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Sylvester HJ, Griffith EH, Jacob ME, Foster DM. Factors associated with strongyle infection in goats at the individual and farm level. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:907-917. [PMID: 30211646 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.7.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with strongyle infection and parasite reduction strategies associated with low strongyle fecal egg counts (FECs) in goats on farms in North Carolina. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 631 adult goats on 52 farms in North Carolina. PROCEDURES Participating farms were visited to collect fecal samples from goats and administer a survey regarding goat, environmental, and management factors. The McMaster technique was used to determine strongyle FEC for each sample. Univariate followed by multivariate modeling was performed to identify factors associated with FEC at the farm and individual goat level. RESULTS Multivariate analysis controlling for several other factors and multiple comparisons revealed that farms on which no anthelmintic drugs had ever been used had the lowest mean FECs, compared with farms on which specific strategies for parasite control were used; no other variables were significant. For individual goat FEC, significant variables included goat breed, breed type, owner-defined purpose, daily dietary protein intake, and fecal coccidia score. In particular, companion goats (vs meat or dairy goats) had the lowest FECs. Higher dietary protein intake and coccidia scores were associated with higher FECs. Among females, goats that had kidded in the last 6 weeks had the highest FECs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Various factors were identified that appeared to influence the likelihood of strongyle infection in goats. The finding that farms with no history of anthelmintic use had the lowest mean FECs suggested that a focus on preventative measures could reduce the need for anthelmintic drugs and, by extension, lessen the opportunity for the development of anthelmintic resistance.
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McGregor BA, Presidente PJA, Campbell NJ. The influence of stocking rate and mixed grazing of Angora goats and Merino sheep on animal and pasture production in southern Australia. 4. Gastrointestinal parasitism. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes limit the growth, production and welfare of goats but there are few reliable sources of information for recommending management practices across flocks. The effects of animal species (Angora goat, Merino sheep, mixed-grazed goats and mixed-grazed sheep at the ratio of 1 : 1) and stocking rate (SR: 7.5, 10, 12.5 animals/ha) on gastrointestinal parasitism were determined in a replicated experiment on improved annual temperate pastures in southern Australia, from 1981 to 1984. Detailed monitoring of gastrointestinal nematodes was undertaken on animals before, during (five times per year) and at the conclusion of studies using faecal strongyle egg counts (WEC) and total worm counts. Sheep had a greater proportion of nematodes as Teladorsagia spp. and goats a greater incidence of Trichostrongylus spp. Both goats and sheep developed resistance to Nematodirus spp. during the experiment. WEC was similar in goats and sheep at the start of the experimental period but, thereafter, was consistently greater in goats than in sheep. While WEC was highly related to total worm count, the regressions for sheep and goats were different. Increasing the SR increased the WEC of goats and mixed-grazed goats but not of sheep. During the experiment, WEC declined at 7 and 10 animals/ha but increased at 12.5/ha. Mixed grazing with goats provided beneficial effects for sheep at all stocking rates, but the effects for goats were dependent on the stocking rate, being beneficial at 7.5 and 10/ha but harmful at 12.5/ha. The WEC of separately grazed goats were generally higher than the WEC of mixed grazed goats. The WEC of mixed sheep were lower than those of separately grazed sheep. During the experiment, the WEC of mixed grazed sheep declined faster than the WEC of separately grazed sheep but the WEC of separately grazed goats at 12.5/ha and of mixed grazed goats at 10 and 12.5/ha increased. Under the environmental and pastoral conditions examined, Angora wether goats should not be grazed at SR above those recommended for wether sheep. In the present study, the impact of gastrointestinal-nematode infections in goats was reduced at lower SR. Further, mixed grazing of Angora wether goats with wether sheep at or below the recommended SR resulted in reduced gastrointestinal parasitism for both sheep and goats, compared with monospecific grazing conditions. Goats did not represent a gastrointestinal-nematode hazard to sheep.
