1
|
Zölzer F, Bauer S. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Risk Estimates-A Comparison of Different Action Spectra and Detector Responsivities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094887. [PMID: 34064368 PMCID: PMC8125439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing the dose–response relationship for human skin cancer induction by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) apply a range of methods to quantify relevant UVR doses, but information about the comparability of these datasets is scarce. We compared biologically weighted effectivities applying the most relevant UVR action spectra in order to test the ability of certain UVR detectors to mimic these biological effects at different times during the day and year. Our calculations were based on solar spectra measured at Dortmund, Germany (51.5° N) and at Townsville, Australia (19.3° S), or computed for latitudes 20° S and 50° N. Convolutions with the CIE action spectra for erythema and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and with ICNIRP’s weighting function showed comparable solar zenith angle (SZA) dependences with little influence of season or latitude. A different SZA dependence was found with Setlow’s action spectrum for melanoma induction. Calculations for a number of UVR detector responsivities gave widely discrepant absolute irradiances and doses, which were nevertheless related to those calculated with both CIE spectra by correction factors largely independent of the SZA. Commonly used detectors can thus provide quite accurate estimates of NMSC induction by solar UVR, whereas they may be inadequate to mimic melanoma induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedo Zölzer
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology, and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37011 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-389-037-507
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 44149 Dortmund, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Use of Electronic UV Dosimeters in Measuring Personal UV Exposures and Public Health Education. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The performance limits of electronic ultraviolet (EUV) dosimeters, which use AlGaN Schottky photodiodes as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensing element to measure personal erythemally weighted UVR exposures, were investigated via a direct comparison with meteorological-grade reference instruments. EUV dosimeters with two types of AlGaN Schottky photodiode were compared to second-generation ‘Robertson–Berger type’ broadband erythemal radiometers. This comparison was done by calculating correction factors for the deviations of the spectral responsivity of each instrument from the CIE erythemal action spectrum and for deviations in their angular response from the ideal cosine response of flat surfaces and human skin. Correction factors were also calculated to convert the output of these instruments to vitamin D-weighted UV irradiances. These comparisons showed that EUV dosimeters can be engineered with spectral responsivities and cosine response errors approaching those of Robertson–Berger type radiometers, making them very acceptable for use in human UVR exposure and sun safety behaviour studies, provided appropriate side-by-side calibrations are performed. Examples of these calibrations and the effect of EUV dosimeter sampling rates on the calculation of received erythemal UVR doses and erythemal UVR dose rates are provided, as well as brief descriptions of their use in primary skin cancer prevention programmes, handheld meters, and public health displays.
Collapse
|
3
|
Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triathletes present an extreme case of modelled behaviour in outdoor sport that favours enhanced exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. This research presents personal solar ultraviolet exposures, measured using all-weather polysulphone film dosimeters, to triathletes during the distinct swimming, cycling and running stages of competitive Sprint, Olympic and Ironman events conducted within Australia and New Zealand. Measurements of exposure are made for each triathlon stage using film dosimeters fixed at a single site to the headwear of competing triathletes. Exposures are expressed relative to the local ambient and as absolute calibrated erythemally effective values across a total of eight triathlon courses (two Ironman, one half Ironman, one Olympic-distance, and four Sprint events). Competitor exposure results during training are also presented. Exposures range from between 0.2 to 6.8 SED/h (SED: standard erythema dose) depending upon the time of year, the local time of each event and cloud conditions. Cycle stage exposures can exceed 20 SED and represent the highest exposure fraction of any triathlon (average = 32%). The next highest stage exposure occurred during the swim (average = 28%), followed by the run (average = 26%). During an Ironman, personal competitor exposures exceed 30 SED, making triathlon a sporting discipline with potentially the highest personal ultraviolet exposure risk.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wainwright L, Parisi A, Downs N. Concurrent evaluation of personal damaging and beneficial UV exposures over an extended period. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 170:188-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
5
|
Wainwright L, Parisi A, Downs N. Dual calibrated dosimeter for simultaneous measurements of erythemal and vitamin D effective solar ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 157:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Liu Y, Hu L, Wang F, Gao Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. The angular distributions of ultraviolet spectral irradiance at different solar elevation angles under clear sky conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:63-72. [PMID: 25994798 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the angular distributions of UVA, UVB, and effective UV for erythema and vitamin D (vitD) synthesis, the UV spectral irradiances were measured at ten inclined angles (from 0° to 90°) and seven azimuths (from 0° to 180°) at solar elevation angle (SEA) that ranged from 18.8° to 80° in Shanghai (31.22° N, 121.55° E) under clear sky and the albedo of ground was 0.1. The results demonstrated that in the mean azimuths