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Waghorn PA. Radiolabelled porphyrins in nuclear medicine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:304-9. [PMID: 24353174 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amongst tumour-specific substances, hematoporphyrin and synthetic porphyrin derivatives have been widely investigated to identify and delineate neoplastic and malignant tissue. Whilst the tumour localization exhibited by selected porphyrin species has been exploited through photodynamic therapy, several examples of porphyrin derivatives with varied peripheral functionality have been radiolabelled with the aim of developing porphyrin-based nuclear imaging and therapeutic agents. In this review, we look at the approaches and advances in the preparation and uses of such radiolabelled agents for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Waghorn
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK; Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Uchoa AF, de Oliveira KT, Baptista MS, Bortoluzzi AJ, Iamamoto Y, Serra OA. Chlorin photosensitizers sterically designed to prevent self-aggregation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8824-32. [PMID: 21932835 DOI: 10.1021/jo201568n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical evaluation of new chlorin derivatives are described. The Diels-Alder reaction between protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester and substituted maleimides furnishes endo-adducts that completely prevent the self-aggregation of the chlorins. Fluorescence, resonant light scattering (RLS) and (1)H NMR experiments, as well as X-ray crystallographic have demonstrated that the configurational arrangement of the synthesized chlorins prevent π-stacking interactions between macrocycles, thus indicating that it is a nonaggregating photosensitizer with high singlet oxygen (Φ(Δ)) and fluorescence (Φ(f)) quantum yields. Our results show that this type of synthetic strategy may provide the lead to a new generation of PDT photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjaci F Uchoa
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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Pandey SK, Sajjad M, Chen Y, Pandey A, Missert JR, Batt C, Yao R, Nabi HA, Oseroff AR, Pandey RK. Compared to purpurinimides, the pyropheophorbide containing an iodobenzyl group showed enhanced PDT efficacy and tumor imaging (124I-PET) ability. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:274-82. [PMID: 19191565 PMCID: PMC2652733 DOI: 10.1021/bc8003638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two positional isomers of purpurinimide, 3-[1'-(3-iodobenzyloxyethyl)] purpurin-18-N-hexylimide methyl ester 4, in which the iodobenzyl group is present at the top half of the molecule (position-3), and a 3-(1'-hexyloxyethy)purpurin-18-N-(3-iodo-benzylimide)] methyl ester 5, where the iodobenzyl group is introduced at the bottom half (N-substitued cyclicimide) of the molecule, were derived from chlorophyll-a. The tumor uptake and phototherapeutic abilities of these isomers were compared with the pyropheophorbide analogue 1 (lead compound). These compounds were then converted into the corresponding 124I-labeled PET imaging agents with specific activity >1 Ci/micromol. Among the positional isomers 4 and 5, purpurinimide 5 showed enhanced imaging and therapeutic potential. However, the lead compound 1 derived from pyropheophorbide-a exhibited the best PET imaging and PDT efficacy. For investigating the overall lipophilicity of the molecule, the 3-O-hexyl ether group present at position-3 of purpurinimide 5 was replaced with a methyl ether substituent, and the resulting product 10 showed improved tumor uptake, but due to its significantly higher uptake in the liver, spleen, and other organs, a poor tumor contrast in whole-body tumor imaging was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K. Pandey
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Yihui Chen
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Anupam Pandey
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Joseph R. Missert
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Carrie Batt
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Hani A. Nabi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Allan R. Oseroff
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Synytsya A, Król V, Matejka P, Poučkovó P, Volka K, Sessier JL. Biodistribution Assessment of a Lutetium(III) Texaphyrin Analogue in Tumor-bearing Mice Using NIR Fourier-transform Raman Spectroscopy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Engelmann FM, Mayer I, Gabrielli DS, Toma HE, Kowaltowski AJ, Araki K, Baptista MS. Interaction of cationic meso-porphyrins with liposomes, mitochondria and erythrocytes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2007; 39:175-85. [PMID: 17436065 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-007-9075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two series of cationic porphyrins meso-(3N-methylpyridinium)phenylporphyrin (3P1, 3P2c, 3P2t, 3P3 and 3P4) and meso-(4N-methylpyridinium)phenylporphyrin (4P1, 4P2c, 4P2t, 4P3 and 4P4) were studied to obtain a comprehensive understanding of factors that influence the binding of cationic porphyrins to liposomes and mitochondria, as well as their photodynamic efficiencies in erythrocytes. Binding and photodynamic efficiency were found to be inversely proportional to the number of positively charged groups and directly proportional to n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log P(OW)), except for the cis molecules 3P2c and 4P2c. In the cis molecules, binding and photodynamic efficiency were much higher than expected, indicating that specific interactions not accounted by log P(OW) enhance photodynamic efficiency. The effect of mitochondrial transmembrane electrochemical potentials on cationic porphyrin binding constants was estimated to be as large as 15%, and may be useful to selectively target this organelle when promoting photodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio M Engelmann
