Ocular anaphylaxis induced in the rat by topical application of compound 48/80. Dose response and time course study

Ocular redness - II: Progress in development of therapeutics for the management of conjunctival hyperemia

Conjunctival hyperemia is one of the most common causes for visits to primary care physicians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, and emergency rooms. Despite its high incidence, the treatment options for patients with conjunctival hyperemia are restricted to over-the-counter drugs that provide symptomatic relief due to short duration of action, tachyphylaxis and rebound redness. As our understanding of the immunopathological pathways causing conjunctival hyperemia expands, newer therapeutic targets are being discovered. These insights have also contributed to the development of animal models for mimicking the pathogenic changes in microvasculature causing hyperemia. Furthermore, this progress has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutics that provide efficacious, long-term relief from conjunctival hyperemia with minimal adverse effects.

Topical cis-urocanic acid prevents ocular surface irritation in both IgE -independent and -mediated rat model

PURPOSE

Our purpose was to investigate the effect of locally administered cis-urocanic (cis-UCA) in two experimental models of allergic conjunctivitis.

METHODS

The compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced ocular irritation model (IgE-independent) and the ovalbumin (OA)-induced ocular allergy model (IgE-mediated) were used to test and compare the effect of cis-UCA on dexamethasone, ketotifen and olopatadine. In the C48/80 model, clinical severity scoring from photographs, immunohistochemical analysis of nuclear Ki-67 antigen to quantify actively proliferating epithelial cells and of caspase-3 enzyme to identify apoptotic activity in the conjunctival tissue were used. In the OA model, an Evans Blue stain concentration of conjunctival tissue was used to evaluate vascular leakage due to allergic reaction.

RESULTS

The cis-UCA was well tolerated and effective in both the IgE-independent and -mediated rat models. Treatment with C48/80 caused conjunctival hyperaemia, which was significantly inhibited by ketotifen at the 6 h time point (p = 0.014) and by dexamethasone and cis-UCA 0.5% at 12 (p = 0.004) and 24 (p = 0.004) hour time points. In a comparison between the active drug treatments, only ketotifen showed a significant difference (p = 0.023) to cis-UCA treatment at the 1 h time point, otherwise there were no statistically significant differences between the active drugs. Ketotifen, dexamethasone and cis-UCA 0.5% significantly inhibited the C48/80-induced nuclear accumulation of Ki-67, without differences between the active treatment groups. In the OA model, cis-UCA 0.5% did not inhibit the vascular leakage of conjunctiva, whereas cis-UCA 2.5% of was at least equally effective compared to olopatadine, abolishing the allergic vascular leakage response almost completely.

CONCLUSIONS

The present findings in the two AC models suggest that cis-UCA might have anti-allergic potency both in immediate and delayed-type allergic reactions in the eye.

The Three-Herb Formula Shuang-Huang-Lian stabilizes mast cells through activation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter

Mast cells (MCs) are key effector cells of IgE-FcεRI- or MrgprX2-mediated signaling event. Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL), a herbal formula from Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been clinically used in type I hypersensitivity. Our previous study demonstrated that SHL exerted a non-negligible effect on MC stabilization. Herein, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the prominent anti-allergic ability of SHL. MrgprX2- and IgE-FcεRI-mediated MC activation in vitro and in vivo models were developed by using compound 48/80 (C48/80) and shrimp tropomyosin (ST), respectively. Our data showed that SHL markedly dampened C48/80- or ST-induced MC degranulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic study indicated that cytosolic Ca²⁺ (Ca²⁺_[c]) level decreased rapidly and sustainably after SHL treatment, and then returned to homeostasis when SHL was withdrawn. Moreover, SHL decreases Ca²⁺_[c] levels mainly through enhancing the mitochondrial Ca²⁺ (Ca²⁺_[m]) uptake. After genetically silencing or pharmacologic inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the effect of SHL on the Ca²⁺_[c] level and MC degranulation was significantly weakened. Simultaneously, the activation of SHL on Ca²⁺_[m] uptake was completely lost. Collectively, by activating MCU, SHL decreases Ca²⁺_[c] level to stabilize MCs, thus exerting a remarkable anti-allergic activity, which could have considerable influences on clinical practice and research.

