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Causes of Mortality of Dairy Cattle Diagnosed by Complete Necropsy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213001. [PMID: 36359125 PMCID: PMC9657458 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Necropsy of dairy cattle is an important diagnostic tool, often more definitive or differing from the perceptions of dairy farm personnel in diagnosing the cause of death. This retrospective case series summarized the primary causes of death in all dairy animals diagnosed at necropsy from Utah and other states, mostly in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Some fatal diseases in dairy cattle that might be expected to be diagnosed ante-mortem were detected. Necropsy diagnosis is a guide to changes in management or preventive practices to reduce the rate of deaths in dairy herds. Abstract This retrospective case series summarized the primary causes of death in 857 dairy cattle necropsied from 2008 to 2019 at the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, from dairy farms in Utah (76%), Idaho (16%) or other states (8%), primarily in the U.S. Intermountain West. Of cattle with age provided, 74% matched with body weight based estimates for those with no age stated. Cattle ranged from fetuses at 60 days of gestation to 9 years old. Primary cause of mortality was diagnosed in 833 cattle (97%); no cause was evident in 24 cattle (3%). Sexes were female 620 (72%), male 214 (25%), not recorded 23 (3%). Seven diseases killed 80% of the animals: gastrointestinal disease (most enteritis/colitis) 318 (37%); pneumonia 166 (19%); abortion 96 (11%), peritonitis 30 (4%), omphalophlebitis (navel ill) 27 (3%), abomasitis 23 (3%), and metritis 23 (3%). Etiologic agents and specific causes varied with age categories of the animals. Young calves that died from dystocia, omphalophlebitis, or congenital abnormality often presented with no suspicion of those causes by the owners because of no external signs. Some important fatal diseases of adult dairy cows that are often diagnosed ante-mortem were diagnosed at necropsy with no suspicion by those submitting the carcasses: metritis, hardware disease, and displaced abomasum. Multicentric lymphoma was a relatively important cause of death in cows more than 4 years old. Despite use of a toxicology laboratory, toxicity was only diagnosed as causing 1% of the deaths across all ages of dairy cattle. There were numerous other causes of mortality diagnosed as well. Necropsy is a vital tool to diagnose causes of death in dairy cattle and can guide changes in management or preventive practices to reduce the rate of deaths in dairy herds.
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Yoshimura N, Tsuka T, Yoshimura T, Otoi T. Efficacy of Abdominal Ultrasonography for Differentiation of Gastrointestinal Diseases in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192489. [PMID: 36230230 PMCID: PMC9558495 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal diseases represent one of the common causes of bovine acute abdomen, such as abdominal distention, abdominal pain, and cessation of defecation. In addition to the observable signs when performing routine auscultation, rectal palpation, and biochemical examinations of ruminal fluid and blood, these clinical observations can provide evidence suggestive of these diseases, but they generally result in an inconclusive diagnosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy is often used because it facilitates both diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. For bovines, abdominal ultrasonography is frequently utilized as a convenient imaging modality to assist accurate diagnosis and contribute to subsequent appropriate therapeutic choices for bovine gastrointestinal diseases. According to recent trends in human medicine and small animal practice, technical improvements have led to developments in the diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasonography, including scanning methods and the establishment of valuable diagnostic signs specific to a particular disease, e.g., a target sign for intussusception. Abstract This study investigated the clinical efficacy of abdominal ultrasonography for abomasal dilation in three calves, intestinal volvulus in five calves, intussusception in one calf, and internal hernia in one calf. In the abdominal ultrasonograms of the abomasal dilation cases, this disease was commonly characterized by severely extended lumens, including heterogeneously hyperechoic ingesta without intraluminal accumulations of gas. In the animals with intestinal volvulus and intussusception, a to-and-fro flow was observed to be a common ultrasonographic characteristic that led to suspicion of an intestinal obstruction. The use of abdominal ultrasonography for five cases with intestinal volvulus gave no reason to suspect this disease, despite its efficacy in one case, based on an acutely angled narrowing. Although three of five animals with intestinal volvulus had intestinal ruptures, no ultrasonographic evidence could be obtained. When abdominal ultrasonography was used for one case with intussusception, this pathological condition could be strongly suspected, as a “target” sign was observed. This finding supported surgical intervention for this case, followed by treatment with manual reduction, resulting in a favorable outcome. In terms of the differential and definitive diagnosis for various intestinal diseases, abdominal ultrasonography may be poor at providing indicative evidence, but very helpful for confirming intestinal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Yoshimura
- Shimane Prefectural Federation Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 748-1, Watarihashi, Izumo 693-0004, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-24 Shinkura, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuka
- Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takaaki Yoshimura
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-24 Shinkura, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
