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Braun LR, Feldpausch MN, Czerwonka N, Weiss J, Branch K, Lee H, Martinez-Salazar EL, Torriani M, Sponseller CA, Grinspoon SK, Stanley TL. Effects of Pitavastatin on Insulin Sensitivity and Liver Fat: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4176-4186. [PMID: 30239757 PMCID: PMC6194811 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Context 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely prescribed. Statins may have important metabolic effects on insulin sensitivity and liver fat, but limited studies have assessed these effects by using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, stable isotopes, and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for liver fat quantification. Objective To study the effects of pitavastatin on hepatic fat and insulin sensitivity. Design Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Setting Academic clinical research center in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants Overweight, insulin-resistant men aged 40 to 65 years who had not received statin therapy for ≥1 year. Interventions Pitavastatin 4 mg or placebo daily. Outcome The primary endpoints were changes in insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and liver fat measured by 1H MRS. Results Pitavastatin showed no effect on endogenous glucose production (ΔRa glucose 0.07 ± 0.07 vs 0.04 ± 0.07 mg/kg/min, pitavastatin vs placebo, P = 0.76) or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake during "low dose" (ΔM 0.1 ± 0.1 vs -0.3 ± 0.2 mg/kg/min, P = 0.11) and "high dose" (ΔM -0.5 ± 0.3 vs -0.7 ± 0.4 mg/kg/min, P = 0.70) euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps. There was also no effect of pitavastatin on fasting glucose, HbA1c, and 2-hour glucose after 75-g glucose challenge. There was also no change in liver fat fraction (-1 ± 1 vs -0 ± 1%, P = 0.56). Conclusion Compared with placebo, pitavastatin did not affect hepatic or whole-body insulin sensitivity, and it did not reduce liver fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Braun
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan N Feldpausch
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalia Czerwonka
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Weiss
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Branch
- Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edgar L Martinez-Salazar
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Torriani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takara L Stanley
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism and Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Vargas JI, Arrese M, Shah VH, Arab JP. Use of Statins in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis: Current Views and Prospects. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19:43. [PMID: 28752475 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-017-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to analyze the current evidence regarding the use of statins in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic liver disease (CLD), cirrhosis, and its complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are significant public health problems. The use of statins in patients with CLD has been a matter of concern, and physicians are often reluctant to its prescription in these patients. This mainly relates to the potential occurrence of drug-induced liver injury. However, newer evidence from pre-clinical and clinical research has shown that statins are drugs with a potentially beneficial impact on the natural history of cirrhosis, on portal hypertension, and in HCC prevention. In this review, we summarize current evidence regarding the influence of statins in endothelial dysfunction in CLD, their ability to modulate hepatic fibrogenesis, and their vasoprotective effects in portal hypertension; we also focus on existing data about the impact of statins in cirrhosis development, progression, and complications and critically assess the current concerns about its use in patients with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Department of Gastroenterology School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Jang JE, Park HS, Yoo HJ, Baek IJ, Yoon JE, Ko MS, Kim AR, Kim HS, Park HS, Lee SE, Kim SW, Kim SJ, Leem J, Kang YM, Jung MK, Pack CG, Kim CJ, Sung CO, Lee IK, Park JY, Fernández-Checa JC, Koh EH, Lee KU. Protective role of endogenous plasmalogens against hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:416-431. [PMID: 28073164 PMCID: PMC5503808 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in the liver is an important pathogenic mechanism of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Plasmalogens, key structural components of the cell membrane, act as endogenous antioxidants and are primarily synthesized in the liver. However, the role of hepatic plasmalogens in metabolic liver disease is unclear. In this study, we found that hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing plasmalogens, expression of glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (Gnpat; the rate-limiting enzyme in plasmalogen biosynthesis), and expression of Pparα were lower in mice with NASH caused by accumulation of FC in the liver. Cyclodextrin-induced depletion of FC transactivated Δ-6 desaturase by increasing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 expression in cultured hepatocytes. DHA, the major product of Δ-6 desaturase activation, activated GNPAT, thereby explaining the association between high hepatic FC and decreased Gnpat expression. Gnpat small interfering RNA treatment significantly decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Pparα) expression in cultured hepatocytes. In addition to GNPAT, DHA activated PPARα and increased expression of Pparα and its target genes, suggesting that DHA in the DHA-containing plasmalogens contributed to activation of PPARα. Accordingly, administration of the plasmalogen precursor, alkyl glycerol (AG), prevented hepatic steatosis and NASH through a PPARα-dependent increase in fatty acid oxidation. Gnpat+/- mice were more susceptible to hepatic lipid accumulation and less responsive to the preventive effect of fluvastatin on NASH development, suggesting that endogenous plasmalogens prevent hepatic steatosis and NASH. CONCLUSION Increased hepatic FC in animals with NASH decreased plasmalogens, thereby sensitizing animals to hepatocyte injury and NASH. Our findings uncover a novel link between hepatic FC and plasmalogen homeostasis through GNPAT regulation. Further study of AG or other agents that increase hepatic plasmalogen levels may identify novel therapeutic strategies against NASH. (Hepatology 2017;66:416-431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Sik Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Whan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyo Jung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Yeol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - José C. Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,University of Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea,Contact information: Ki-Up Lee and Eun Hee Koh, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43 gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-3010-3243 (K.-U.L.), +82-2-3010-3248 (E.H.K.); Fax: +82-2-3010-6962; (K.-U.L.), (E.H.K.)