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McKenna PB. The use of benzimidazole-levamisole mixtures for the control and prevention of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes: an assessment of their likely effects. N Z Vet J 2011; 38:45-9. [PMID: 16031574 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1990.35614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Literature relevant to the use of benzimidazole-levamisole combinations for the control and prevention of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep is reviewed and the likely consequences of such a strategy are considered. It is suggested that while a system of multiple attack involving the simultaneous administration of both compounds, each given at their full recommended individual dose rates, may have limited scope in combatting resistance once it has arisen, as a means of delaying or preventing its emergence in the first place it may be more appropriate. In these latter circumstances, it seems unlikely that the use of a benzimidazole-levamisole mixture would result in a faster build-up of resistance then would the sequential application of either drug on its own, and indeed may greatly delay it.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B McKenna
- Batchelar Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Box 1654, Palmerston North
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Valentine BA, Cebra CK, Taylor GH. Fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats: 31 cases (2001-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1098-103. [PMID: 17916038 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.7.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate signalment, history, clinical and pathologic findings, and seasonal weather patterns in association with fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 152 goats that were > 1 day of age. PROCEDURES Characteristics including age and counts of coccidia oocysts and trichostrongyle ova (eggs) per gram of feces (EPG) in goats that died because of gastrointestinal parasitism and goats that died because of other causes were compared. Weather data and annual incidence of caprine fatal gastrointestinal parasitism were investigated. RESULTS Death was attributed to gastrointestinal parasitism in 31 of 152 (20%) goats (median age, 5 months; range, 1 month to 7 years); deaths were attributed to coccidiosis (n = 7 goats; median age, 4 months; median EPG, 2,225), trichostrongylosis (6 goats; median age, 1.25 years; median EPG, 3,700), or dual infection (18 goats; median age, 6.7 months; median EPG, 8,088 coccidia and 5,475 trichostrongyles). Sudden onset of weakness or death was a common historical finding; diarrhea was evident in 15 goats. Common postmortem findings in these goats included cachexia, tissue pallor, poorly formed feces, and mesenteric lymphadenomegaly. Wet weather in spring and summer was associated with increased annual incidence of fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal parasitism is an important cause of death in goats. Clinical signs may not develop until just prior to death, and diagnosis is achieved via parasitologic evaluation of feces and necropsy. Seasonal weather patterns should be considered on an annual basis when designing parasite control programs for goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Valentine
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Jabbar A, Iqbal Z, Kerboeuf D, Muhammad G, Khan MN, Afaq M. Anthelmintic resistance: The state of play revisited. Life Sci 2006; 79:2413-31. [PMID: 16979192 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Helminthosis is one of the major constraints in the successful wool and mutton industry throughout the world. Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) is said to have been established when previously effective drug ceases to kill exposed parasitic population at the therapeutically recommended dosages. Anthelmintic resistance is almost cosmopolitan in distribution and it has been reported in almost all species of domestic animals and even in some parasites of human beings. Some of the most important species of parasites of small ruminants in which AR has been reported include: Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. Teladorsagia spp., Cooperia spp. Nematodirus spp., and Oesophagostomum spp. All the major groups of anthelmintics have been reported for development of variable degrees of resistance in different species of gastrointestinal nematodes. This paper describes the global scenario of prevalence and methods used for detection of AR in small ruminants. Different mechanisms and contributory factors for the development of AR are discussed. Various options and alternate strategies for the control and/or delay in the onset of AR are suggested in the light of available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Chemotherapy Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