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Song Y, Wang Z, Li R, Hao D, Wang Z, Xia C, Bai Y. Left displacement of the third gastric compartment in an alpaca: the first case report in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:85. [PMID: 35246131 PMCID: PMC8896222 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left displacement of the third gastric compartment (LDC3) in alpacas is an extremely rare condition and has not been reported thus far. Therefore, we describe the clinical diagnosis and treatment of LDC3 in an alpaca. Case presentation A 2-year-old brown female alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented to evaluate a 3-day history of abdominal distension causing loss of both appetite and thirst, along with oliguria and low to no defecation. Clinical examination, X-ray examination, surgical exploration, and determination of gastric pH (pH ~ 2.35) confirmed that LDC3 resulted in abdominal distension. The gastric wall of the displaced third gastric compartment was incised for the expulsion of pneumatosis, and a medical-grade silicone tube was inserted into the incision to remove the effusion by siphoning. Surgical treatment proved to effectively alleviate the abdominal distension caused by LDC3 without apparent side effects. Conclusions To our knowledge, this case is the first known report of LDC3 in an alpaca in China. A similar condition, left displaced abomasum, has previously been described in cattle and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dandan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
| | - Yunlong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
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Al Masri S, Reincke R, Huenigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Richardson K, Plendl J. Computed tomography study of the fetal development of the dairy cow stomach complex. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1719-1729. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Itoh M, Aoki T, Sakurai Y, Sasaki N, Inokuma H, Kawamoto S, Yamada K. Fluoroscopic observation of the development of displaced abomasum in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1952-1956. [PMID: 29046496 PMCID: PMC5745170 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms underlying the development of displaced abomasum (DA), we
repositioned DA in 12 cows by rolling and observed the course of redisplacement using
X-ray fluoroscopy. Displacement of the abomasum was observed to follow three patterns:
displacement to the left side of the abdominal cavity through the gap formed at the
reticulum, atrium of the rumen and ventral sac of the rumen (n=7); displacement to the
left side after cranial movement along the diaphragm (n=3); displacement to the right side
after cranial movement along the diaphragm (n=2). These differences were considered to be
associated with the rumen volume. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study
reporting the visual observation of the course of DA in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Itoh
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshie Sakurai
- Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Sintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuoku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Oman RE, Streeter RN, Reppert EJ, Chako CZ. Left Displacement of the Abomasum in 4 Beef Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1376-80. [PMID: 27248852 PMCID: PMC5089626 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the occurrence rate, underlying etiology or treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in beef calves. Objective Describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in 4 beef calves. Animals Four client‐owned beef breed calves with left displaced abomasum (LDA). Methods Retrospective case series. Hospital medical records were reviewed to identify all beef breed cattle under the age of 6 months diagnosed with LDA. Results Four beef calves were treated for left displacement of the abomasum. All four had a history of decreased appetite and left‐sided abdominal distention. Two had recently been treated for necrotic laryngitis and one was being treated for clostridial abomasitis. Ultrasonography confirmed the abomasum to be displaced between the rumen and the left body wall in all calves. The calves were initially treated by rolling to correct the abomasal displacement. The abomasum redisplaced in 3 of 4 calves within 1 hour to 6 days; 1 calf developed a mesenteric volvulus. A right paramedian abomasopexy was performed in all cases. Three of 4 calves grew well and remained in the herd 6–18 months later; 1 calf was euthanized because of complications associated with necrotic laryngitis. Conclusions and clinical importance Left displacement of the abomasum should be considered as a differential diagnosis for beef calves with abdominal distention. Concurrent necrotic laryngitis can increase the risk of abomasal displacement in beef calves. Treatment should include surgical correction as rolling is not curative and might be associated with mesenteric volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Oman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - R N Streeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - E J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, 66506
| | - C Z Chako
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308
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Abstract
Although underrepresented compared with infectious diseases, calves' surgical abdomen diseases and abdominal surgery are a part of daily veterinary practice. Clinical presentations may differ from adult cattle and change rapidly. The decision whether to perform abdominal surgery or refer the animal has to take into consideration the condition and its prognosis for the calf. This article discusses clinical presentation of calves and focuses on specific situations with a detailed description of the surgical techniques, atresia coli, and umbilical remnants infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200, Sicotte, St Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 6K9, Canada.
