After amputation of one hindlimb at mid-femur, adult animals were subjected to regular training sessions (1 h daily, 5 days a week, over 8 months) of terrestrial stepping. 3. Eight months post-amputation, trained animals exhibited regenerated limbs of reduced size as compared to animals kept in their aquaria. Histological data showed an abnormal regeneration of both the femur and distal structures (e.g. digit muscles, metatarsi and phalanges) while medial structures (e.g. tibia and fibula) were totally re-formed. The study of the electromyographical activity in regenerated limbs during stepping and that of their reflex responsiveness to electrical stimulation showed that both motor and sensory innervations were functional in the limb stump of trained animals. 4. The regenerative capacity of the abnormal stumps was preserved since following a second amputation a quite normal hindlimb was regenerated in 3 months, provided the re-amputated animals were not trained to terrestrial stepping. 5. The stress due to handling, change in locomotor medium (aquatic vs. terrestrial) and the friction of the wound epidermis with the ground were not involved in the disruption of limb regeneration. 6. The locomotor pattern, the reflex responsiveness and the muscle fibre composition were similar in supernumerary forelimbs grafted on the back and in normal forelimbs. However, the supernumerary forelimbs regenerated normally even in animals subjected to locomotor training while the hindlimb did not. It is concluded that the disrupting effects of locomotor training on limb regeneration were localized to the the limb directly involved in locomotion. 7. The mechanisms underlying abnormal limb regeneration in animals subjected to locomotor training are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Launay
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation Musculaire, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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Lundborg G. A 25-year perspective of peripheral nerve surgery: evolving neuroscientific concepts and clinical significance. J Hand Surg Am 2000; 25:391-414. [PMID: 10811744 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2000.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In spite of an enormous amount of new experimental laboratory data based on evolving neuroscientific concepts during the last 25 years peripheral nerve injuries still belong to the most challenging and difficult surgical reconstructive problems. Our understanding of biological mechanisms regulating posttraumatic nerve regeneration has increased substantially with respect to the role of neurotrophic and neurite-outgrowth promoting substances, but new molecular biological knowledge has so far gained very limited clinical applications. Techniques for clinical approximation of severed nerve ends have reached an optimal technical refinement and new concepts are needed to further increase the results from nerve repair. For bridging gaps in nerve continuity little has changed during the last 25 years. However, evolving principles for immunosuppression may open new perspectives regarding the use of nerve allografts, and various types of tissue engineering combined by bioartificial conduits may also be important. Posttraumatic functional reorganizations occurring in brain cortex are key phenomena explaining much of the inferior functional outcome following nerve repair, and increased knowledge regarding factors involved in brain plasticity may help to further improve the results. Implantation of microchips in the nervous system may provide a new interface between biology and technology and developing gene technology may introduce new possibilities in the manipulation of nerve degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lundborg
- Department of Hand Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Lutz BS, Ma SF, Chuang DC, Wei FC. Effects of Systemically Applied IGF-1 on Motor Nerve Recovery After Peripheral Nerve Transection and Repair in the Rat - A Functional Study. HAND SURGERY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEVOTED TO HAND AND UPPER LIMB SURGERY AND RELATED RESEARCH : JOURNAL OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR SURGERY OF THE HAND 1999; 4:131-136. [PMID: 11089170 DOI: 10.1142/s0218810499000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1999] [Accepted: 10/21/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trophic effects of systemically applied Rh insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) on peripheral motor nerve regeneration following transection and epineural repair in rats median nerve have been examined. RhIGF-1 (0.5 mg/kg/rat) was administered subcutaneously to the neck region of the repaired side for 14 days post-operation. Motor recovery was tested with the grasping test that is an objective quantitative behavioural assessment of regeneration of the rats median nerve. Muscle twitch tension and muscle weight were measured in the flexor digitorum sublimus muscle. No significant differences between experimental and control animals regarding onset of muscle function, recovery of muscle power, and muscle weight were found. These results demonstrate that subcutaneously applied rhIGF-1 cannot improve functional motor recovery after nerve transection and repair in the rat as has been demonstrated after nerve crushing injury. This is regarded as a consequence of specificity failure during reinnervation, which occurs after nerve transection and repair, whereas after crushing injury specific reinnervation is a common feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- BS Lutz
