1
|
Ni X, Marutani E, Shieh M, Lam Y, Ichinose F, Xian M. Selenium-Based Catalytic Scavengers for Concurrent Scavenging of H 2 S and Reactive Oxygen Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317487. [PMID: 38100749 PMCID: PMC10873471 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that plays important roles in redox signaling. H2 S overproduction has been linked to a variety of disease states and therefore, H2 S-depleting agents, such as scavengers, are needed to understand the significance of H2 S-based therapy. It is known that elevated H2 S can induce oxidative stress with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, such as in H2 S acute intoxication. We explored the possibility of developing catalytic scavengers to simultaneously remove H2 S and ROS. Herein, we studied a series of selenium-based molecules as catalytic H2 S/H2 O2 scavengers. Inspired by the high reactivity of selenoxide compounds towards H2 S, 14 diselenide/monoselenide compounds were tested. Several promising candidates such as S6 were identified. Their activities in buffers, as well as in plasma- and cell lysate-containing solutions were evaluated. We also studied the reaction mechanism of this scavenging process. Finally, the combination of the diselenide catalyst and photosensitizers was used to achieve light-induced H2 S removal. These Se-based scavengers can be useful tools for understanding H2 S/ROS regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eizo Marutani
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yannie Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manipulating the Subcellular Localization and Anticancer Effects of Benzophenothiaziniums by Minor Alterations of N-Alkylation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041714. [PMID: 36838702 PMCID: PMC9965410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic, water-soluble benzophenothiaziniums have been recognized as effective type I photosensitizers (PSs) against hypoxic tumor cells. However, the study of the structure-property relationship of this type of PS is still worth further exploration to achieve optimized photodynamic effects and minimize the potential side effects. Herein, we synthesized a series of benzophenothiazine derivatives with minor N-alkyl alteration to study the effects on the structure-property relationships. The cellular uptake, subcellular organelle localization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photocytotoxicity performances were systematically investigated. NH2NBS and EtNBS specifically localized in lysosomes and exhibited high toxicity under light with a moderate phototoxicity index (PI) due to the undesirable dark toxicity. However, NMe2NBS with two methyl substitutions accumulated more in mitochondria and displayed an excellent PI value with moderate light toxicity and negligible dark toxicity. Without light irradiation, NH2NBS and EtNBS could induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), while NMe2NBS showed no obvious damage to lysosomes. After irradiation, NH2NBS and EtNBS were released from lysosomes and relocated into mitochondria. All compounds could induce mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) loss and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption under light to cause cell death. NMe2NBS exhibited remarkable in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy in a xenograft mouse tumor (inhibition rate, 89%) with no obvious side effects. This work provides a valuable methodology to investigate the structure-property relationships of benzophenothiazine dyes, which is of great importance in the practical application of PDT against hypoxia tumor cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
Collapse
|
4
|
Adnane F, El-Zayat E, Fahmy HM. The combinational application of photodynamic therapy and nanotechnology in skin cancer treatment: A review. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Martins Antunes de Melo WDC, Celiešiūtė-Germanienė R, Šimonis P, Stirkė A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Virulence 2021; 12:2247-2272. [PMID: 34496717 PMCID: PMC8437467 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1960105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, microbial biofilms have been the cause of a wide variety of infections in the human body, reaching 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections. The biofilms present specific properties that increase the resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the development of new approaches is urgent, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising candidate. aPDT involves a synergic association of a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen and visible light, producing highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause the oxidation of several cellular components. This therapy attacks many components of the biofilm, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix; causing inhibition even in the cells that are inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Recent advances in designing new PSs to increase the production of ROS and the combination of aPDT with other therapies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), have contributed to enhanced biofilm inhibition. The