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Beus M, Persoons L, Daelemans D, Schols D, Savijoki K, Varmanen P, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Pavić K, Zorc B. Anthranilamides with quinoline and β-carboline scaffolds: design, synthesis, and biological activity. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2595-2612. [PMID: 34997441 PMCID: PMC8741576 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of novel amide-type hybrid molecules based on anthranilic acid and quinoline or β-carboline heterocyclic scaffolds. Three types of biological screenings were performed: (i) in vitro antiproliferative screening against a panel of solid tumor and leukemia cell lines, (ii) antiviral screening against several RNA viruses, and (iii) anti-quorum sensing screening using gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum as the reporter strain. Antiproliferative screening revealed a high activity of several compounds. Anthranilamides 12 and 13 with chloroquine core and halogenated anthranilic acid were the most active agents toward diverse cancer cell lines such as glioblastoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, chronic myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but also against noncancerous cell lines. Boc-protected analogs 2 and 3 showed moderate activities against the tested cancer cells without toxic effects against noncancerous cells. A nonhalogenated quinoline derivative 10 with N-benzylanthranilic acid residue was equally active as 12 and 13 and selective toward tumor cells. Chloroquine and quinoline anthranilamides 10-13 exerted pronounced antiviral effect against human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, whereas 12 and 13 against coronavirus OC43 (EC50 values in low micromolar range; selectivity indices from 4.6 to > 10.4). Anthranilamides 14 and 16 with PQ core inhibited HIV-1 with EC50 values of 9.3 and 14.1 µM, respectively. Compound 13 displayed significant anti-quorum/biofilm effect against the quorum sensing reporter strain (IC50 of 3.7 μM) with no apparent bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Beus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leentje Persoons
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Pavić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Zorc
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Application of Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Activation Strategies in the Synthesis and Functionalization of β‐Carbolines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Moradi MT, Karimi A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Fotouhi F. In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against Influenza virus. Microb Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28629724 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This research was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral effect and the mechanism of the effect of Peganum. harmala seeds extract against influenza A virus infection using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In this research, ethyl alcohol extract of P. harmala seeds and its total alkaloids was prepared. The potential antiviral activity of the extract and its total alkaloids against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus was assessed. The mode of action of the extract to inhibit influenza replication was investigated using virucidal activity, hemagglutination inhibition assay, time of addition assays, RNA replication, western blot analysis and RNA polymerase blocking assay. The crud extract of P. harmala seed and its total alkaloids showed the best inhibitory effect against influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells using MTT assay, TCID50 method and hemagglutination assay. Our results indicated that the extract inhibits viral RNA replication and viral polymerase activity but did not effect on hemagglutination inhibition and virucidal activity. This study showed that, in vitro antiviral activity of P. harmala seed extract against influenza virus is most probably associated with inhibiting viral RNA transcription. Therefore, this extract and its total alkaloid should be further characterized to be developed as anti-influenza A virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Taghi Moradi
- Students Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Karimi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Jaeger RJR, Lamshöft M, Gottfried S, Spiteller M, Spiteller P. HR-MALDI-MS imaging assisted screening of β-carboline alkaloids discovered from Mycena metata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:127-134. [PMID: 23330951 DOI: 10.1021/np300455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of Mycena metata were screened for the presence of new secondary metabolites by means of HPLC-UV, LC-HR-ESIMS, and high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (HR-MALDI-MS imaging). Thus, a new β-carboline alkaloid, 6-hydroxymetatacarboline D (1d), was isolated from fruiting bodies of M. metata. 6-Hydroxymetatacarboline D consists of a highly substituted β-carboline skeleton, which is likely to be derived biosynthetically from l-tryptophan, 2-oxoglutaric acid, l-threonine, and l-proline. The structure of the alkaloid was established by 2D NMR spectroscopic methods and HR-ESIMS. Moreover, by extensive application of LC-HR-ESIMS, LC-HR-ESIMS/MS, and LC-HR-ESIMS(3) techniques we were able to elucidate the structures of a number of accompanying β-carboline alkaloids, 1a-1c, 1e-1i, and 2a-2g, structurally closely related to 6-hydroxymetatacarboline D, which are present in M. metata in minor amounts. The absolute configuration of the stereogenic centers of the β-carboline alkaloids was determined by GC-MS comparison with authentic synthetic samples after hydrolytic cleavage and derivatization of the resulting amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J R Jaeger
