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Skvortsov DA, Emashova SK, Kalinina MA, Dontsova OA. Cyanine mitochondrial dye with slightly selective cytotoxicity against A549 cancerous cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000281. [PMID: 33245149 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Delocalized lipophilic cations (DLCs) are known as mitochondria-addressed molecules. Mitochondria targeting may provide opportunities for tumor detection. DLCs may have antioxidant or anticancer properties. In this study, we focused on the toxicity and localization of 2-[(E)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethenyl]-1,6-dimethylpyridin-1-ium iodide (62E2), which has recently been found as a novel cytotoxic fluorescent compound. The excitation maximum of 62E2 is 452 ± 10 nm and its emission maximum is 579 ± 10 nm. It is accumulated in the cells and stains mitochondria in nanomolar concentrations. 62E2 is cytotoxic and mitotoxic in low micromolar concentrations, and it demonstrates some selectivity of cytotoxicity against A549 cancer cells. The closest analog of 62E2 is F16, which is the fluorescent mitotoxic agent that has been described earlier as a potential anticancer agent. We hope that 62E2 described here is useful in expanding the diversity of cyanine fluorescent mitochondrial dyes and the analysis of their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Ufa Scientific Centre, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics Russian Academy of Science (IBG RAS), Ufa, Russia
| | - Sophia K Emashova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga A Dontsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Mortalin/HSPA9 targeting selectively induces KRAS tumor cell death by perturbing mitochondrial membrane permeability. Oncogene 2020; 39:4257-4270. [PMID: 32291414 PMCID: PMC7244387 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial HSP70 chaperone mortalin (HSPA9/GRP75) is often upregulated and mislocalized in MEK/ERK-deregulated tumors. Here, we show that mortalin depletion can selectively induce death of immortalized normal fibroblasts IMR90E1A when combined with K-RasG12V expression, but not with wild type K-Ras expression, and that K-RasG12V-driven MEK/ERK activity is necessary for this lethality. This cell death was attenuated by knockdown or inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), cyclophilin D (CypD), or mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), which implicates a mitochondria-originated death mechanism. Indeed, mortalin depletion increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and induced cell death in KRAS-mutated human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colon cancer lines, which were attenuated by knockdown or inhibition of ANT, CypD, or MCU, and occurred independently of TP53 and p21CIP1. Intriguingly, JG-98, an advanced MKT-077 derivative, phenocopied the lethal effects of mortalin depletion in K-RasG12V-expressing IMR90E1A and KRAS-mutated tumor cell lines in vitro. Moreover, JG-231, a JG-98 analog with improved microsomal stability effectively suppressed the xenograft of MIA PaCa-2, a K-RasG12C-expressing human PDAC line, in athymic nude mice. These data demonstrate that oncogenic KRAS activity sensitizes cells to the effects of mortalin depletion, suggesting that mortalin has potential as a selective therapeutic target for KRAS-mutated tumors.
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Wu PK, Hong SK, Chen W, Becker AE, Gundry RL, Lin CW, Shao H, Gestwicki JE, Park JI. Mortalin (HSPA9) facilitates BRAF-mutant tumor cell survival by suppressing ANT3-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeability. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/622/eaay1478. [PMID: 32156782 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mortalin [also known as heat shock protein family A (HSP70) member 9 (HSPA9) or glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75)] is a mitochondrial molecular chaperone that is often up-regulated and mislocalized in tumors with abnormal activation of the kinases MEK and ERK. Here, we found that mortalin depletion was selectively lethal to tumor and immortalized normal cells expressing the mutant kinase B-RafV600E or the chimeric protein ΔRaf-1:ER and that MEK-ERK-sensitive regulation of the peptide-binding domain in mortalin was critical to cell survival or death. Proteomics screening identified adenine nucleotide translocase 3 (ANT3) as a previously unknown mortalin substrate and cell survival/death effector. Mechanistically, increased MEK-ERK signaling activity and mortalin function converged opposingly on the regulation of mitochondrial permeability. Specifically, whereas MEK-ERK activity increased mitochondrial permeability by promoting the interaction between ANT3 and the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin D (CypD), mortalin decreased mitochondrial permeability by inhibiting this interaction. Hence, mortalin depletion increased mitochondrial permeability in MEK-ERK-deregulated cells to an extent that triggered cell death. HSP70 inhibitor derivatives that effectively inhibited mortalin suppressed the proliferation of B-RafV600E tumor cells in culture and in vivo, including their B-Raf inhibitor-resistant progenies. These findings suggest that targeting mortalin has potential as a selective therapeutic strategy in B-Raf-mutant or MEK-ERK-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Seung-Keun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrew E Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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4