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Sagunja-Tang Improves Lipid Related Disease in a Postmenopausal Rat Model and HepG2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:321407. [PMID: 25977697 PMCID: PMC4421029 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Sagunja-tang on the lipid related disease in a rat model of menopausal hyperlipidemia and lipid accumulation in methyl-β-cyclodextrin-induced HepG2 cells. In in vivo study using menopausal hyperlipidemia rats, Sagunja-tang reduced retroperitoneal and perirenal fat, serum lipids, atherogenic index, cardiac risk factor, media thickness, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis score, when compared to menopausal hyperlipidemia control rats. In HepG2 cells, Sagunja-tang significantly decreased the lipid accumulation, total cholesterol levels, and low-density/very-low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, Sagunja-tang reversed the methyl-β-cyclodextrin-induced decrease in the protein levels of critical molecule involved in cholesterol synthesis, sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, and low-density lipoprotein receptor and inhibited protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase as well as activity. Phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase was stimulated by Sagunja-tang. These results suggest that Sagunja-tang has effect on inhibiting hepatic lipid accumulation through regulation of cholesterol synthesis and AMPK activity in vitro. These observations support the idea that Sagunja-tang is bioavailable both in vivo and in vitro and could be developed as a preventive and therapeutic agent of hyperlipidemia in postmenopausal females.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the phytoestrogenic effects of palmiwon on breast carcinoma, lipid accumulation in methyl-β-cyclodextrin-induced HepG2 cells, and lipid-related diseases in a rat model of menopausal hyperlipidemia. METHODS E-Screen assay was used to screen for phytoestrogens, especially those with antiestrogenic activity, in MCF-7 cells. Oil Red O staining and intracellular cholesterol analyses were used to quantify cellular cholesterol levels. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase assay was used to measure enzyme activity. The levels of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinases and products of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis were measured by Western blot analysis. Thirty rats were either ovariectomized or sham-operated and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 5)-Sham, OVX, OVX-SV, or OVX-PMW (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg) group-for 8 weeks. A number of targets associated with lipid-related diseases were examined to confirm the estrogenic effects of palmiwon. RESULTS Palmiwon showed antiestrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells. Palmiwon decreased lipid accumulation, total cholesterol levels, and low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein levels in HepG2 cells. Moreover, palmiwon reversed the effects of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on cholesterol synthesis regulators and inhibited the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was stimulated by palmiwon. In ovariectomized rats, palmiwon reduced retroperitoneal and perirenal fat accumulation, serum lipids, atherogenic index, cardiac risk factor score, intima-media thickness, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis scores. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that palmiwon inhibits lipid accumulation without estrogenic activity in the breast. Therefore, palmiwon may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in postmenopausal women.
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Tomiyama Y, Nishina S, Hara Y, Kawase T, Hino K. Hepatic oxidative stress in ovariectomized transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis C virus polyprotein is augmented through suppression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha signaling. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E229-39. [PMID: 24119019 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver diseases. Despite the evidence of an increased proportion of females among elderly patients with HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it remains unknown whether HCV augments hepatic oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to determine whether oxidative stress was augmented in ovariectomized (OVX) transgenic mice expressing the HCV polyprotein and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS OVX and sham-operated female transgenic mice expressing the HCV polyprotein and non-transgenic littermates were assessed for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant potential in the liver. RESULTS Compared with OVX non-transgenic mice, OVX transgenic mice showed marked hepatic steatosis and ROS production without increased induction of inflammatory cytokines, but there was no increase in ROS-detoxifying enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 1. In accordance with these results, OVX transgenic mice showed less activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), which is required for the induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes, and no activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), which regulates the activity of PGC-1α. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that hepatic oxidative stress was augmented in OVX transgenic mice expressing the HCV polyprotein by attenuation of antioxidant potential through inhibition of AMPK/PGC-1α signaling. These results may account in part for the mechanisms by which HCV-infected women are at high risk for HCC development when some period has passed after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tomiyama
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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