- FACS, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine & Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Leroith D, Blakesley VA, Werner H. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin‐like Growth Factor I Receptor Function: Implications for Normal Physiology and Pathological States. Compr Physiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schmidt RE, Dorsey DA, Beaudet LN, Plurad SB, Parvin CA, Miller MS. Insulin-like growth factor I reverses experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1651-60. [PMID: 10550321 PMCID: PMC1866997 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a role for neurotrophic substances in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. In this study, the effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy was examined in an experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Two months of IGF-I treatment of chronically diabetic rats with established neuroaxonal dystrophy (the neuropathological hallmark of the disease) involving the superior mesenteric ganglion and ileal mesenteric nerves resulted in nearly complete normalization of the frequency of neuroaxonal dystrophy in both sites without altering the severity of diabetes. Treatment with low-dose insulin (to control for the transient glucose-lowering effects of IGF-I) failed to affect the frequency of ganglionic or mesenteric nerve neuroaxonal dystrophy or the severity of diabetes. The striking improvement in the severity of diabetic autonomic neuropathy shown with IGF-I treatment in these studies and the fidelity of the rat model to findings in diabetic human sympathetic ganglia provide promise for the development of new clinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Schmidt
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
During postnatal development in the peripheral nerve, differentiating Schwann cells are susceptible to apoptotic death. Schwann cell apoptosis is regulated by axons and serves as one mechanism through which axon and Schwann cell numbers are correctly matched. This regulation is mediated in part by the provision of limiting axon-derived trophic molecules, although neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is the only trophic factor shown to date to support Schwann cell survival. In this report, we identify insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as an additional trophin that can promote Schwann cell survival in vitro. We find that IGF-I, like NRG-1, can prevent the apoptotic death of postnatal rat Schwann cells cultured under conditions of serum withdrawal. Moreover, we show that differentiating Schwann cells in the rat sciatic nerve express both the IGF-I receptor (IGF-I R) and IGF-I throughout postnatal development. These results indicate that IGF-I is likely to control Schwann cell viability in the developing peripheral nerve and, together with other findings, raise the interesting possibility that such survival regulation may switch during postnatal development from an axon-dependent mechanism to an autocrine and/or paracrine one.
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Shetty AK, Turner DA. Neurite outgrowth from progeny of epidermal growth factor-responsive hippocampal stem cells is significantly less robust than from fetal hippocampal cells following grafting onto organotypic hippocampal slice cultures: effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1999; 38:391-413. [PMID: 10022581 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(19990215)38:3<391::aid-neu8>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive stem cells from both developing and adult central nervous system (CNS) can be expanded and induced to differentiate into neurons and glia in vitro. Because of their self-renewal and multipotent properties, these cells can potentially provide an unlimited tissue source for neural grafting in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the capability of neurons derived from these stem cells to project axons to distant targets following grafting, thereby enabling the restoration of damaged CNS circuitry, remains unknown. We hypothesize that grafted EGF-responsive stem cells and their progeny are not competent to project axons into distant target sites unless exposed to specific neurotrophic factors. We compared neurite outgrowth between gestation day 14 primary mouse hippocampal cells and EGF-generated secondary neurospheres of postnatal mouse hippocampal stem cells, following grafting onto the CA3 region of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures prepared from postnatal rats. Neurite outgrowth from grafted cells was visualized using immunohistochemical staining for the mouse specific antigen M6. Fetal hippocampal cells showed extensive and specific neurite outgrowth into many regions of the slice, including the CA1 region and distant subiculum, by 7 days after grafting. In contrast, neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells was nonspecific and restricted to the immediate surrounding region after either 7 or even 15 days following grafting. Application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (5 ng in 0.5 microL) to slices on day 1 after grafting significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells, but overall neurite outgrowth from neurosphere cells remained decreased compared to that from fetal hippocampal cells. These results underscore that EGF-responsive stem cell-derived neurons possess limited intrinsic capability for long-distance neurite outgrowth compared to fetal neurons. However, neurite outgrowth from EGF-responsive stem cell-derived neurons can be enhanced by treating with specific neurotrophic factors such as BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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McIntosh TK, Juhler M, Wieloch T. Novel pharmacologic strategies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: 1998. J Neurotrauma 1998; 15:731-69. [PMID: 9814632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1998.15.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying secondary or delayed cell death following traumatic brain injury are poorly understood. Recent evidence from experimental models suggests that widespread neuronal loss is progressive and continues in selectively vulnerable brain regions for months to years after the initial insult. The mechanisms underlying delayed cell death are believed to result, in part, from the release or activation of endogenous "autodestructive" pathways induced by the traumatic injury. The development of sophisticated neurochemical, histopathological and molecular techniques to study animal models of TBI have enabled researchers to begin to explore the cellular and genomic pathways that mediate cell damage and death. This new knowledge has stimulated the development of novel therapeutic agents designed to modify gene expression, synthesis, release, receptor or functional activity of these pathological factors with subsequent attenuation of cellular damage and improvement in behavioral function. This article represents a compendium of recent studies suggesting that modification of post-traumatic neurochemical and cellular events with targeted pharmacotherapy can promote functional recovery following traumatic injury to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K McIntosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6316, USA