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Lai WF, Wong WT. Roles of the actin cytoskeleton in aging and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101021. [PMID: 31968269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the cytoskeleton is essential to diverse cellular processes such as phagocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Disruption of the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton leads to age-associated symptoms and diseases, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. In addition, changes in the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton disrupt the functioning of not only somatic and stem cells but also gametes, resulting in aberrant embryonic development. Strategies to preserve the integrity and dynamics of the cytoskeleton are, therefore, potentially therapeutic to age-related disorders. The objective of this article is to revisit the current understanding of the roles played by the actin cytoskeleton in aging, and to review the opportunities and challenges for the transition of basic research into intervention development. It is hoped that, with the snapshot of evidence regarding changes in actin dynamics with advanced age, insights into future research directions can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, PR China; School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Trendowski M. Exploiting the cytoskeletal filaments of neoplastic cells to potentiate a novel therapeutic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:599-616. [PMID: 25286320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeletal-directed agents have been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols due to their ability to readily interfere with the rapid mitotic progression of neoplastic cells, they are all microtubule-based drugs, and there has yet to be any microfilament- or intermediate filament-directed agents approved for clinical use. There are many inherent differences between the cytoskeletal networks of malignant and normal cells, providing an ideal target to attain preferential damage. Further, numerous microfilament-directed agents, and an intermediate filament-directed agent of particular interest (withaferin A) have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy, suggesting that cytoskeletal filaments may be exploited to supplement chemotherapeutic approaches currently used in the clinical setting. Therefore, this review is intended to expose academics and clinicians to the tremendous variety of cytoskeletal filament-directed agents that are currently available for further chemotherapeutic evaluation. The mechanisms by which microfilament directed- and intermediate filament-directed agents damage malignant cells are discussed in detail in order to establish how the drugs can be used in combination with each other, or with currently approved chemotherapeutic agents to generate a substantial synergistic attack, potentially establishing a new paradigm of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trendowski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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Horobin RW, Trapp S, Weissig V. Mitochondriotropics: A review of their mode of action, and their applications for drug and DNA delivery to mammalian mitochondria. J Control Release 2007; 121:125-36. [PMID: 17658192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since compounds targeting mitochondria exhibit diverse accumulation mechanisms and chemical features, various questions arise. Do such "mitochondriotropics" have a characteristic chemistry? What are mitochondrial uptake mechanisms? Do mitochondriotropics necessarily accumulate in mitochondria or merely have access? Is the concept "mitochondriotropic" of any practical value? To seek answers, a non-biased sample of >100 mitochondriotropics was generated from the review literature. This dataset was examined using: physicochemical classification; quantitative structure-activity relations (QSAR) models; and a Fick-Nernst-Planck physicochemical model. The ability of the latter two approaches to predict mitochondriotropic behaviour was assessed, and comparisons made between methods, and with current assumptions. All approaches provided instructive pictures of the nature of mitochondriotropics. Thus although lipophilic cations are regarded as the commonest structural type, only a third were such. Much the same proportion were acids, potentially or actually anions. Many mitochondriotropics were electrically neutral compounds. All categorizations involved overall molecular properties, not the presence of "mitochondriotropic tags"--again contrary to literature concepts. Selective mitochondrial accumulation involved electric potential, ion-trapping, and complex formation with cardiolipin; non-specific accumulation involved membrane partitioning. Non-specific access required only low lipophilicity. Mitochondrial targeting did not preclude additional accumulation sites, e.g. lysosomes. The concept "mitochondriotropic" remains useful, although may imply access, not accumulation. QSAR and Fick-Nernst-Planck approaches are complementary--neither is universally applicable. Using both approaches enabled the mitochondriotropic behavior of >80% of the dataset to be predicted, and the physicochemistry of mitochondriotropics to be specified in some detail. This can facilitate guided syntheses and selection of optimal mitochondriotropic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Horobin
- Division of Neurosciences and Biomedical Systems, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Widemann BC. Merlin PAKs a punch. Cancer J 2004; 10:8-11. [PMID: 15000489 DOI: 10.1097/00130404-200401000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte C Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 13C103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1928, USA.
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Hockenbery DM, Giedt CD, O'Neill JW, Manion MK, Banker DE. Mitochondria and apoptosis: new therapeutic targets. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 85:203-42. [PMID: 12374287 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)85007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Hockenbery
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondria are principal actors in apoptosis as central hubs for diverse apoptotic signals. A new paper demonstrates the therapeutic potential of directly engaging these apoptotic pathways by identifying a mitochondrial toxin selective for tumor cells.
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