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Argüeso P, Woodward AM, AbuSamra DB. The Epithelial Cell Glycocalyx in Ocular Surface Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729260. [PMID: 34497615 PMCID: PMC8419333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is the main component of the transcellular barrier located at the interface between the ocular surface epithelia and the external environment. This barrier extends up to 500 nm from the plasma membrane and projects into the tear fluid bathing the surface of the eye. Under homeostatic conditions, defense molecules in the glycocalyx, such as transmembrane mucins, resist infection. However, many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved to exploit components of the glycocalyx in order to gain access to epithelial cells and consequently exert deleterious effects. This manuscript reviews the implications of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection. Moreover, it presents some ongoing controversies surrounding the functional relevance of the epithelial glycocalyx to ocular infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Shigeyasu C, Yamada M, Akune Y, Fukui M. The effect of rebamipide ophthalmic suspension on ocular surface mucins in soft contact lens wearers. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 41:357-361. [PMID: 29248314 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the changes in ocular surface mucins with 2%rebamipide ophthalmic suspension treatment in soft contact lens (SCL) wearers. Rebamipide suspension is a mucin secretagogue approved for the treatment of dry eye syndrome in Japan. In this study, the fluorescence intensity of wheat germ agglutinin conjugate of fluorescein (F-WGA) was used as a marker of membrane-associated mucins, and sialic acid concentration in tear fluids as a marker of secreted mucins. METHODS Thirty-two eyes of 16 SCL wearers with discomfort were treated with rebamipide suspension at a dose of one drop in each eye four times daily for two weeks. The parameters of clinical efficacy were tear break-up time, fluorescein staining scores for the cornea and conjunctiva, and Schirmer test values. Fluorescence intensities in the central cornea were measured by fluorophotometry after the application of 5% F-WGA solution. Tears collected by Schirmer test strips were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the concentrations of sialic acid, total protein, and the four major tear proteins, namely secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lipocalin-1, and lysozyme were measured. RESULTS Significant increases in F-WGA fluorescence intensities (p < 0.005) were seen in the corneal surfaces. Sialic acid concentrations increased over time; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Except for a slight increase in kerato-conjunctival staining scores (p < 0.05) and secretory IgA (p < 0.05), no other significant differences were seen among clinical parameters or tear proteins. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of rebamipide suspension significantly increased F-WGA intensity, a marker of membrane-associated mucins in SCL wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Shigeyasu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; Division for Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Centre, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8982, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoko Akune
- Division for Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Centre, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8982, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukui
- Division for Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Centre, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8982, Japan
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Fukui M, Yamada M, Akune Y, Shigeyasu C, Tsubota K. Fluorophotometric Analysis of the Ocular Surface Glycocalyx in Soft Contact Lens Wearers. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:9-14. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.999948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guzman-Aranguez A, Argüeso P. Structure and Biological Roles of Mucin-type O-glycans at the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2010; 8:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Abnormalities of the ocular surface affect a large proportion of the general population. Symptoms depend on whether the lids, the corneoconjunctival surface, or the lacrimal layer are involved. The latter results from the balance of a fragile mixture of water, lipids, and mucus. Different circumstances can lead to the disruption of the lacrimal layer associated with dry-eye symptoms, eventually leading to inflammation. Alterations observed during dry-eye disease, meibomian dysfunction, allergic conjunctivitis, contact lens wear infectious conjunctivitis, or after refractive surgery are reviewed. Patient relief depends on a reliable analysis of the mechanism involved in the ocular surface disease.
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Abstract
Members of the DEWS Research Subcommittee reviewed research into the basic mechanisms underlying dry eye disease. Evidence was evaluated concerning the tear film, lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands, ocular surface epithelia (including cornea and conjunctiva), meibomian glands, lacrimal duct system and the immune system. Consideration was given to both animal and human research data. Results are presented as a series of information matrices, identifying what is known and providing supporting references. An attempt is made to identify areas for further investigation.