and with the back to the sun, the UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances increased with the inclined angles and an increase in SEA. When facing toward the sun at 0°-60° inclined angles, the UVA first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA; at other inclined angles, the UVA increased with SEA. At 0°-40° inclined angles, the UVB and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA, and their maximums were achieved at SEA 68.7°; at other inclined angles, the above three irradiances increased with an increase in SEA. The maximum UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances were achieved at an 80° inclined angle at SEA 80° (the highest in our measurements); the cumulative exposure of the half day achieved the maximum at a 60° inclined angle, but not on the horizontal. This study provides support for the assessment of human skin sun exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - LiWen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - YanYan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Casale GR, Siani AM, Diémoz H, Agnesod G, Parisi AV, Colosimo A. Extreme UV index and solar exposures at Plateau Rosà (3500 m a.s.l.) in Valle d'Aosta Region, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:622-630. [PMID: 25655988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess personal exposures of skiers at the Alpine site of Plateau Rosà (45.9°N, 7.7°E, 3500 m a.s.l.), in the Valle d'Aosta region, Italy. The campaign was carried out on July 12th, 2011 during the summer ski season. A peak UVI value of 12.3, among the highest in Europe, was recorded on that day. Personal exposures (PE) were quantified using both polysulphone (PS) and poly-dimethyl phenylene oxide (PPO) dosimeters attached vertically to the cap because it is representative of the vertically oriented face of skiers. Exposure ratio (ER) defined as the ratio between PE and the corresponding ambient dose (i.e. erythemally weighted dose received by a horizontal surface) measured by a broad-band radiometer during the same exposure time of the subjects, was used to compare the results with previous studies. Skin color was also measured on the inner upper arm and on the cheek and differences in ITA (Individual Typology Angle) and a* (redness) values before and after exposure, were statistically analyzed. During the exposure period, the median PE (with PS) was 1.47 kJ m(-2) and that obtained by PPO was 1.15 kJ m(-2). The median of the ERs was 0.65 (min: 0.50, max: 0.83) considering the cumulative PS exposure and 0.46 (min: 0.29, max: 0.95) for PPO. An increase in ITAs on the exposed site (i.e. the skin became lighter) was observed after exposure. These results indicate that: a) for some skiers, the exposures were similar to those received on the horizontal plane; and b) the targeted population showed exposures above the occupational threshold limit value (TLV) defined by ICNIRP; c) the use of physical sunscreens which tend to leave a white cast, might have reduced skin color change. Nevertheless possible visible sun-induced skin-color changes could be observed after longer time intervals after exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe R Casale
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Department of Physics, p.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Siani
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Department of Physics, p.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Henri Diémoz
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Department of Physics, p.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy; ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Saint-Christophe-Aosta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agnesod
- ARPA Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency), Saint-Christophe-Aosta, Italy
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350 Australia
| | - Alfredo Colosimo
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Department SAIMLAL, Via A. Borelli 50, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vernez D, Milon A, Vuilleumier L, Bulliard JL, Koechlin A, Boniol M, Doré JF. A general model to predict individual exposure to solar UV by using ambient irradiance data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:113-118. [PMID: 24496216 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) is the main cause of skin cancer. Specific prevention should be further developed to target overexposed or highly vulnerable populations. A better characterisation of anatomical UV exposure patterns is however needed for specific prevention. To develop a regression model for predicting the UV exposure ratio (ER, ratio between the anatomical dose and the corresponding ground level dose) for each body site without requiring individual measurements. A 3D numeric model (SimUVEx) was used to compute ER for various body sites and postures. A multiple fractional polynomial regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of ER. The regression model used simulation data and its performance was tested on an independent data set. Two input variables were sufficient to explain ER: the cosine of the maximal daily solar zenith angle and the fraction of the sky visible from the body site. The regression model was in good agreement with the simulated data ER (R(2)=0.988). Relative errors up to +20% and -10% were found in daily doses predictions, whereas an average relative error of only 2.4% (-0.03% to 5.4%) was found in yearly dose predictions. The regression model predicts accurately ER and UV doses on the basis of readily available data such as global UV erythemal irradiance measured at ground surface stations or inferred from satellite information. It renders the development of exposure data on a wide temporal and geographical scale possible and opens broad perspectives for epidemiological studies and skin cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Vernez
- Institute of Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Milon
- Institute of Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vuilleumier
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Bulliard
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Koechlin
- International Prevention Research Institute (IPRI), Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- International Prevention Research Institute (IPRI), Lyon, France
| | - Jean F Doré
