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Mishchenko AV, Mishchenko VA, Gulyukin MI, Oganesyan AS, Alexeyenkova SV, Zaberezhny AD, Gulyukin AМ. [Persistent form of bovine viral diarrhea]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:465-478. [PMID: 38156563 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The review provides an analysis of literature data on the persistent form of Bovine Viral diarrhea/Mucosal disease (BVD) and is focused on virus and host factors, including those related to immune response, that contribute the persistence of the virus. BVD is a cattle disease widespread throughout the world that causes significant economic damage to dairy and beef cattle. The disease is characterized by a variety of clinical signs, including damage to the digestive and respiratory organs, abortions, stillbirths and other failures of reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V A Mishchenko
- Federal Scientific Center VIEV
- Federal Animal Healthcare Center
| | | | | | | | - A D Zaberezhny
- All-Russian Research and Technological Institution of Industry
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Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101263. [PMID: 34684212 PMCID: PMC8540666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.
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Alves ME, Fernandes FD, Monteiro FL, Braunig P, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, Weiblen R, Vogel FS. Co-infection by Neopora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, destined to exportation. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Reproductive tests in cattle are of great economic importance, given the impact it can have on the production system and may be caused by agents. Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) are considered of great importance as reproductive and should be considered responsible for keeping animals persistently infected. The present study included 479 calf serum samples for export in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). All samples were screened for BVDV by an ELISA antigen. BVDV antigen-positive ELISA samples were isolated from BVDV in cell culture. An indirect immunofluorescence (IFT) technique was used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Of the 479 export-treated serum samples, 361 were positive for BVDV antigens by ELISA and/or viral isolation test (361/479-75.36%), and 109 IFT-positive samples for N. caninum (109/479-22.75%). Despite detection of antibodies anti-N. caninum did not differ statistically between naturally infected BVDV and non-BVDV infected animals suggesting that there is no interference of BVDV infection on infection or detection rate of animals with N. caninum, positive animals in viral isolation and high DO in BVDV-Ag ELISA. may present active disease and consequent immunosuppression, contributing to a potential reactivation of N. caninum.
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Olum MO, Mungube EO, Njanja J, Kidali J, Njenga E, Maichomo M, Tsuma VT, Mugambi J. Seroprevalence of canine neosporosis and bovine viral diarrhoea in dairy cattle in selected regions of Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 2:154-158. [PMID: 31984679 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is the causative agent for canine neosporosis (CN), a disease of potential zoonotic importance causing reproductive losses in cattle while causing neuromuscular disease in dogs. Bovine viral diarrhoea on the other hand is caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and is one of the most important reproductive diseases of cattle worldwide. In Kenya, these infections are of economic importance due to the losses they cause in farms in which they are diagnosed or are subclinical. Such losses include reduced milk production, reduced conception, early embryonic deaths and abortions which lead to reproductive wastage. This study was conducted between April 2017 and July 2018 and determined the seroprevalence of neoporosis and BVD in select dairy herds in Kenya. Kakamega, Nandi and Makueni Counties from where dairy farms were purposively sampled were used. Serum samples were collected from randomly selected dairy animals aged at least 2 years in the selected farms and screened for BVDV and CN antibodies. Seroprevalence of N. caninum was 24.1% (n = 552) and BVD, 52.3% (n = 545) across all the counties. Co-infection where antibodies against the two infective agents were present was in 14.6% (n = 541) animals. Chi-square tests of association between prevalence and county were significant for BVD (p = .000) but not for neosporosis (p = .626). Further chi-square tests of association between the two infections were not significant (p = .105) neither were the associations of BVD (p = .575) and neosporosis (p = .626) on pregnancy status. These two diseases are rarely investigated as causes of bovine infertility. Detection of antibodies in the studied dairy herds underpins the need for enhanced surveillance by laboratories and for further studies to understand associated risk factors to formulate effective control strategies in dairy cattle to forestall abortions and production and reproduction losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses O Olum
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Erick O Mungube
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - James Njanja
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - John Kidali
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Edward Njenga
- Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monicah Maichomo
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Victor T Tsuma
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Mugambi
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Nairobi, Kenya
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Combined control evaluation for Neospora caninum infection in dairy: Economic point of view coupled with population dynamics. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:108967. [PMID: 31812121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum infection is regarded as one of the most important infectious causes of abortion in dairy cattle. To intervene in its spread, four potential controls including test-and-cull, medication, vaccination, and selective breeding are considered and assessed in this study. The cost of each control, together with the inevitable annual loss due to population dynamics, is adopted as an assessment criterion from an economic point of view. By performing simulation and sensitivity analysis, our results demonstrate that compared with each single control, combined controls are worthwhile with better financial outcomes. For farm affected with significant prevalence (equal to or greater than 30%), vaccine treatment is the most effective and economical option among all control strategies. On the other hand, for farm where prevalence is relatively low (around 10%), combined control, by applying vaccination followed with test-and-cull, medication or selective breeding, could be alternative treatment to provide better financial outcome against single control in an observed period.