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Nagtegaal ID, Lakke EA, Marani E. Trophic and tropic factors in the development of the central nervous system. Arch Physiol Biochem 1998; 106:161-202. [PMID: 10099715 DOI: 10.1076/apab.106.3.161.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I D Nagtegaal
- Department of Physiology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Saatman KE, Contreras PC, Smith DH, Raghupathi R, McDermott KL, Fernandez SC, Sanderson KL, Voddi M, McIntosh TK. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) improves both neurological motor and cognitive outcome following experimental brain injury. Exp Neurol 1997; 147:418-27. [PMID: 9344566 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in attenuating neurobehavioral deficits following lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (345-425 g, n = 88) were anesthetized and subjected to FP brain injury of moderate severity (2.4-2.9 atm). In Study 1, IGF-1 (1.0 mg/kg, n = 9) or vehicle (n = 14) was administered by subcutaneous injection at 15 min postinjury and similarly at 12-h intervals for 14 days. In animals evaluated daily for 14 days, IGF-1 treatment attenuated motor dysfunction over the 2-week period (P < 0.02). In Study 2, IGF-1 (4 mg/kg/day, n = 8 uninjured, n = 13 injured) or vehicle (n = 8 uninjured, n = 13 injured) was administered for 2 weeks via a subcutaneous pump implanted 15 min postinjury. IGF-1 administration was associated with increased body weight and mild, transient hypoglycemia which was more pronounced in brain-injured animals. At 2 weeks postinjury (P < 0.05), but not at 48 h or 1 week, brain-injured animals receiving IGF-1 showed improved neuromotor function compared with those receiving vehicle. IGF-1 administration also enhanced learning ability (P < 0.03) and memory retention (P < 0.01) in brain-injured animals at 2 weeks postinjury. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic, posttraumatic administration of the trophic factor IGF-1 may be efficacious in ameliorating neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Saatman
- Center for Injury Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system induces delayed neuronal death, which may be mediated by acute and chronic neurochemical changes. Experimental identification of these injury mechanisms and elucidation of the neurochemical cascade following trauma may provide enhanced opportunities for treatment with novel neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K McIntosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bioengineering, and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Wells MR, Kraus K, Batter DK, Blunt DG, Weremowitz J, Lynch SE, Antoniades HN, Hansson HA. Gel matrix vehicles for growth factor application in nerve gap injuries repaired with tubes: a comparison of biomatrix, collagen, and methylcellulose. Exp Neurol 1997; 146:395-402. [PMID: 9270050 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The repair of nerve gap injuries with tubular nerve guides has been used extensively as an in vivo test model in identifying substances which may enhance nerve regeneration. The model has also been used clinical nerve repair. The objective of this study was to compare three different gel matrix-forming materials as potential vehicles for growth factors in this system. The vehicles included a laminin containing extracellular matrix preparation (Biomatrix), collagen, and a 2% methylcellulose gel. The growth factor test substance consisted of a combination of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). An 8-mm gap in rat sciatic nerve was repaired with a silicone tube containing each of the vehicles alone or with a combination of each vehicle plus PDGF-BB and IGF-I. At 4 weeks after injury, the application of the growth factor combination significantly stimulated axonal regeneration when applied in methylcellulose or collagen, but not in Biomatrix. A similar trend was present between the vehicle control groups. By 8 weeks after injury, nerves repaired with methylcellulose as a vehicle had significantly greater conduction velocity than either collagen or Biomatrix. It was concluded that a 2% methylcellulose gel was the best of the three matrices tested, both in its effects on nerve regeneration and flexibility of formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wells
- New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury 11568, USA
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Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are the myelin producing cells of the peripheral nervous system. During development, SCs cease proliferation and differentiate into either a myelin-forming or non-myelin forming mature phenotype. We are interested in the role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in SC development. We have shown previously SCs proliferate in response to IGF-I in vitro. In the current study, we investigated the role of IGF-I in SC differentiation. SC differentiation was determined by morphological criteria and expression of myelin proteins. Addition of 1 mM 8-bromo cyclic AMP (cAMP) or growth on Matrigel matrix decreased proliferation and induced differentiation of SCs. IGF-I enhanced both cAMP and Matrigel matrix-induced SC differentiation, as assessed by both morphological criteria and myelin gene expression. Cultured SCs also express IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5), which can modulate the actions of IGF-I. We examined the expression of IGFBP-5 during SC differentiation. Both cAMP and Matrigel matrix treatment enhanced IGFBP-5 protein expression and cAMP increased IGFBP-5 gene expression five fold. These findings suggest IGF-I potentiates SC differentiation. The concomitant up-regulation of IGFBP-5 may play a role in targeting IGF-I to SCs and thus increase local IGF-I bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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