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Terrill TH, Kaplan RM, Larsen M, Samples OM, Miller JE, Gelaye S. Anthelmintic resistance on goat farms in Georgia: efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in two selected goat herds. Vet Parasitol 2001; 97:261-8. [PMID: 11390079 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism is a major constraint to production of goats in the southeastern United States. The conventional method of control used by producers in this region is frequent use of anthelmintics during the warm season. Overuse of anthelmintics has led to an increase in the incidence of anthelmintic resistance in many parts of the world, but data on prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in GIN of goats in the southeastern United States are very limited. To address this issue, anthelmintic efficacy was determined in goat herds at the Fort Valley State University, Agricultural Research Station (FVSU-ARS) and the University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine (UGA-CVM) using fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests and DrenchRite((R)) larval development assays (LDA). At FVSU-ARS, 2-year-old Spanish goat does were randomly allocated to one of nine different treatment groups (n = 10): albendazole (ABZ; 20mg/kg body weight (BW)), fenbendazole (FBZ; 20mg/kg BW), ivermectin (IVM; 0.4 mg/kg BW), doramectin (DRM; 0.4 mg/kg BW), moxidectin (MOX; 0.4 mg/kg BW), levamisole (LEV; 12 mg/kg BW), morantel tartrate (MOR; 10mg/kg BW), a combination of IVM (0.4 mg/kg BW) and ABZ (20 mg/kg BW), and untreated controls. At UGA-CVM, goats were randomly allocated to one of five different treatment groups (n = 8): ABZ (20 mg/kg BW), IVM (0.4 mg/kg BW), MOX (0.4 mg/kg BW), LEV (12 mg/kg BW), and untreated controls. All drugs in both experiments were administered orally. Anthelmintic efficacy was calculated by comparing 14-day post-treatment FEC of treated and control animals, and percent reductions were interpreted using the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology guidelines for resistance. For the LDA, nematode eggs were isolated from pooled fecal samples of untreated control goats in each herd and used to perform DrenchRite((R)) assays. In the FVSU-ARS herd, MOX, LEV, the combination of IVM and ABZ, IVM, DRM, ABZ, MOR, and FBZ reduced FEC by 100, 91, 88, 78, 76, 62, 48, and 10%, respectively. In the UGA-CVM herd, MOX, LEV, ABZ and IVM, reduced FEC by 100, 94, 87, and 0%, respectively. In both herds moxidectin was the only drug tested that was fully effective. Results of the LDA were in agreement with results of the FECR tests for both herds. These data demonstrate the presence of GINs resistant to all three major anthelmintic classes in both goat herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Terrill
- School of Agriculture, Home Economics and Allied Programs, Fort Valley State University, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA.
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Vieira LS, Cavalcante ACR. Resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos caprinos no Estado do Ceará. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x1999000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Um levantamento em nível de campo sobre resistência anti-helmíntica em nematódeos gastrintestinais de caprinos foi realizado em 34 rebanhos no Estado do Ceará. Em cada rebanho foram separados 30 cabritos, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 1 a 6 meses, os quais foram individualmente pesados, identificados e distribuídos em três tratamentos: 1) Oxfendazole na dose de 4,75mg/kg; 2) Levamisole na dose de 7,5 mg/kg e 3) Controle (não medicado). Os anti-helmínticos foram administrados de acordo com o peso individual de cada animal e, a dosagem utilizada para cada produto foi a recomendada pelo laboratório fabricante. Foram colhidas fezes dos animais de todos os tratamentos, para OPG e coprocultura, no dia da medicação e 7 dias após. Dos 34 rebanhos avaliados, 7 (20,6%) apresentaram resistência aos imidazóis, 6 (17,6%) aos benzimidazóis e 12 (35,3%) revelaram resistência múltipla. Apenas em 9 rebanhos (26,5%), os nematódeos foram sensíveis aos anti-helmínticos avaliados. Através do questionário aplicado detectou-se que 52,9% dos caprinocultores entrevistados usavam anti-helmínticos de amplo espectro. Os resultados das coproculturas mostraram que os gêneros sobreviventes à medicação com oxfendazole foram principalmente Haemonchus sp, seguido em menor frequência por Oesophagostomum sp, enquanto que ao cloridrato de levamisole sobreviveram Haemonchus sp, Oesophagostomum sp e Trichostrongylus sp.