PEF has proven to have antimicrobial effect once it is known that extensive chemical reactions occur when electric fields are applied. This type of treatment kills microorganisms not only due to membrane rupture but also due to the formation of reactive compounds including free oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. So, this review aims to show the progress of aPDT and PEF against the biofilms, suggesting that the association of both methods can potentiate their effects and overcome biofilm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa de Cassia Martins Antunes de Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Celiešiūtė-Germanienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Šimonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Wang T, Jiang F, Hong Z, Su X, Li S, Han S. Activatable Dual ROS-Producing Probe for Dual Organelle-Engaged Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4618-4628. [PMID: 35006799 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) necessitates approaches capable of increasing antitumor effects while decreasing nonspecific photodamage. We herein report an activatable probe (Glu-PyEB) comprising two distinct photosensitizers with mutually suppressed photodynamics. Activation by tumor-associated γ-glutamyltranspeptidase gives rise to a generator of superoxide radical (O2-•) accumulated in lysosomes and a producer of singlet oxygen (1O2) enriched in mitochondria. This enables light-irradiation-triggered damage of lysosomes and mitochondria, robust cell death, and tumor retardation in vivo, showing the use of paired photosensitizers subjected to reciprocally suppressed photodynamics for activatable PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Su
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shoufa Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parisi C, Failla M, Fraix A, Menilli L, Moret F, Reddi E, Rolando B, Spyrakis F, Lazzarato L, Fruttero R, Gasco A, Sortino S. A generator of peroxynitrite activatable with red light. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4740-4746. [PMID: 34163730 PMCID: PMC8179535 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as “unconventional” therapeutics with precise spatiotemporal control by using light stimuli may open entirely new horizons for innovative therapeutic modalities. Among ROS and RNS, peroxynitrite (ONOO−) plays a dominant role in chemistry and biology in view of its potent oxidizing power and cytotoxic action. We have designed and synthesized a molecular hybrid based on benzophenothiazine as a red light-harvesting antenna joined to an N-nitroso appendage through a flexible spacer. Single photon red light excitation of this molecular construct triggers the release of nitric oxide (˙NO) and simultaneously produces superoxide anions (O2˙−). The diffusion-controlled reaction between these two radical species generates ONOO−, as confirmed by the use of fluorescein-boronate as a highly selective chemical probe. Besides, the red fluorescence of the hybrid allows its tracking in different types of cancer cells where it is well-tolerated in the dark but induces remarkable cell mortality under irradiation with red light in a very low concentration range, with very low light doses (ca. 1 J cm−2). This ONOO− generator activatable by highly biocompatible and tissue penetrating single photon red light can open up intriguing prospects in biomedical research, where precise and spatiotemporally controlled concentrations of ONOO− are required. Excitation of a molecular hybrid with highly biocompatible red light generates cytotoxic peroxynitrite, produces red fluorescence useful for cell tracking and induces remarkable cancer cell death at very low concentrations and very low light doses.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parisi
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania I-95125 Italy
| | - Mariacristina Failla
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania I-95125 Italy
| | - Luca Menilli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesca Moret
- Department of Biology, University of Padova I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Elena Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania I-95125 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du J, Shi T, Long S, Chen P, Sun W, Fan J, Peng X. Enhanced photodynamic therapy for overcoming tumor hypoxia: From microenvironment regulation to photosensitizer innovation. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao Q, Lin H, Wu J, Pang X, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Wang P, Leung W, Lee H, Jiang S, Yao SQ, Gao L, Liu G, Xu C. Pyridine-Embedded Phenothiazinium Dyes as Lysosome-Targeted Photosensitizers for Highly Efficient Photodynamic Antitumor Therapy. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4896-4907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Juan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Pang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quanming Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wingnang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hungkay Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amos-Tautua BM, Songca SP, Oluwafemi OS. Application of Porphyrins in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:E2456. [PMID: 31277423 PMCID: PMC6650910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used to control, treat, or prevent bacterial infections, however bacterial resistance to all known classes of traditional antibiotics has greatly increased in the past years especially in hospitals rendering certain therapies ineffective. To limit this emerging public health problem, there is a need to develop non-incursive, non-toxic, and new antimicrobial techniques that act more effectively and quicker than the current antibiotics. One of these effective techniques is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This review focuses on the application of porphyrins in the photo-inactivation of bacteria. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance and some of the current 'greener' methods of synthesis of meso-phenyl porphyrins are discussed. In addition, significance and limitations of aPDT are also discussed. Furthermore, we also elaborate on the current clinical applications and the future perspectives and directions of this non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy in combating infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele M Amos-Tautua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sandile P Songca
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gurram B, Li M, Li M, Gebremedhin KH, Sun W, Fan J, Wang J, Peng X. NIR-excited superoxide radical procreators to eradicate tumors by targeting the lyso-membrane. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00721k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NIR alkylated cationic photosensitizers targeting at lyso-membrane for eradicating tumor cells through prominent superoxide radical generation (type-I PDT) via lysosome disruption pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Gurram
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Mingle Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Kalayou H. Gebremedhin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wainwright M. Synthetic, small-molecule photoantimicrobials - a realistic approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1767-1779. [PMID: 29905338 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The search for suitable, low-molecular weight photoantimicrobials for use in infection control has strong foundations in conventional antiseptic research from the early-mid 20th Century. Many examples of dyes exist having conventional antimicrobial activity among the azine, acridine and triphenylmethane families which have since also been found to exhibit photosensitising capabilities. The prior employment of these examples in human antisepsis provides a practical basis in terms of low host toxicity, while extant structure-activity relationships for conventional antimicrobial activity can support the development of similar relationships for photoactivated cell killing. The range of chromophores covered allows progress to be made both in topical and deeper, fluid-involved infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hung HI, Klein OJ, Peterson SW, Rokosh SR, Osseiran S, Nowell NH, Evans CL. PLGA nanoparticle encapsulation reduces toxicity while retaining the therapeutic efficacy of EtNBS-PDT in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33234. [PMID: 27686626 PMCID: PMC5043181 DOI: 10.1038/srep33234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy regimens, which use light-activated molecules known as photosensitizers, are highly selective against many malignancies and can bypass certain challenging therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Photosensitizers such as the small cationic molecule EtNBS (5-ethylamino-9-diethyl-aminobenzo[a]phenothiazinium chloride) have proven potent against cancer cells that reside within acidic and hypoxic tumour microenvironments. At higher doses, however, these photosensitizers induce "dark toxicity" through light-independent mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the use of nanoparticle encapsulation to overcome this limitation. Interestingly, encapsulation of the compound within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PLGA-EtNBS) was found to significantly reduce EtNBS dark toxicity while completely retaining the molecule's cytotoxicity in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. This dual effect can be attributed to the mechanism of release: EtNBS remains encapsulated until external light irradiation, which stimulates an oxygen-independent, radical-mediated process that degrades the PLGA nanoparticles and releases the molecule. As these PLGA-encapsulated EtNBS nanoparticles are capable of penetrating deeply into the hypoxic and acidic cores of 3D spheroid cultures, they may enable the safe and efficacious treatment of otherwise unresponsive tumour regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Hung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Oliver J Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sam W Peterson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sarah R Rokosh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue E25-519, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicholas H Nowell
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.