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Diseases associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2b in beef and dairy cattle in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:357-368. [PMID: 31650465 PMCID: PMC7058746 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV, Pestivirus) causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Although serological surveys show that BVDV exposure is widespread in cattle in Uruguay, BVDV-associated diseases are greatly underreported. The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and virological findings from spontaneous outbreaks of BVDV-associated diseases in cattle in Uruguay. Diagnostic investigations were performed during 6 spontaneous disease outbreaks on beef and dairy cattle farms in the departments of Colonia, Rio Negro, and Soriano between November 2016 and April 2018. Carcasses of 8 naturally deceased cattle from these outbreaks were necropsied and subjected to histological examination and immunohistochemistry to detect BVDV antigen in the tissues. Reverse transcription real-time PCR and genomic sequencing were also performed to identify BVDV at the species and subtype levels. Other ancillary diagnostic tests, including bacterial cultures, were performed on a case-by-case basis to rule in/out differential diagnoses based on initial clinicopathological presumptive diagnoses. BVDV-associated conditions that were diagnosed in the 8 cases included mucosal disease, transient postnatal BVDV infections associated with digestive/septicemic salmonellosis by Salmonella serovar typhimurium, Histophilus somni bronchopneumonia, urinary tract coinfections with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp., enteric coinfection with coccidia, and transplacental fetal infections and abortions with Neospora caninum coinfection. BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b were each identified in four of the eight cases. We conclude that BVDV-1a and BVDV-2b contribute significantly to disease and mortality in cattle in Uruguay. Future research should estimate the economic impact of BVDV in the Uruguayan livestock sector.
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Carlsson AM, Curry P, Elkin B, Russell D, Veitch A, Branigan M, Campbell M, Croft B, Cuyler C, Côté SD, Leclerc LM, Tryland M, Nymo IH, Kutz SJ. Multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: A snapshot in time. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219838. [PMID: 31365561 PMCID: PMC6668789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can impact host survival, fecundity, and population dynamics even when no obvious disease is observed. Few baseline data on pathogen prevalence and diversity of caribou are available, which hampers our ability to track changes over time and evaluate impacts on caribou health. Archived blood samples collected from ten migratory caribou herds in Canada and two in Greenland were used to test for exposure to pathogens that have the potential to effect population productivity, are zoonotic or are emerging. Relationships between seroprevalence and individual, population, and other health parameters were also examined. For adult caribou, the highest overall seroprevalence was for alphaherpesvirus (49%, n = 722), pestivirus (49%, n = 572) and Neospora caninum (27%, n = 452). Lower seroprevalence was found for parainfluenza virus type 3 (9%, n = 708), Brucella suis (2%, n = 758), and Toxoplasma gondii (2%, n = 706). No animal tested positive for antibodies against West Nile virus (n = 418) or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (n = 417). This extensive multi-pathogen survey of migratory caribou herds provides evidence that caribou are exposed to pathogens that may have impacts on herd health and revealed potential interactions between pathogens as well as geographical differences in pathogen exposure that could be linked to the bio-geographical history of caribou. Caribou are a keystone species and the socio-economic cornerstone of many indigenous cultures across the North. The results from this study highlight the urgent need for a better understanding of pathogen diversity and the impact of pathogens on caribou health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Carlsson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - P. Curry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - B. Elkin
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Russell
- CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - A. Veitch
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. Branigan
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. Campbell
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
| | - B. Croft
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Alberta, Canada
| | - C. Cuyler
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - S. D. Côté
- Caribou Ungava, Département de Biologie and Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - L-M Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
| | - M. Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - I. H. Nymo
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - S. J. Kutz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Reichel MP, Wahl LC, Hill FI. Review of Diagnostic Procedures and Approaches to Infectious Causes of Reproductive Failures of Cattle in Australia and New Zealand. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:222. [PMID: 30333984 PMCID: PMC6176146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious causes of reproductive failure in cattle are important in Australia and New Zealand, where strict biosecurity protocols are in place to prevent the introduction and spread of new diseases. Neospora caninum ranks highly as an important cause of reproductive wastage along with fungal and bacterial infections. Brucella, a leading cause of abortion elsewhere in the world, is foreign, following successful programs to control and eradicate the disease. Leptospirosis in cattle is largely controlled by vaccination, while Campylobacter and Tritrichomonas infections occur at low rates. In both countries, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection rates as the second most economically important disease of cattle and one that also has an effect on reproduction. Effective disease control strategies require rapid diagnoses at diagnostic laboratories. To facilitate this process, this review will discuss the infectious causes of reproductive losses present in both countries, their clinical presentation and an effective pathway to a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lloyd C Wahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fraser I Hill