Agarwood Inhibits Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells and Reduces Scratching Behavior in Mice: Effect of Agarwood on Histamine Release and Scratching Behavior

Objectives:

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of agarwood on histamine release from mast cells in rats and on the scratching behaviors in mice.

Methods:

Histamine release from rat mast cells induced by compound 48/80 or concanavalin A (Con A) and compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior in mice were examined to investigate the effects of agarwood. The hyaluronidase activity and the 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in mast cells were examined to investigate the mechanisms for the inhibition of histamine release. The correlation between the inhibitory effects of agarwood on histamine release and the content of its typical ingredients, a 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives, was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography.

Results:

Agarwood showed an inhibitory effect on mast-cell histamine release induced by compound 48/80 or Con A without any effect on hyaluronidase activity; this effect involves an increase in the cAMP levels in mast cells. Oral administration of agarwood showed an inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior in mice. The inhibitory effects of agarwood on histamine release were quite different, depending on the area where the agarwood was produced, its quality, and its market price. No correlation was found between the inhibitory effects of agarwood on histamine release and the typical ingredients of agarwood, which are 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives.

Conclusion:

These results show that agarwood inhibits histamine release from mast cells partially through an increase in the cAMP levels in cells. We suggest that some active ingredients of agarwood must be effective on oral intake and that agarwood can be used to treat patients with a number of conditions, including urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and bronchial asthma, in which an increase in histamine release occurs. Differences in the pharmacological effects of this crude drug among markets may provide important information for the quality control of this herbal medicine.

Anti-allergic effects and related active constituents of mung bean (Vignaradiatus Linn) sprouts

The mung bean (Vigna radiata) is an important food crop with preventative effects against human diseases. The anti-allergic activities of mung bean sprouts of different lengths were evaluated by assaying in vivo antipruritic activity and in vitro hyaluronidase inhibitory effects. After 48 h of growth, sprouts were determined to have the best activity and extracted with petroleum (PeF), ethyl acetate (EaF), and n-butanol (nBF). The active EaF extracts were further assayed for in vivo effects on compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release, as well as the anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. The main chemical constituents were further analyzed by UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS). EaF significantly protected against compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release, and PCA. Flavonoids were determined to be the main contributors to the anti-allergic activity of the EaF extracts.

Peritoneal mast cell stabilization potential of Pothos scandens L

Objective:

To investigate the peritoneal mast cell stabilization activity of Pothos scandens extracts

Materials and Methods:

Pothos scandens L. (family- Araceae) aerial part was successively extracted with ethanol and aqueous to prepare extract of the plant. The extracts of P. scandens were evaluated for stabilization of mast cell in rat allergic models. The extract of P. scandens ethanolic, 50% aqueous ethanolic and aqueous (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) was studied for peritoneal mast cell stabilization activity in rat mesenteric preparation induced by C 48/80.

Result:

Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, fixed oil, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic, 50% aqueous ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. scandens L. showed dose dependent increase in the number of intact cells when compare with C48/80 at the concentration of 10 and 100 μg/ml. It virtues further work towards the isolation of phytoconstituents from this plant.

Conclusion:

This finding provides evidence that the P. scandens L. inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions and mast cell degranulation. P. scandens has a potential as allergic anti- asthmatic agent.

Antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilization activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn. seed

AIM

The antianaphylactic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis and mast cell stabilization was studied by using peritoneal mast cells of rats. The possible antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilization mechanism was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation and level of nitric oxide in rat peritoneal mast cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anaphylactic shock in mice was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 8 mg/kg compound 48/80, prior to induction of anaphylaxis the animals were treated with S. potatorum Linn. seed extract administered orally 1 h before administration of compound 48/80, the rate mortality was observed in each group of animals. Mast cell stabilization was seen by preincubation of mast cells with the compound 48/80 and the extracts.

RESULTS

This study indicates that the chloroform, petroleum ether, and methanolic extracts were shown potent and has significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) inhibitory effects on compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic reaction and mast cell activation. This compound also inhibited significantly compound 48/80 induced increased level of nitric oxide in rat peritoneal mast cells.