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2C, Bremen, Germany
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Balón M, Muñoz MA, Carmona C, Guardado P, Galán M. A fluorescence study of the molecular interactions of harmane with the nucleobases, their nucleosides and mononucleotides. Biophys Chem 2007; 80:41-52. [PMID: 17030319 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(99)00059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1999] [Revised: 04/16/1999] [Accepted: 04/16/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence binding studies of harmane to the elemental components of the nucleic acids were undertaken to investigate the origin of the interaction between the drug and DNA. Most of the tested substrates have been found to induce hypochromism in the absorption spectrum of harmane and to quench its fluorescence. The quenching process induced by the nucleobases and their nucleosides is mainly due to the formation of ground state 1:1 complexes. However, in the case of the mononucleotides a dynamic quenching component is also observed. This quenching component is likely due to the excited state interaction of harmane with the phosphate group of the nucleotides. UV-vis spectral changes and quenching measurements have been used to quantify the ground state association constants of the complexes and the quenching rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
Sunlight provides the energy required for all biochemical, physiological and developmental processes necessary for plant growth, reproduction and survival. The role of light in photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis has been appreciated for some time; however, the role of light in plant defence is a comparatively recent realization. Between 75-100 photosensitizers or phototoxins, molecules that become toxic in the presence of light, have been extracted from higher plant tissues. These biologically-active compounds have diverse biosynthetic origins and belong to at least 15 different phytochemical classes (i.e. acetophenones, acetylenes, benzophenanthrenes, β-carbolines, coumarins, extended quinones, furanochromones, furanocoumarins, furanoquinolines, isoquinolines, lignans, pterocarpans, quinolines, sesquiterpenes and thiophenes). Of more than 100 angiosperm families assayed, phototoxins and/or phototoxic activity have been reported in c. 40 families representing 32 orders and 8 subclasses of the Magnoliophyta. Most of these allelochemicals are acute toxins with little organism-specificity. As such, they are effective biocides capable of killing a wide-range of potentially harmful organisms including: viruses, pathogenic bacteria and fungi, nematodes and herbivorous insects, as well as competing plant species. This review focuses on the phytochemistry, taxonomic occurrence and toxicological consequences of phototoxic metabolites in flowering plants. The available information suggests that phototoxic phytochemicals: (i) are broad-spectrum allelochemicals capable of protecting plants against a variety of detrimental organisms in nature, (ii) represent a successful defensive strategy in both primitive and advanced plant taxa, and (iii) may be an effective defence under a variety of photoenvironmental conditions. CONTENTS Summary 401 I. Introduction 401 II. Chemistry/biochemistry of plant photosensitizers 402 III. Botanical distribution of photosensitizers 403 IV. Toxicology 405 V. Biological activity/defensive role of photosensitizers 408 VI. Concluding remarks 413 References 415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Downum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA and Fairchild Tropical Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33156, USA
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Abstract
Hypericin, a photodynamic plant quinone, readily inactivated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), Sindbis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), especially on exposure to fluorescent light. Sindbis virus was significantly more sensitive than MCMV. The inactivated MCMV, when used to infect cells, was incapable of synthesizing early or late viral antigens. In addition to this direct virucidal effect, when hypericin was added to cells infected with viable MCMV, inhibition was also observed, particularly when the compound was added in the first two hours of infection. Again the antiviral effect was augmented by visible light. At effective antiviral concentrations, there were no discernible adverse effects on cultured cells. Thus hypericin appears to have two modes of antiviral activity: one directed at the virions, possibly on membrane components (although other virion targets cannot be ruled out), and the other directed at virus-infected cells. Both activities are substantially enhanced by light. Other recent studies on the antiviral activities of hypericin have not considered the role of light, and it is conceivable that apparent discrepancies between their results may have reflected different conditions of light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hudson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Many bioactive phytochemicals have been shown in