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Harmse R, Wong HN, Smit FJ, Müller J, Hemphill A, N'Da DD, Haynes RK. Activities of 11-Azaartemisinin and N-Sulfonyl Derivatives against Neospora caninum and Comparative Cytotoxicities. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:2094-2098. [PMID: 29210523 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neosporosis caused by the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum is an economically important disease that induces abortion in dairy and beef cattle. There are no vaccines or drugs available on the market for control or treatment of the disease in bovines. The peroxide artemisinin and its derivatives used clinically for treatment of malaria are active against N. caninum and other apicomplexan parasites. We have now evaluated the activities of the readily accessible and chemically robust 11-azaartemisinin 5 and selected N-sulfonyl derivatives prepared as described in the accompanying paper against N. caninum tachyzoites grown in infected human foreskin fibroblasts. Azaartemisinin elicited an IC50 value of 150 nm, and the 2',5'-dichloro-3'-thienylsulfonyl-11-azaartemisinin 17 was found to be the most active, with an IC50 value of 40 nm. Comparison with normal human fetal lung fibroblasts HFLF WI-38 revealed relatively benign cytotoxicity. The compounds were also screened in vitro against TK-10 (renal), UACC-62 (melanoma) and MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell lines; overall, in line with activities against HFLF cells, most compounds in the series were found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozanne Harmse
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Frans J Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Moloney BJ, Kirkland PD, Heuer C. Neospora caninum in beef herds in New South Wales, Australia. 1: seroprevalence study. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:72-79. [PMID: 28239857 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in beef breeding herds across New South Wales (NSW) and to determine if there are any differences associated with geographic location and other herd-level factors. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of beef breeding cows (n = 3298) from 63 properties (approximately 55 cows per herd) sampled randomly from six regions in NSW using a multistage survey design. Samples were tested by ELISA for N. caninum. Seroprevalence was determined at animal and herd levels, using an analysis approach to account for stratification, sample weighting and within-herd clustering. RESULTS Animal-level seroprevalence ranged from 1.8% to 11.3% across regions and the overall animal seroprevalence for NSW was 5.9%. The mean within-herd seroprevalence was 5.2%. The herd seroprevalence ranged from 50% to 92%, with an overall point estimate for NSW of 63.8% (using ≥ 1 animal positive = herd positive). The within-herd seroprevalence ranged from 1.6% to 32.7% Prevalence and associated confidence limits were adjusted for the design of the survey. CONCLUSIONS Overall, about two-thirds of all herds in NSW showed evidence of infection, but the seroprevalence of N. caninum in individual beef cattle in NSW was low to moderate (1.8-11.3%). Significant differences occurred between regions. The risk for herds being positive for N. caninum was associated with geographic factors, particularly in the Mid-North Coast Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Moloney
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - C Heuer
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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King JS, Vaughan JL, Windsor PA. Serological evidence ofNeospora caninumin alpacas from eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:259-61. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JS King
- University of Sydney; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Camden New South Wales Australia
| | - JL Vaughan
- Cria Genesis; Ocean Grove Victoria Australia
| | - PA Windsor
- University of Sydney; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Camden New South Wales Australia
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Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fordyce G, Holroyd RG, Taylor J, Kirkland PD. Neospora caninum and reproductive wastage in extensively managed Queensland beef herds. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:385-90. [PMID: 23980832 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare reproduction in extensively managed, tropically adapted beef cows that were either seropositive or seronegative to Neospora caninum. DESIGN Longitudinal study of cows within management groups. METHODS Compare pregnancy with weaning outcomes for 502 seropositive and 3255 seronegative cows in 25 management groups. RESULTS We found N. caninum in all herds, with an average of 20% of 2640 tested animals seropositive within management group; prevalence varied between 0% and 94%. At 7 of 10 sites assessed, there was evidence of horizontal transmission of N. caninum. There was no overall difference in pregnancy rate (79% vs 75%; P > 0.05), reproductive wastage after confirmed pregnancy diagnosis (11% vs 10%; P > 0.05) or weaning rate (67% vs 68%; P > 0.05) between seronegative and seropositive cows, respectively. In one herd where a combination of risk factors for N. caninum was present, a significant reduction in pregnancy rate occurred after the 6 months mating (85% vs 69%; P < 0.05). The fetal and calf losses observed were lowest in south-east Queensland (4.3% of 117 pregnancies), highest in north-west Queensland (15.5% of 413 pregnancies) and intermediate in north-east Queensland (10.2% of 1625 pregnancies). Other infectious agents that are known to cause reproductive wastage were endemic in many herds, though none appeared to cause significant fetal or calf loss in this study. CONCLUSION Despite a high prevalence of N. caninum, there was no apparent effect on beef cattle reproduction, but there is potential to cause reproductive wastage if known risk factors to neosporosis are in effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fordyce
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, 4067, Australia.