CONCLUSION

We conclude from this study that the different extracts of S. potatorum seed have potent antianaphylactic activity through mast cell stabilization and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. The inhibitory effect of S. potatorum Linn. on release of histamine and nitric oxide protects from compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic reaction may be through blocking vasodilatation, decrease vascular resistance, hypotension and tachycardia induced by immunogenic agent used in this study.

Inhibitory effects of curcumin on passive cutaneous anaphylactoid response and compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation

Mast cells participate in allergies and inflammation by secreting a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators. Curcumin, the active component of turmeric, is a polyphenolic phytochemical with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-allergic properties. The effects of curcumin on compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylactoid reactions are unknown. In this report, we investigated the influences of curcumin on the passive cutaneous anaphylactoid response in vivo and compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation in vitro. The mechanism of action was examined by calcium uptake measurements and cAMP assays in mast cells. Curcumin significantly attenuated the mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactoid reaction in an animal model. In agreement with this in vivo activity, curcumin suppressed compound 48/80-induced rat peritoneal mast cell (RPMC) degranulation and histamine release from RPMCs. Moreover, compound 48/80-elicited calcium uptake into RPMCs was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by curcumin. Furthermore, curcumin increased the level of intracellular cAMP and significantly inhibited the compound 48/80-induced reduction of cAMP in RPMCs. These results corroborate the finding that curcumin may have anti-allergic activity.

A chronic model for evaluating the itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis in rats

The present study was performed to develop a new model for evaluating itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis in rats. Repeated topical application of antigen caused an increase in eye scratching behavior in sensitized animals, and a significant difference was observed from days 21 to 42. Almost the same findings were observed in allergic symptoms, hyperemia and edema. Instillation of histamine also resulted in an increase in eye scratching behavior. The sensitivity to histamine in eye scratching behavior was increased by topical antigen application for 42 days after sensitization. In addition, the number of conjunctival eosinophils was significantly increased by repeated topical antigen application from days 21 to 42 in sensitized rats. Some anti-allergic drugs such as olopatadine (H1 antagonist), cetiridine (H1 antagonist) and ramatroban (thromboxane A2 (TXA2) antagonist) caused an inhibition of eye scratching behavior induced by topical sensitization in a dose-related manner. However, zafirlukast (cys-LT antagonist) caused no significant inhibition even at a dose of 30 mg/kg. The findings in present model of itching in allergic conjunctivitis were mainly through histamine H1-activity, and thromboxane A2 receptors were also involved in the response.

Inhibition of immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions by the aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis

The effect of aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv. (Labiatae) (MAAE) on immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions was studied. Nonimmunologic anaphylactic reaction was induced by compound 48/80 injection. MAAE (0.005 to 0.5 g/kg) inhibited systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80. Immunologic anaphylactic reaction was generated by sensitizing the skin with anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE followed 48 h later with an injection of antigen. MAAE (0.001 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) when intraperitoneally, intraveneously and orally administered. MAAE (0.001 to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, MAAE (0.1 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. These results indicate that MAAE inhibits immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions and TNF-alpha production from RPMC.

Effect of Phlomis umbrosa root on mast cell-dependent immediate-type allergic reactions by anal therapy

The effect of aqueous extract of Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. (Labiatae) root (PUAE) on mast cell-dependent immediate-type allergic reaction by anal therapy was investigated. PUAE (0.01 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in mice. When PUAE was pretreated at the same concentrations with systemic anaphylaxis, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. PUAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-DNP IgE. PUAE (0.001 to 1 mg/mL) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in human mast cells (HMC-1 cells) when PUAE (1 mg/mL) was added, transiently and significantly increased compared with that of basal cells. In addition, PUAE (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells. These results provide evidence that anal therapy of PUAE may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic diseases.

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated acute and chronic allergic reactions by Dodutang

Dodutang has been used for treatment of various allergic inflammation diseases in Korea. However, it is still unclear how Dodutang prevents these diseases in experimental animal models. Mast cells play an important roles in allergic and other inflammatory reactions by producing a spectrum of powerful mediators including preformed and de novo synthesized cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of Dodutang on mast cell-mediated allergic and inflammatory reactions. Dodutang (0.001-5 g/L) significantly inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. Dodutang (0.001-5 g/kg) dose-dependantly inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE in a rat model, especially, by 78.96% at the concentration of 5 g/kg. In addition, Dodutang potently inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated human mast cells. However, IL-6 secretion was enhanced at the same conditions. Dodutang also inhibited the main inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha protein expression in human mast cells. These results provide evidences that Dodutang may be beneficial in the treatment of acute and chronic allergic diseases.