Collapse
|
16
|
Omarova EO, Nazarov PA, Firsov AM, Strakhovskaya MG, Arkhipova AY, Moisenovich MM, Agapov II, Ol’shevskaya VA, Zaitsev AV, Kalinin VN, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Carboranyl-Chlorin e6 as a Potent Antimicrobial Photosensitizer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141990. [PMID: 26535905 PMCID: PMC4633095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is currently being widely considered as alternative to antibiotic chemotherapy of infective diseases, attracting much attention to design of novel effective photosensitizers. Carboranyl-chlorin-e6 (the conjugate of chlorin e6 with carborane), applied here for the first time for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation, appeared to be much stronger than chlorin e6 against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphyllococcus aureus and Mycobacterium sp. Confocal fluorescence spectroscopy and membrane leakage experiments indicated that bacteria cell death upon photodynamic treatment with carboranyl-chlorin-e6 is caused by loss of cell membrane integrity. The enhanced photobactericidal activity was attributed to the increased accumulation of the conjugate by bacterial cells, as evaluated both by centrifugation and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Gram-negative bacteria were rather resistant to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by carboranyl-chlorin-e6. Unlike chlorin e6, the conjugate showed higher (compared to the wild-type strain) dark toxicity with Escherichia coli ΔtolC mutant, deficient in TolC-requiring multidrug efflux transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Omarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina G. Strakhovskaya
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Service and Medical Technologies, FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor I. Agapov
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Shumakov Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V. Zaitsev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery N. Kalinin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fu XJ, Zhu YQ, Peng YB, Chen YS, Hu YP, Lu HX, Yu WR, Fang Y, Du JZ, Yao M. Enzyme activated photodynamic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection both inv itro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 136:72-80. [PMID: 24857792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most common multi-drug resistant bacteria in both hospital and community. The aim of this study is to investigate the selective inhibition of MRSA by a modified photosensitizer (LAEtNBS) in vitro and the efficacy of MRSA infection treatment by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with LAEtNBS in vivo. LAEtNBS was synthesized by adding a cationic photosensitizer molecule (EtNBS-COOH) and a quencher molecule to two side chains of cephalosporin, which was then shown to have similar absorption and emission wavelengths with EtNBS-COOH, but suppressed yields of fluorescence quantum and singlet oxygen. The selective inactivation and less phototoxicity of LAEtNBS, compared to that of EtNBS-COOH, were assessed and confirmed by conducting PDT to two Staphylococcus aureus strains and human skin cells at a fluence of 15 J/cm(2) with 640±10 nm LED light. Furthermore, using mouse skin wound model infected with 10(8) CFU of MRSA, we found that both LAEtNBS and EtNBS-COOH were able to treat MRSA infection and enhance wound repair. However, there was no significant difference in the two photosensitizers that might be due to the environment in vivo. Modification of the photosensitizer will be very beneficial for developing new strategies to treat drug resistant bacterial infection with less harm to host tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jun Fu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Yun-Qing Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yin-Bo Peng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - You-Shuang Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Lu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Wei-Rong Yu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, No. 3 People's Hospital, and Institute of Traumatic Medicine; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201900, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mamone L, Di Venosa G, Gándara L, Sáenz D, Vallecorsa P, Schickinger S, Rossetti M, Batlle A, Buzzola F, Casas A. Photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria employing natural resources. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 133:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Vecchio D, Bhayana B, Huang L, Carrasco E, Evans CL, Hamblin MR. Structure-function relationships of Nile blue (EtNBS) derivatives as antimicrobial photosensitizers. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:479-491. [PMID: 24561676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The benzophenothiazinium dye EtNBS has previously been tested as a photosensitizer to mediate photodynamic therapy (PDT). It has been employed to kill cancer cells and microbial cells in vitro and to treat tumors and infections in vivo. We synthesized a panel of derivatives substituted at the 1-position of the benzene ring with electron donating or electron withdrawing groups (amino, acetamido and nitro) and tested their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and light-mediated killing of two species of Gram-positive and two species of Gram-negative bacteria. All three compounds showed lower fluorescence, lower yield of ROS and less microbial killing than parent EtNBS, while the order of activity (nitro > amino > acetamido) showed that an electron withdrawing substituent was better than electron donating. To test the hypothesis that 1-substitution distorts the planar structure of the conjugated rings we compared two compounds substituted with N-ethylpropylsulfonamido either at the 1-position or at the 4-position. The 4-isomer was significantly more photoactive than the 1-isomer. We also prepared an EtNBS derivative with a guanidinium group attached to the 5-amino group. This compound had high activity against Gram-negative bacteria due to the extra positive charge. Cellular uptake of the compounds by the four bacterial species was also measured and broadly correlated with activity. These results provided three separate pieces of structure-activity relationship data for antimicrobial photosensitizers based on the EtNBS backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vecchio
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China 530021
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:159157. [PMID: 23555074 PMCID: PMC3600246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/159157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common multidrug resistant bacteria both in hospitals and in the community. In the last two decades, there has been growing concern about the increasing resistance to MRSA of the most potent antibiotic glycopeptides. MRSA infection poses a serious problem for physicians and their patients. Photosensitizer-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising and innovative approach for treating multidrug resistant infection. In spite of encouraging reports of the use of antimicrobial PDT to inactivate MRSA in large in vitro studies, there are only few in vivo studies. Therefore, applying PDT in the clinic for MRSA infection is still a long way off.