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What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle - the billion dollar question. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:133-42. [PMID: 23246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is regarded as one of the most important infectious causes of abortions in cattle worldwide, yet the global economic impact of the infection has not been established. A systematic review of the economic impact of N. caninum infections/abortions was conducted, searching PubMed with the terms 'cattle' and 'Neospora'. This yielded 769 publications and the abstracts were screened for economically relevant information (e.g. abortion prevalence and risk, serological prevalence). Further analysis was restricted to countries with at least five relevant publications. In total, 99 studies (12.9%) from 10 countries contained data from the beef industry (25 papers (25.3%)) and 72 papers (72.8%) from the dairy industry (with the remaining two papers (2.0%) describing general abortion statistics). The total annual cost of N. caninum infections/abortions was estimated to range from a median US $1.1 million in the New Zealand beef industry to an estimated median total of US $546.3 million impact per annum in the US dairy population. The estimate for the total median N. caninum-related losses exceeded US $1.298 billion per annum, ranging as high as US $2.380 billion. Nearly two-thirds of the losses were incurred by the dairy industry (US $842.9 million). Annual losses on individual dairy farms were estimated to reach a median of US $1,600.00, while on beef farms these costs amounted to just US $150.00. Pregnant cows and heifers were estimated to incur, on average, a loss due to N. caninum of less than US $20.00 for dairy and less than US $5.00 for beef. These loss estimates, however, rose to ∼US $110.00 and US $40.00, respectively, for N. caninum-infected pregnant dairy and beef cows. This estimate of global losses due to N. caninum, with the identification of clear target markets (countries, as well as cattle industries), should provide an incentive to develop treatment options and/or vaccines.
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Weston J, Heuer C, Williamson N. Efficacy of a Neospora caninum killed tachyzoite vaccine in preventing abortion and vertical transmission in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Implications of wild dog ecology on the sylvatic and domestic life cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia. Vet J 2011; 188:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reichel MP, Hill FI, Voges H. Does control of bovine viral diarrhoea infection make economic sense? N Z Vet J 2008; 56:60-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Duong MC, Alenius S, Huong LTT, Björkman C. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam. Vet J 2007; 175:390-4. [PMID: 17349807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in some dairy herds in Southern Vietnam, and to ascertain whether there were differences in seroprevalences between herds with imported and locally bred cows. Serum samples collected on five state farms and 97 smallholder herds were analysed for the presence of antibodies to N. caninum and BVDV. All BVDV antibody-negative sera were further tested by antigen-ELISA in order to identify persistently infected individuals. The N. caninum prevalence varied between 16% and 53% in the state herds, and was higher in the four herds that had imported cows than in the herd that only had locally bred cows. Nineteen percent of the samples collected on smallholder farms, which all had only locally bred cows, had antibodies to N. caninum. The BVDV seroprevalence varied between 58% and 93% on the state farms. In smallholder herds, the prevalence of BVDV among the sampled cows was 18% and even lower on the state farms. Despite the high seroprevalence for BVDV in the state herds, no persistently BVDV infected cows were found. Given the high prevalence for Neospora and BVDV among herds with imported cows, it seems advisable to test for both infections before cattle are imported into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chi Duong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hall CA, Reichel MP, Ellis JT. Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in Australian (NSW) dairy cattle estimated by a newly validated ELISA for milk. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142:173-8. [PMID: 16876950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the performance characteristics of an Institut Pourquier (IP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in bovine milk and subsequent determination of the prevalence of N. caninum infection in New South Wales (NSW) dairy cattle. METHODS Matching serum and milk samples from 93 cattle were assayed in two commercially available ELISAs for the detection of anti-N. caninum antibodies. Serum test results of one ELISA (IDEXX) were used to determine the N. caninum infection status of the cattle. Optimised cut-off values for the IP ELISA using milk samples were determined by two-graph receiver operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis and then applied to a representative sample of 398 milk samples from dairy herds around NSW. RESULTS When this ELISA was applied to a representative collection of 398 milk samples from dairy cattle across NSW it demonstrated a 21.1% prevalence of N. caninum infection in those cattle. From the TG-ROC analysis an IP ELISA protocol was derived which suggested a cut-off threshold that would allow milk testing with 97% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, relative to serum testing. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of N. caninum in NSW dairy cattle was higher than previously believed. When used on individual milk samples this ELISA demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity and so could be used to accurately identify N. caninum infection. TG-ROC analysis of the IP ELISA optimised the protocol and prescribed cut-off values enabling the ELISA to be used for the screening of N. caninum antibodies in the milk of dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hall
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia Pty Ltd, Yarrandoo R & D Centre, 245 Western Rd, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178, Australia.
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