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Lyczak JB, Cannon CL, Pier GB. Establishment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: lessons from a versatile opportunist. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:1051-60. [PMID: 10967285 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ubiquitous pathogen capable of infecting virtually all tissues. A large variety of virulence factors contribute to its importance in burn wounds, lung infection and eye infection. Prominent factors include pili, flagella, lipopolysaccharide, proteases, quorum sensing, exotoxin A and exoenzymes secreted by the type III secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lyczak
- The Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Garcher C, Bron A, Baudouin C, Bildstein L, Bara J. CA 19-9 ELISA test: a new method for studying mucus changes in tears. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82:88-90. [PMID: 9536889 PMCID: PMC1722341 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.82.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated mucus changes in the tears in various eye conditions using impression cytology. The quantity of mucins was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the tumour marker CA 19-9. This assay quantifies the sialylated Lewis(a) structure mainly associated with ocular mucins. METHODS Impression cytology was performed using a cellulose nitrate membrane, on 53 healthy patients, 50 glaucoma patients treated with beta blockers, 24 patients suffering from dry eye syndrome, and 45 contact lens wearers. The tear film glycoproteins were eluted and CA 19-9 was measured. RESULTS CA 19-9 content expressed as kilo units (kU) per microgram of tears was significantly decreased in dry eye syndrome (25.8 kU (SD 17.3)/microgram) (p < 0.05), glaucoma patients over 60 years (28.9 (19.5) kU/microgram) (p < 0.05), and contact lens wearers (28.4 kU (18)/microgram) (p < 0.05), when compared with healthy individuals (39.4 kU (22.2)/microgram). CONCLUSION Impression cytology can be regarded as a valuable method for obtaining samples of glycoconjugates of mucin. The decrease of sialylated chains observed with this method confirms the hypothesis that some quantitative changes in the tear film may be encountered in ocular surface disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHU Dijon, France
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Fleiszig SM, Zaidi TS, Ramphal R, Pier GB. Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to the corneal surface by mucus. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1799-804. [PMID: 8168942 PMCID: PMC186410 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.5.1799-1804.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the corneal epithelium and cause infections keratitis, bacterial pathogens must first interact with ocular surface factors that could affect bacterial adherence. In this study, we demonstrated that the mucus layer, and, in particular, the mucin fraction of mucus, modulated adherence to intact corneal epithelium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not that of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Removal of endogenous mucus from rat or rabbit eyes increased the adherence of P. aeruginosa by 3- to 10-fold. Ocular mucus obtained from rat eyes, porcine stomach mucin, or bovine submaxillary gland mucin inhibited adherence of P. aeruginosa to uninjured corneal epithelium. The mucin fraction of ocular mucus, purified by ultracentrifugation, was found to contain the inhibitory activity, and inhibition was demonstrated at concentrations of mucin as low as 35 micrograms/ml. Ocular mucin was the only material tested that inhibited adherence of P. aeruginosa to an injured cornea. However, the binding of P. aeruginosa to immobilized substrates in vitro did not predict which fraction would possess antiadherence activity: bacteria bound well to whole ocular mucus, mucin, the nonmucin fraction of ocular mucus, and dilute human tears as well as to porcine stomach mucin and bovine submaxillary gland mucin. The effectiveness of the mucin fraction of ocular mucus at inhibiting the binding of P. aeruginosa to the cornea implies that this material is a barrier that protects the surface of the eye from P. aeruginosa adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fleiszig
- Channing Laboratory Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Imayasu M, Petroll WM, Jester JV, Patel SK, Ohashi J, Cavanagh HD. The relation between contact lens oxygen transmissibility and binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cornea after overnight wear. Ophthalmology 1994; 101:371-88. [PMID: 8115159 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess adverse effects of contact lens-induced hypoxia on the rabbit cornea in vivo and determine the relation between binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and oxygen transmissibility for rigid and hydrogel lenses. METHODS Six rigid lenses with Dk/Ltotal values between 0 and 97 x 10(-9) (cm/second) (ml O2/ml mmHg) and four hydrogel lenses (Dk/Ltotal 9, 20, 39, 51) were tested. All lenses had 14.0-mm diameters and a thickness (parallel) of 0.12 or 0.15 mm. Tear lactate dehydrogenase activity and tandem scanning confocal microscopy determinations were performed after the lens was worn for 24 hours. Binding of P. aeruginosa then was separately determined by the colony-forming unit method. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm in vivo tandem scanning confocal microscopy findings. RESULTS Lens oxygen transmissibility determines binding of P. aeruginosa to the cornea after the lens is worn for 24 hours; epithelial damage produced by lenses of lower Dk/Ltotal appears to be the dominant biologic factor for P. aeruginosa binding and not lens rigidity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the risk of P. aeruginosa keratitis developing with overnight wear will be enhanced significantly for contact lenses with Dk/Ltotal values less than 50 x 10(-9) (cm/second) (ml O2/ml mmHg) (human equivalent oxygen percentage < or = 15%), and this risk will increase with further decreases in oxygen transmissibility. Because no hydrogel lenses approved by the Food and Drug Administration are available with oxygen transmission at this level, patients should be made aware of the increased risk of infectious keratitis associated with the overnight wear of current extended wear hydrogel lenses. Results of this study also demonstrate that quantitative clinical tandem scanning confocal microscopy imaging and tear lactate dehydrogenase activity measurements can provide prospective, noninvasive methods for assessing the ongoing interaction between contact lens and cornea in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imayasu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9057
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Fleiszig SM, Zaidi TS, Pier GB. Mucus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to the cornea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 350:359-62. [PMID: 8030502 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2417-5_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Fleiszig
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Claudon-Eyl V, Baguet J. Electrophoretic patterns of human denatured tear proteins and glycoproteins from normal subjects and soft contact lens wearers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 350:411-6. [PMID: 8030510 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2417-5_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Claudon-Eyl
- Laboratoire Meuse Optique Contact (MOC), Centre Hospitalier Bar le Duc, France
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Versura P, Maltarello MC, Caramazza R, Laschi R. Mucus alteration and eye dryness. A possible relationship. Acta Ophthalmol 1989; 67:455-64. [PMID: 2801051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1989.tb01632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
From a very early phase we studied 15 patients suffering from a dry-eye condition ant associated to systemic diseases. Conjunctival biopsies were studied in Transmission (TEM) and Scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. Moreover, the lectin-gold cytochemistry at ultrastructural level was applied to investigate the distribution of some glycosidic receptors produced by both the goblet cells and the vesicles belonging to the Second Mucus System (SMS). No evidence of epithelial stratification and only a decrease in the goblet cell population was observed. The SMS vesicles and the superficial cell microvilli did not appear greatly reduced in number. A difference in the mucus composition in terms of content of glycosidic residues was detected in dry-eye patients compared to the normal subjects. The role of the mucus produced by both the goblet cells and the SMS vesicles in debated. A possible correlation between the alteration of the mucus content and the failure of the tear film stability is proposed. On the basis of these data, a new therapeutic approach for eye dryness is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Versura
- Institute of Clinical Electron Microscopy, University of Bologna, Italy
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