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, C. Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu J, Ohta SI, Sonoda A, Yamada M, Yamamoto M, Nitta N, Murata K, Tabata Y. Preparation of PEG-conjugated fullerene containing Gd3+ ions for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2007; 117:104-10. [PMID: 17156882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel photosensitizer with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity was designed from fullerene (C(60)) for efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumor. After chemical conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to C(60) (C(60)-PEG), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was subsequently introduced to the terminal group of PEG to prepare PEG-conjugated C(60) (C(60)-PEG-DTPA). The C(60)-PEG-DTPA was mixed with gadolinium acetate solution to obtain Gd(3+)-chelated C(60)-PEG (C(60)-PEG-Gd). Following intravenous injection of C(60)-PEG-Gd into tumor-bearing mice, the PDT anti-tumor effect and the MRI tumor imaging were evaluated. The similar O(2)(*-)generation was observed with or without Gd(3+) chelation upon light irradiation. Both of the C(60)-PEG-Gd and Magnevist(R) aqueous solutions exhibited a similar MRI activity. When intravenously injected into tumor-bearing mice, the C(60)-PEG-Gd maintained an enhanced MRI signal at the tumor tissue for a longer time period than Magnevist(R). Injection of C(60)-PEG-Gd plus light irradiation showed significant tumor PDT effect although the effect depended on the timing of light irradiation. The PDT efficacy of C(60)-PEG-Gd was observed at the time when the tumor accumulation was detected by the enhanced intensity of MRI signal. This therapeutic and diagnostic hybrid system is a promising tool to enhance the PDT efficacy for tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Synytsya A, Král V, Matejka P, Poucková P, Volka K, Sessler JL. Biodistribution Assessment of a Lutetium(III) Texaphyrin Analogue in Tumor-bearing Mice Using NIR Fourier-transform Raman Spectroscopy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:453-60. [PMID: 15191055 DOI: 10.1562/he-03-05.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of near-infrared (NIR)-excited Fourier-transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy as a technique for evaluating the extent of photosensitizer localization in tumor (human pancreatic adenocarcinomas)-bearing mice has been tested using lutetium(III) texaphyrin analogue Lu-T2B2Tex. The complex was injected subcutaneously in the form of three injections given during the course of 3 days. The kinetics of biodistribution were then followed over a time scale of 1-6 days. The NIR-FT-Raman spectra of tissue samples obtained from the xenographic tumor, muscle, heart, brain, liver, spleen, kidney and blood were recorded and used to identify the presence of Lu-T2B2Tex in these tissues. Five Raman sensitizer markers were used to estimate the relative content of Lu-T2B2Tex in tumor at various postinjection times. UV-Visible (Vis) absorption spectroscopic detection of this sensitizer in tissue extracts was applied as a conventional method. Both spectroscopic methods were in good agreement with each other and confirm that Lu-T2B2Tex localizes well in tumor tissue. Maximal drug content was observed 3 days after the final injection. This time delay seems to be optimal for tumor irradiation in photodynamic therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Metalloporphyrins/pharmacokinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Structure
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitrates/pharmacokinetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
- Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/instrumentation
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods
- Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/instrumentation
- Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman/instrumentation
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Synytsya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has, during the last quarter century, developed into a fully fledged biomedical field with its own association, the International Photodynamic Association (IPA) and regular conferences devoted solely to this topic. Recent approval of the first PDT sensitizer, Photofrin (porfimer sodium), by health boards in Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and United States for use against certain types of solid tumors represents, perhaps, the single most significant-indicator of the progress of PDT from a laboratory research concept to clinical reality. The approval of Photofrin will undoubtedly encourage the accelerated development of second-generation photosensitizers, which have recently been the subject of intense study. Many of these second-generation drugs show significant differences, when compared to Photofrin, in terms of treatment times postinjection, light doses and drug doses required for optimal results. These differences can ultimately be attributed to variations in either the quantum efficiency of the photosensitizer in situ, which is in turn affected by aggregation state, localized concentration of endogenous quenchers and primary photophysics of the dye, or the intratumoral and intracellular localization of the photosensitizer at the time of activation with light. The purpose of this review is to bring together data relating to the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of second-generation sensitizers and attempt to correlate this with structural and electronic features of these molecules. As this requires a clear knowledge of photosensitizer structure, only chemically well-characterized compounds are included, e.g. Photofrin and crude sulfonated phthalocyanines have been excluded as they are known to be complex mixtures. Nonporphyrin-based photosensitizers, e.g. rose bengal and the hypericins, have also been omitted to allow meaningful comparisons to be made between different compounds. As the intracellular distribution of photosensitizers to organelles and other subcellular structures can have a large effect on PDT efficacy, a section will be devoted to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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