Inhibition of immediate-type allergic reactions by the aqueous extract of Salvia plebeia

The effect of aqueous extract of Salvia plebeia R. Brown (Labiatae) (SPAE) on the mast cell mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats was studied. SPAE (0.05 to 1 g/kg) inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. SPAE (0.001 and 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) when intraperitoneally, intraveneously or orally administered. When SPAE was pretreated at the same concentrations with systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. SPAE (0.001 to 1 mg/mL) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, when SPAE (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) was added, significantly increased compared with that of basal cells. Moreover, SPAE (0.01 to 1 mg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. These results indicate that SPAE may possess strong antiallergic activity and suggest that differences in bioavailability may cause differential activity following different administration routes.

Effect of Alpinia oxyphylla fruit extract on compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic reactions

The effect of the aqueous extract of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae) fruits (AOFE) on anaphylactic reaction was investigated. AOFE completely inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic shock at dose of 1.0 g/kg. When AOFE was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 g/kg, the plasma histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. AOFE also inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when AOFE was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4-fold compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that AOFE may be beneficial in the treatment of non-specific anaphylactic reactions.

Antiallergic action of Magnolia officinalis on immediate hypersensitivity reaction

We studied the effect of aqueous extract of Magnolia officinalis bark (Magnoliaceae) (MOAE) on the immediate hypersensitivity reaction. MOAE (0.01 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited compound 48/80 induced systemic anaphylaxis in rats. MOAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction. When MOAE was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 g/kg, the levels of plasma histamine were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. MOAE (0.001 to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. The level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in RPMC, when MOAE was added, significantly increased compared with that of the normal control. Moreover, MOAE (0.01 to 1 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results indicate that MOAE inhibits immediate hypersensitivity reaction in vivo and in vitro.

Inhibition of immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions by water extract of white eggplant (solanum melongena)

We investigated the effect of water extract of Solanum melongena(SMWE) on immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions. Nonimmunologic anaphylactic reaction was induced by compound 48/80 injection. Oral administration of SMWE (1 g kg(-1)) completely inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic reaction. Immunologic anaphylactic reaction was generated by sensitizing the skin with anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE followed 48 h later with an injection of antigen. Oral administration of SMWE (0.01--1 g kg(-1)) significantly inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction activated by anti-DNP IgE to between 83.10 +/- 1.67% and 70.17 +/- 2.17%. SMWE (0.01--1 mg ml(-1)) also inhibited histamine release activated by compound 48/80 to between 93 +/- 2.65 and 70 +/- 1.50%. Moreover, SMWE (0.01--1 mg ml(-1)) had a significant inhibitory effect on IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells. These results indicate that SMWE inhibits immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation-mediated anaphylactic reactions and TNF-alpha secretion from mast cells.

Inhibitory action of water soluble fraction of Terminalia chebula on systemic and local anaphylaxis

We investigated the effects of the water soluble fraction of Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) (WFTC) on systemic and local anaphylaxis. WFTC administered 1h before compound 48/80 injection inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock 100% with doses of 0.01-1.0 g/kg. When WFTC was administered 5 or 10 min after compound 48/80 injection, the mortality also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was inhibited by 63.5+/-7.8% by oral administration of WFTC (1.0 g/kg). When WFTC was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 1.0 g/kg, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. WFTC (0.01-1.0 mg/ml) also significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. However, WFTC (1.0 mg/ml) had a significant increasing effect on anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results indicate that WFTC may possess a strong antianaphylactic action.

Effect of Vitex rotundifolia on immediate-type allergic reaction

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Vitex rotundifolia (L.) (Verbenaceae) fruits (VRFE) on the immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro. VRFE (10(-4)-1.0 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. When VRFE was employed in a systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. VRFE (5x10(-1) and 1.0 g/kg) inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. VRFE (10(-3)-1.0 mg/ml) also dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, VRFE (10(-3) mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results suggest that VRFE may be beneficial in the regulation of immediate-type allergic reaction.