recent years to be photosensitizers, i.e. their toxic activities against viruses, micro-organisms, insects or cells are dependent on or are augmented by light of certain wavelengths. These activities are often selective, and this has led to the concept of therapeutic prospects in the control of infectious diseases, pests and cancer. Reaction mechanisms commonly involve singlet oxygen and radicals, which are thought to cause photodamage to membranes or macromolecules. The main classes of plant photosensitizers reviewed here are polyyines (acetylenes, thiophenes and related compounds); furanyl compounds; beta-carbolines and other alkaloids; and complex quinones. We propose that within each group of phytochemicals there are several representatives that merit further study for therapeutic abilities in appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hudson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Many antiviral compounds obtained from plants are photosensitizers, i.e., their biological properties are dependent upon or augmented by light of specific wavelengths, commonly long wave ultraviolet, UVA. Three groups of chemically distinct plant photosensitizers have been investigated in some detail in regard to antiviral properties. These are (a) thiophenes and polyacetylenes; (b) furyl compounds; (c) certain alkaloids. Some of the thiophenes and their acetylenic derivatives possess extremely potent phototoxic activities toward membrane-containing viruses. These activities are markedly affected by the chemical structures of these compounds. Inactivated virus retains its integrity, however, and penetrates cells, but does not replicate. Their mechanism of action is believed to occur via singlet-oxygen damage to the membranes, although other targets cannot be ruled out. In contrast, the antiviral activities of plant furyl compounds (such as psoralens and furanochromones) appear to depend on UVA-mediated covalent adduct formation with the viral genomes. Some of the photoactive beta-carboline alkaloids also have impressive antiviral activities, especially against viruses with single-stranded genomes. These and other types of alkaloids appear to work by mechanisms that do not require covalent bonding to nucleic acids, and may also involve other target molecules as well. Some of these compounds have potent antiviral activities at concentrations well below cytotoxic levels, and accordingly should be tested in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Hudson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Larson RA, Marley KA, Tuveson RW, Berenbaum MR. Beta-carboline alkaloids: mechanisms of phototoxicity to bacteria and insects. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 48:665-74. [PMID: 3071812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Tuveson RW, Larson RA, Kagan J. Role of cloned carotenoid genes expressed in Escherichia coli in protecting against inactivation by near-UV light and specific phototoxic molecules. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4675-80. [PMID: 3049544 PMCID: PMC211507 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.10.4675-4680.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes controlling carotenoid synthesis were cloned from Erwinia herbicola and expressed in an Escherichia coli strain. Carotenoids protect against high fluences of near-UV (NUV; 320 to 400 nm) but not against far-UV (200-300 nm). Protection of E. coli cells was not observed following treatment with either psoralen or 8-methoxypsoralen plus NUV. However, significant protection of cells producing carotenoids was observed with three photosensitizing molecules activated by NUV (alpha-terthienyl, harmine, and phenylheptatriyne) which are thought to have the membrane as an important lethal target. Protection of carotenoid-producing cells against inactivation was not observed with acridine orange plus visible light but was seen with toluidine blue O plus visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Tuveson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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Hudson JB, Saboune H, Abramowski Z, Towers GH, Rinehart KL. The photoactive antimicrobial properties of eudistomins from the Caribbean tunicate Eudistoma olivaceum. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 47:377-81. [PMID: 3380893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The wide range of naturally occurring compounds from microorganisms and plants which are phototoxic in UV-A light (320-400 nm) includes cinnamyl esters, coumarins and furanocoumarins, furanochromones, benzofurans, alkaloids, based on tryptophan or phenylalanine, extended naptho-and anthraquinones, polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives. The cellular targets are cell membranes, e.g., acetylenes, or the nucleus, e.g., furanocoumarins. Compounds reacting with cell membranes in light either generate singlet oxygen, e.g., alpha-terthienyl, or react by a free radical mechanism, e.g., phenylheptatriyne, or do both. Those that react with nucleic acids intercalate with these macromolecules forming photoadducts, e.g., furanocoumarins, furanochromones and furanoquinolines. With others, such as the beta-carbolines, the explanation for their photogenotoxicity is unknown. A number of these natural photosensitizers have been examined with bacteria, yeasts, and viruses and the mechanisms of phototoxicity have been elucidated. Some of the sulfur-containing acetylenes may be useful in photochemotherapy.
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