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Requejo-Fernández JA, Martínez A, Meana A, Rojo-Vázquez FA, Osoro K, Ortega-Mora LM. Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites from goats in Spain. Vet Parasitol 1997; 73:83-8. [PMID: 9477495 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a flock of cashmere goats sited in Asturias (NW, Spain) diminished efficacy was observed following treatment with netobimin and consequently a study to demonstrate the existence of anthelmintic resistance and the species of nematode involved was conducted. Results from faecal egg count reduction tests before and after treatment with netobimin or ivermectin showed efficacies of 89.4 (81.8-94.8) and 99.7% (93.9-99.9%), respectively. Teladorsagia circumcincta was found to be the dominant species involved in netobimin resistance. Effective dose (ED50) values in the egg hatch assay of 0.22 microgram thiabendazole ml-1 confirmed the existence of benzimidazole carbamate resistant nematodes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the existence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes from ruminants in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Requejo-Fernández
- Dpto. Patología Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Spain
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Singh S, Yadav CL. A survey of anthelmintic resistance by nematodes on three sheep and two goat farms in Hisar (India). Vet Res Commun 1997; 21:447-51. [PMID: 9266664 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005811503644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS HAU, Hisar, India
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Conder GA, Campbell WC. Chemotherapy of nematode infections of veterinary importance, with special reference to drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1995; 35:1-84. [PMID: 7709851 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Conder
- Upjohn Laboratories, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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Dorny P, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J, Sani R, Jalila A. Anthelmintic resistance in goats in peninsular Malaysia. Vet Parasitol 1994; 55:327-42. [PMID: 7725626 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-six randomly selected farms, located throughout peninsular Malaysia, were surveyed for goat nematodes resistant to benzimidazoles (BZ). On 33 farms BZ resistance was demonstrated by means of an egg hatch assay. Haemonchus contortus was found to be the main species involved in anthelmintic resistance. There was a positive association between the frequency of anthelmintic treatments on a farm and the presence of benzimidazole resistance. To assess the value of the egg hatch assay, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests were also performed on 20 farms. On six farms the LD50 of thiabendazole (TBZ) was less than 0.10 micrograms ml-1 and the FECR higher than 95% and on ten farms with an LD50 TBZ of over 0.10 micrograms ml-1 a FECR of less than 95% was measured. On four farms the FECR was less than 95%, although the egg hatch assay showed LD50 TBZ values of less than 0.10 micrograms ml-1 and on two of these three farms a controlled efficacy test confirmed the presence of BZ resistant H. contortus. From these results it can be concluded that the egg hatch assay underestimated the true incidence of benzimidazole resistance. Levamisole resistance was detected with a FECR test on two of ten farms investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dorny
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Gent, Belgium
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Várady M, Praslicka J, Corba J. Treatment of multiple resistant field strain of Ostertagia spp. in Cashmere and Angora goats. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:335-40. [PMID: 8070950 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A multiple resistant field strain of gastro-intestinal nematodes was detected in Cashmere and Angora goats imported from New Zealand. Different treatments with three types of broad spectrum anthelmintics (albendazole, levamisole/tetramisole and ivermectin) at various dose rates are described. Satisfactory effect in Angora goats was not achieved until all three anthelmintics were administered simultaneously at twice the normal sheep dose. Post mortem worm counts and identification revealed that the resistant population consisted of 89% Ostertagia circumcincta, 6% Ostertagia ostertagi and 5% Ostertagia trifurcata. However, egg hatch assay carried out seven months later detected the presence of resistant nematodes again.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Várady
- Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- Department of Animal Health, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to establish whether resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics was present in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats at the university farm of Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Groups of lambs were treated with albendazole at 3.8 mg/kg (recommended dose rate), 5.6 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg and a fourth group was untreated. Seven days after treatment, faecal egg count reductions (FECR) were found to be 94.3%, 97.6% and 99.3% and 14 days after treatment FECR of the same groups were 83.0%, 81.3% and 99.6%, respectively. Larval cultures indicated that only H. contortus were present in post-treatment samples. This strain of H. contortus, (DASP) and another strain of H. contortus (MKATA), considered susceptible to anthelmintics, were used in an experimental in vivo study and for an in vitro egg hatch assay. Treatment with fenbendazole at the recommended dose of groups of lambs infected with either strains showed no reduction in the DASP strain and a 70.5% reduction in the MKATA strain. The in vitro egg hatch assay established a significant difference (p less than 0.05) in hatchability of eggs of the two strains. The development of the high level of resistance to fenbendazole in the DASP strain is related to the history of anthelmintic usage and management of sheep and goats at the university farm.
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Estuningsih SE, Stevenson P, Beriajaya, Knox MR. Triclabendazole in the treatment of Fasciola gigantica infection in swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aust Vet J 1990; 67:234-5. [PMID: 2222372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Van Aken D, De Bont J, Vercruysse J. Benzimidazole resistance in a field population of Haemonchus contortus from goats in Sri Lanka. Small Rumin Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(89)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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