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis by Gleditsia sinensis

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Gleditsia sinensis thorns (Leguminosae) (GSAE) on the mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis. GSAE (0.005 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in rats. GSAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-DNP IgE. When GSAE was pretreated at the same concentrations with systemic anaphylaxis, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. GSAE (0.001 to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, When CSAE (1 mg/ml) was added, transiently and significantly increased about fourfold compared with that of basal cells. Moreover, GSAE (0.01 and 0.1 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results suggest a possible use of GSAE in managing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis.

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by Perilla frutescens

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Perilla frutescens (Labiatae) (PFAE) on the mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. PFAE (0.05 to 1 g/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats. PFAE (0.1 and 1 g/kg) also significantly inhibited local allergic reaction activated by anti-DNP IgE. When PFAE was pretreated at the same concentrations with systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. PFAE (10(-3) to 1 mg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, When PFAE (1 mg/ml) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 4-fold compared with that of basal cells. Moreover, PFAE (0.001 and 0.01 mg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. These results indicate that PFAE inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.

The stem of sinomenium acutum inhibits mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from rat peritoneal mast cells

The aqueous extract of Sinomenium acutum stem (SSAE) (0.1-1000 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in mice. In particular, SSAE reduced compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic reaction with 50% at the dose of 1000 mg/kg. SSAE (100-1000 mg/kg) also significantly inhibited local anaphylactic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. When mice were pretreated with SSAE at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1000 mg/kg, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. SSAE (1-1000 microg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. In addition, SSAE (0.1 microg/ml) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. These results indicate that SSAE inhibits mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions and TNF-alpha production from mast cells.

Shini-san inhibits mast cell-dependent immediate-type allergic reactions

Shini-San has been used for treatment of allergic disease in Korea. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. The mast cell plays a pivotal role in initiating allergic response by secreting intracytoplasmic granular mediators such as histamine. The present report describes an inhibitory effect of Shini-San on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Topical application of compound 48/80 can induce an ear swelling response in normal (WBB6F1(-)+/+) mice but not in congenic mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/WV mice. Shini-San inhibited concentration-dependent mast cell-dependent ear swelling response induced by compound 48/80 in normal mice. Shini-San inhibited concentration-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE) in rats by topical application. Shini-San also inhibited in concentration-dependent fashion the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, Shini-San had a significant inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reaction. These results indicate that Shini-San inhibits immediate type allergic reactions by inhibition of mast cell degranulation in vivo and in vitro.

Effect of Schizonepeta tenuifolia extract on mast cell-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity in rats

We investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Schizonepeta tenuifolia (STAE) on mast cell-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity. STAE inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats dose-dependently. STAE also inhibited plasma histamine levels induced by compound 48/80. STAE inhibited local allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. In addition, STAE does-dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. However, STAE had a significant enhancing effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production from RPMC. These results indicate that STAE inhibits immediate-type hypersensitivity and suggest that STAE can selectively activate the TNF-alpha production from RPMC.

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions by Cichorium intybus

We investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Cichorium intybus (CIAE) on mast cell-mediated immediate type allergic reactions. CIAE (0.1-1000 mg kg-1) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in mice. Especially, CIAE inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic reaction 100% with the dose of 1000 mg kg-1. CIAE 1000 mg kg-1also significantly inhibited local anaphylactic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. When mice were pretreated with CIAE at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1000 mg kg-1, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. CIAE (1-1000 microg ml-1) dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when CIAE (1000 microg ml-1) was added, increased significantly compared with that of control cells. These results indicate that CIAE inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.

The evaluation of the antianaphylactic effect of Oryza sativa L. subsp. hsien Ting in rats

We studied the effect of the methanol extract of Oryza sativa L. subsp. hsien Ting (OSHT) on anaphylaxis. OSHT (0.001-1.0 mg g-1body weight (BW)) dose-dependently inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in rats. When OSHT was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 mg g-1BW, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. OSHT (0. 001-1.0 mg g-1BW) also inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. Moreover, OSHT dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when OSHT was added, significantly increased approx. 20-fold compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that OSHT possesses strong antianaphylactic activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro.