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Geishauser T. Abomasal displacement in the bovine--a review on character, occurrence, aetiology and pathogenesis. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1995; 42:229-51. [PMID: 7495163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Literature on the subject of character, history, occurrence, causes and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in the bovine is listed and summarized. The chapter on occurrence is subdivided according to heritibility, sex, age, season, husbandry, milk yield and concomitant diseases. In the chapter on causes special consideration is given to feeding. The chapter on pathogenesis is subdivided according to mechanical influences, disturbances of the abomasal motor activity, collection of gas and dilatation of the abomasum and artificial displacement of the abomasum. Displacement of the abomasum is seen predominantly in the spring in herds with above-average milk yield in dairy cows between the age of 4 and 7 years which have calved within the last month and have ketosis. The etiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Geishauser
- Medical and Forensic Veterinary Clinic II (Internal Diseases of Ruminants), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The presentation of approximately 40 dairy cows affected with left-side displacement of the abomasum (LDA) per annum in a cattle practice in East Gippsland, Victoria provided an opportunity to conduct a survey and case-control study of the disease in a grazing environment. The study, involving 37 dairy cows at pasture, revealed significant differences from the pattern of the disease occurring in the northern hemisphere where cows in older age groups, of larger frame size, higher production and fed high grain rations are at increased risk. Affected cows were diagnosed over a 10-month period and represented approximately 0.06% of the dairy cow population. Most cases were diagnosed in the early lactation period. Evidence for a genetic predisposition was suggested by the discovery that one sire generated a disproportionately large number (9) of the cows with LDA. Although affected cows were average producers in their herds, being a member of a high-producing herd was a significant risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Jubb
- University of Melbourne, Rural Veterinary Unit, Maffra, Victoria
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10
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Abstract
Many disorders of the calf's gastrointestinal tract require surgical intervention if a successful outcome is to be obtained. The most common abnormalities in this category are abomasal volvulus, abomasal ulcers, small intestinal accidents, and atresia of the spiral colon. These can be differentiated by the age of the animal at presentation and a careful physical examination. Special considerations in neonatal gastrointestinal surgery include: ensuring adequate serum immunoglobulin status, rapid treatment of dehydration and hypoglycemia, and consideration of the inheritability of any corrected defects. Prompt attention to metabolic disturbances and correction of the abnormalities are essential for a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Bristol
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh
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Niederman CN, Thatcher CD, Welker B. Nutritional factors in bovine gastrointestinal disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1990; 6:265-306. [PMID: 2200569 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders may be prevented through proper nutrition. Attention should be placed on establishing optimum feeding programs for cattle in all stages of the life and production cycle. Normal reticuloruminal development in calves and maintenance of gastrointestinal function in adult cattle is dependent upon adequate nutrition. Nutrition is also an important part of therapy of many gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Niederman
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
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Abstract
Intensive management of cattle has resulted in an increased incidence of abomasal disorders. Many of these disorders require surgical intervention for the best outcome. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the abomasum, abomasal disorders that may be treated by surgery, and the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches to those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Trent
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
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