Collapse
|
21
|
Klein OJ, Bhayana B, Park YJ, Evans CL. In vitro optimization of EtNBS-PDT against hypoxic tumor environments with a tiered, high-content, 3D model optical screening platform. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3171-82. [PMID: 22946843 DOI: 10.1021/mp300262x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and acidosis are widely recognized as major contributors to the development of treatment resistant cancer. For patients with disseminated metastatic lesions, such as most women with ovarian cancer (OvCa), the progression to treatment resistant disease is almost always fatal. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been developed to eliminate treatment resistant carcinoma, including novel biologic, chemo, radiation, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) regimens. Recently, PDT using the cationic photosensitizer EtNBS was found to be highly effective against therapeutically unresponsive hypoxic and acidic OvCa cellular populations in vitro. To optimize this treatment regimen, we developed a tiered, high-content, image-based screening approach utilizing a biologically relevant OvCa 3D culture model to investigate a small library of side-chain modified EtNBS derivatives. The uptake, localization, and photocytotoxicity of these compounds on both the cellular and nodular levels were observed to be largely mediated by their respective ethyl side chain chemical alterations. In particular, EtNBS and its hydroxyl-terminated derivative (EtNBS-OH) were found to have similar pharmacological parameters, such as their nodular localization patterns and uptake kinetics. Interestingly, these two molecules were found to induce dramatically different therapeutic outcomes: EtNBS was found to be more effective in killing the hypoxic, nodule core cells with superior selectivity, while EtNBS-OH was observed to trigger widespread structural degradation of nodules. This breakdown of the tumor architecture can improve the therapeutic outcome and is known to synergistically enhance the antitumor effects of front-line chemotherapeutic regimens. These results, which would not have been predicted or observed using traditional monolayer or in vivo animal screening techniques, demonstrate the powerful capabilities of 3D in vitro screening approaches for the selection and optimization of therapeutic agents for the targeted destruction of specific cellular subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Klein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Killing hypoxic cell populations in a 3D tumor model with EtNBS-PDT. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23434. [PMID: 21876751 PMCID: PMC3158086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding problem in cancer therapy is the battle against treatment-resistant disease. This is especially true for ovarian cancer, where the majority of patients eventually succumb to treatment-resistant metastatic carcinomatosis. Limited perfusion and diffusion, acidosis, and hypoxia play major roles in the development of resistance to the majority of front-line therapeutic regimens. To overcome these limitations and eliminate otherwise spared cancer cells, we utilized the cationic photosensitizer EtNBS to treat hypoxic regions deep inside in vitro 3D models of metastatic ovarian cancer. Unlike standard regimens that fail to penetrate beyond ∼150 µm, EtNBS was found to not only penetrate throughout the entirety of large (>200 µm) avascular nodules, but also concentrate into the nodules' acidic and hypoxic cores. Photodynamic therapy with EtNBS was observed to be highly effective against these hypoxic regions even at low therapeutic doses, and was capable of destroying both normoxic and hypoxic regions at higher treatment levels. Imaging studies utilizing multiphoton and confocal microscopies, as well as time-lapse optical coherence tomography (TL-OCT), revealed an inside-out pattern of cell death, with apoptosis being the primary mechanism of cell killing. Critically, EtNBS-based photodynamic therapy was found to be effective against the model tumor nodules even under severe hypoxia. The inherent ability of EtNBS photodynamic therapy to impart cytotoxicity across a wide range of tumoral oxygenation levels indicates its potential to eliminate treatment-resistant cell populations.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferraz RCMC, Fontana CR, Ribeiro APD, Trindade FZ, Bartoloni FH, Baader JW, Lins EC, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Chemiluminescence as a PDT light source for microbial control. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 103:87-92. [PMID: 21349738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combination of using a photosensitizer agent, light and oxygen that can cause oxidative cellular damage. This technique is applied in several cases, including for microbial control. The most extensively studied light sources for this purpose are lasers and LED-based systems. Few studies treat alternative light sources based PDT. Sources which present flexibility, portability and economic advantages are of great interest. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro feasibility for the use of chemiluminescence as a PDT light source to induce Staphylococcus aureus reduction. The Photogem® concentration varied from 0 to 75 μg/ml and the illumination time varied from 60 min to 240 min.The long exposure time was necessary due to the low irradiance achieved with chemiluminescence reaction at μW/cm² level. The results demonstrated an effective microbial reduction of around 98% for the highest photosensitizer concentration and light dose. These data suggest the potential use of chemiluminescence as a light source for PDT microbial control, with advantages in terms of flexibility, when compared with conventional sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy C M C Ferraz
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ragàs X, Dai T, Tegos GP, Agut M, Nonell S, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii using phenothiazinium dyes: in vitro and in vivo studies. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:384-90. [PMID: 20583252 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Phenothiazinium dyes have been reported to be effective photosensitizers inactivating a wide range of microorganisms in vitro after illumination with red light. However, their application in vivo has not extensively been explored. This study evaluates the bactericidal activity of phenothiazinium dyes against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii both in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We report the investigation of toluidine blue O, methylene blue, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, and new methylene blue for photodynamic inactivation of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in vitro. The most effective dye was selected to carry out in vivo studies using third-degree mouse burns infected with a bioluminescent A. baumannii strain, upon irradiation with a 652 nm noncoherent light source. The mice were imaged daily for 2 weeks to observe differences in the bioluminescence-time curve between the photodynamic therapy (PDT)-treated mice in comparison with untreated burns. RESULTS All the dyes were effective in vitro against A. baumannii after 30 J/cm(2) irradiation of 635 or 652 nm red light had been delivered, with more effective killing when the dye remained in solution. New methylene blue was the most effective of the four dyes, achieving a 3.2-log reduction of the bacterial luminescence during PDT in vivo after 360 J/cm(2) and an 800 microM dye dose. Moreover, a statistically significant reduction of the area under the bioluminescence-time curve of PDT-treated mice was observed showing that the infection did not recur after PDT. CONCLUSIONS Phenothiazinium dyes, and especially new methylene blue, are potential photosensitizers for PDT to treat burns infected with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ragàs
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zheng X, Sallum U, Verma S, Athar H, Evans C, Hasan T. Exploiting a Bacterial Drug-Resistance Mechanism: A Light-Activated Construct for the Destruction of MRSA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
26
|
Zheng X, Sallum UW, Verma S, Athar H, Evans CL, Hasan T. Exploiting a bacterial drug-resistance mechanism: a light-activated construct for the destruction of MRSA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2148-51. [PMID: 19206126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A cunning and dangerous plan foiled! An enzyme-specific molecular construct exploits the overexpression of beta-lactamase in several drug-resistant bacteria. Specific photodynamic toxicity was detected towards beta-lactam-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), whereby the usual mechanism for antibiotic resistance (cleavage of the beta-lactam ring) releases the phototoxic component from the prodrug (see picture; Q = quencher).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|