Inhibition of mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis by sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate (NaSal) is a commonly used agent with a wide pharmacological spectrum. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of NaSal on anaphylaxis. NaSal (10-1 and 1 mm) significantly inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 in rats. NaSal also significantly inhibited local anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE). NaSal (10-1 and 1 mm) significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated that a significantly reduced level of the mRNA of L-histidine decarboxylase was expressed in mast cells treated with NaSal, compared with that without NaSal. NaSal (10-2 and 10-1 mm) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion from RPMC. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, when NaSal (1 mm) was added, transiently and significantly increased about sixfold compared with that of basal cells. These results suggest a possible use of NaSal in managing mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis.

Effect of Kumhwang-San on anaphylactic reaction in a murine model

We investigated the effect of Kumhwang-San on anaphylactic reaction. Kumhwang-San dose-dependently inhibited mast cell-mediated systemic anaphylactic reaction induced by compound 48/80. Kumhwang-San significantly inhibited plasma histamine levels induced by compound 48/80. Kumhwang-San dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or substance P. The level of cAMP in rat peritoneal mast cells, when Kumhwang-San was added, transiently and significantly increased about 3-fold compared with that of basal cells. These results suggest that Kumhwang-San will be beneficial in the treatment of anaphylactic reaction.

Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats

We studied the effects of lavender oil on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in mice and rats. Lavender oil (1:500, 1:100, 1:10, 1:1, 1:0) inhibited concentration-dependently mast cell-dependent ear swelling response induced by compound 48/80 in mice by both topical and intradermal application. Lavender oil (1:500, 1:100, 1:10, 1:1, 1:0) inhibited concentration-dependently passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE in rats by both topical and intradermal application. Lavender oil (1:500, 1:100, 1:10, 1:1, 1:0) also inhibited concentration-dependently the histamine release from the peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, lavender oil (1:1000, 1:100, 1:10, 1:0) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion from peritoneal mast cells. These results indicate that lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reactions by inhibition of mast cell degranulation in-vivo and in-vitro.

Effect of Korean folk medicine 'Chung-Dae-San' on mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reaction

We investigated the effect of the herbal formulation 'Chung-Dae-San' (CDS) on anaphylactic reactions. CDS inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock 100% with the dose of 10(0) g/kg body weight (BW). When CDS was given as pretreatment at concentrations ranging from 10(-4) to 10(0) g/kg BW, the serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the effect of CDS on mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. CDS potently inhibited PCA when administered orally, topically, intraperitoneally or intradermally. However, it did not show inhibitory activity when administered intravenously. CDS dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80 and anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, the level of cAMP in RPMC, when CDS was added, significantly increased about 4-fold at 4 min compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that CDS may possess strong antianaphylactic activity and also suggest the differential activity following administration routes may be caused by difference in bioavailability.

Inhibition of mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reactions by the pigment of Polygonum tinctorium (Chung-Dae) in rats

1. The effect of the pigment obtained from the stem and leaf of Polygonum tinctorium Loar (PtP) on anaphylactic reactions was studied in rats. 2. PtP totally inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock with doses of 10(2) and 10(3) mg/ kg. When PtP was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 10(-2) to 10(3) mg/kg, the serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. 3. We also investigated the effect of PtP on mast cell-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. PtP potently inhibited PCA when administered orally, topically, intraperitoneally and intradermally. However, it did not show inhibitory activity when administered intravenously. 4. PtP inhibited dose dependently histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) induced by compound 48/80 and anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, the level of cAMP in RPMC, when PtP was added, significantly increased about 12-fold at 4 min compared with that of basal cells. 5. These results indicate that PtP may possess strong antianaphylactic activity and suggest that differences in bioavailability may cause differential activity following different administration routes.

Action of Ulmi radicis cortex extract on systemic and local anaphylaxis in rats

1. To assess the contribution of an aqueous extract of Ulmi radicis cortex (AEURC) in systemic anaphylaxis, compound 48/80 was used as a fatal anaphylaxis inducer in rats. 2. AEURC completely inhibited anaphylactic shock with a dose of 1.0 g/kg body weight (BW) 1 hr before injection of compound 48/80. 3. AEURC significantly inhibited serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80. 4. AEURC (1.0 g/kg BW) also inhibited by 79.1% passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. 5. AEURC dose dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) by compound 48/80. Moreover, AEURC had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced histamine release and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. 6. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when AEURC was added, significantly increased compared with that of a normal control. 7. These results indicate that AEURC may possess strong antianaphylactic action.

Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on immediate type allergic reaction

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Rehmannia glutinosa steamed root (RGAE) on the allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80. When RGAE was pre-treated at the same concentrations with systemic allergic reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited skin allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. RGAE also dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, RGAE had significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of RPMC. These results indicate that RGAE may be beneficial in the regulation of immediate type allergic reaction.

Effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rats

We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae) flower bud (SAFB) on immediate hypersensitivity. SAFB inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis in rats (IC50 = 31.25 mg/kg, i.p.). SAFB also inhibited local immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction (IC50 = 17.78 mg/kg, i.v.; IC50 = 19.81 mg/kg, p.o.). When SAFB was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 25 to 1000 mg/kg, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, SAFB dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrophenyl IgE. When SAFB was added, the level of cAMP in RPMC transiently and significantly increased about 47-fold at 10 s compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that SAFB inhibits immediate hypersensitivity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro.

Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction

We investigated the effects of the powders of Spirulina platensis (SPP) on anaphylactic reactions. SPP inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock 100% with doses of 0.5, and 1.0 mg/g body weight (BW). SPP significantly inhibited serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 in rats. SPP (0.5 mg/g BW) inhibited to 68.7% passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. SPP dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. Moreover, SPP had a significant effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced histamine release or tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results suggest that SPP may contain compounds with actions that inhibit mast cell degranulation in the rat.

Abolition of anaphylactic shock by Solanum lyratum Thunb

We investigated the effects of the aqueous extract of Solanum lyratum THUNB. (Solanaceae) (SLAE) on the anaphylactic reactions. SLAE inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock 100% with a dose of 1.0 mg/g body weight (BW). When SLAE was pretreated at concentration ranging from 0.0001-1.0 mg/g BW, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis also inhibited to 69.3% by oral administration of SLAE (0.05 mg/g BW). Moreover, SLAE dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when SLAE was added, significantly increased compared with that of normal control. These results indicate that SLAE possess strong antianaphylactic activity.

Inhibitory effects of Korean folk medicine 'Hi-Chum' on histamine release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro

The effect of aqueous extract of Siegesbeckia glabrescence (Compositae) whole plants (SGWP) on systemic or local anaphylaxis was studied. SGWP inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis 100% with a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Oral administration of SGWP (100 mg/kg) showed a marked inhibition rate in local immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. When SGWP was pretreated at concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1000 mg/kg, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, SGWP dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80. These results indicate that SGWP possess strong antianaphylactic activity by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells.

Allergic conjunctivitis and uveitis models: reappraisal with some marketed drugs

The purpose of this study was to assess the activity of some marketed products in ocular non-immune and immune type I hypersensitivity reactions, and during intra-ocular type III hypersensitivity. In order to compare these activities, we improved and validated three different models of ocular allergic reaction already known for their ability to reproduce allergic conjunctivitis or uveitis. Allergic conjunctivitis was induced by ocular immediate hypersensitivity after instillation of compound 48/80 in the rat, or an active anaphylaxis reaction with ovalbumin immunisation and challenge in the guinea pig. Uveitis was induced by a reverse passive anaphylaxis reaction using intra-vitreal rabbit anti-bovine IgG anti-serum sensitisation and intravenous bovine gamma-globulin challenge in the rabbit. Clinical scores and blood-tissue permeability indices were studied. Using the same schedule of ocular instillation, the effects of Livostin (levocabastine 0.05%), Almide (lodoxamide 0.1%), Opticrom (sodium cromoglycate 2%), Ocufen (flurbiprofen 0.03%), Acular (ketorolac 0.5%) and 0.3% chlorpheniramine maleate were compared to positive and negative controls. We demonstrated the potent activity of chlorpheniramine maleate 0.3% and Livostin in both allergic conjunctivitis models. Significant activity was also evidenced with Almide, which was only active in the non-immune allergy model, while Opticrom was definitely not active in these models. In the uveitis model, Acular and Ocufen are active and potent drugs, while Livostin and Almide were not active. These results are discussed with respect to the models used and the mediators involved.