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Bernhard G, Aucamp PJ, Ilyas M, Madronich S, Tourpali K. Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:19-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Percentage changes in the UV Index (UVI) for 2090 relative to 2015 due to changes in ozone (left) and aerosols (right) only. Large decreases are projected over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone recovery. Increases are projected for parts of Asia due to decreases in aerosols, partly reversing the possible large reductions in UVI after the 1950s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - R. L. McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
- PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago
- New Zealand
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants
- Faerie Glen
- South Africa
| | - M. Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering
- University Malaysia Perlis
- Kangar
- Malaysia
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - K. Tourpali
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Downs N, Parisi A, Butler H, Turner J, Wainwright L. Minimum Exposure Limits and Measured Relationships Between the Vitamin D, Erythema and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Solar Ultraviolet. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:438-49. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Downs
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio Parisi
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Harry Butler
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna Turner
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Lisa Wainwright
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siani AM, Casale GR, Modesti S, Parisi AV, Colosimo A. Investigation on the capability of polysulphone for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:521-30. [PMID: 24352228 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysulphone (PS) dosimetry is a well-known technique broadly used to assess the erythemally effective solar UV dose received by anatomical sites (personal exposure). We investigate the capability of PS dosimetry to convert doses absorbed by PS badges into biologically effective solar UV exposures taking as examples two relevant effects for human skin: erythema induction and pre-vitamin D3 production. PS calibration curves for erythemal and pre-vitamin D3 were distinctly determined by using an empirical relationship between the biologically effective UV exposures and the PS absorbance change. This relationship is parameterized by a coefficient, distinct for each of the two considered biological effects, multiplying the same cubic polynomial function. It is shown how the multiplying coefficient is related to the ratio between the biologically effective and the PS weighted irradiances which is the prevailing factor affecting the accuracy of the calibration and, consequently, the capability of PS films for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. The points addressed in this paper can be extended to other biological effects of interest whose action spectra have some similarity with the PS film response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Siani
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Physics Department, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amar A, Parisi AV. Optical properties of a long dynamic range chemical UV dosimeter based on solvent cast polyvinyl chloride (PVC). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 128:92-9. [PMID: 24084259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dosimetric properties of the recently introduced UV dosimeter based on 16 μm PVC film have been fully characterised. Drying the thin film in air at 50 °C for at least 28 days was found to be necessary to minimise the temperature effects on the dosimeter response. This research has found that the dosimeter response, previously reported to be mainly to UVB, has no significant dependence on either exposure temperature or dose rate. The dosimeter has negligible dark reaction and responds to the UV radiation with high reproducibility. The dosimeter angular response was found to have a similar pattern as the cosine function but deviates considerably at angles larger than 70°. Dose response curves exhibit monotonically increasing shape and the dosimeter can measure more than 900 SED. This is about 3 weeks of continuous exposure during summer at subtropical sites. Exposures measured by the PVC dosimeter for some anatomical sites exposed to solar radiation for twelve consecutive days were comparable with those concurrently measured by a series of PPO dosimeters and were in line with earlier results reported in similar studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdurazaq Amar
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feister U, Meyer G, Kirst U. Solar UV Exposure of Seafarers along Subtropical and Tropical Shipping Routes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1497-506. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Feister
- German Meteorological Service; Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg - Richard-Aßmann-Observatory; Lindenberg Germany
| | - Gabriele Meyer
- German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Transport and Traffic; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Kirst
- German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Transport and Traffic; Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Turner J, Parisi AV. Ultraviolet Reflection Irradiances and Exposures in The Constructed Environment For Horizontal, Vertical and Inclined Surfaces. Photochem Photobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Turner
- Faculty of Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba; Queensland; Australia
| | - Alfio V. Parisi
- Faculty of Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba; Queensland; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Parisi AV, Eley R, Downs N. Determination of the Usage of Shade Structures via a Dosimetry Technique. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1012-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Parisi AV, Turnbull DJ, Downs NJ. Influence of high levels of cloud cover on vitamin D effective and erythemal solar UV irradiances. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1855-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|