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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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2
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Coelho YNB, Soldi LR, da Silva PHR, Mesquita CM, Paranhos LR, dos Santos TR, Silva MJB. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as an alternative treatment in canine mast cell tumor. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1188795. [PMID: 37360406 PMCID: PMC10285312 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1188795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard treatment for canine mast cell tumors (MCT) uses vinblastine sulfate (VBL) as chemotherapy, although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have recently been shown to be worthy candidates for treatment. This systematic review aimed to analyze the overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), and complete (CR) or partial response (PR) in dogs with MCT treated with TKI compared to standard VBL treatment. The systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) database under the identifier 10.17605/OSF.IO/WYPN4 (https://osf.io/). An electronic search was performed in nine databases. References from eligible studies were also selected to find more registers. A total of 28 studies met the eligibility criteria, and one more was recovered from the references of eligible studies, totaling 29 selected studies. The overall response rate, complete response, and partial response were higher in dogs treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors than in dogs treated with vinblastine. The overall survival and progression-free survival of vinblastine-treated dogs were higher compared to tyrosine kinase inhibitors-treated dogs. Dogs with mutated KIT treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have longer overall survival and progression-free survival compared to those treated with vinblastine. It is important to consider the limitation of the study which should temper the interpretation of the results, videlicet, the extracted data lacked sample standardization and included variables such as animal characteristics, mutation detection methods, tumor characteristics, and treatment types which may have influenced the outcome of the study. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/, identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/WYPN4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Soldi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia—UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Melo Mesquita
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia—UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia—UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Reis dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia—UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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3
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Treggiari E, Giantin M, Ferro S, Romanelli G. Canine gastrointestinal stromal tumours treated with surgery and imatinib mesylate: three cases (2018-2020). J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:161-167. [PMID: 36335646 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are described in dogs and are histologically diagnosed with the aid of immunohistochemistry to allow differentiation from leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas. These tumours express c-kit and in some cases could harbour mutations in KIT coding gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs with a diagnosis of GIST previously confirmed with histopathology and immunohistochemistry were considered for inclusion. Medical records were reviewed for clinical signs at presentation, results of diagnostic tests, tumour location and treatment. To be included, patients had to undergo staging procedures and treatment with imatinib alone or in combination with surgery. Immunohistochemistry and KIT mutational analysis were performed assessing all included cases. RESULTS Three cases were included. All cases underwent staging procedures and surgical excision. Tumours were located in the stomach (two cases) or caecum (one case). KIT mutational status was assessed and the presence of a 54-base pair deletion in exon 11 was identified in one case. Following surgery, imatinib was used to treat recurrent, metastatic or residual disease and resulted in complete response and stable disease in the macroscopic setting and no evidence of recurrence in the microscopic setting. Follow-up time was 890, 120 and 352 days, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surgical and medical treatment resulted in a positive outcome in these cases of canine GIST. Imatinib treatment was well tolerated and resulted in a measurable response and a low spectrum of toxicities. Further studies on the tolerability and efficacy of imatinib in solid tumours and GIST are warranted to define its effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Treggiari
- Centro Specialistico Veterinario, Milan, Italy
| | - M Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - S Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Romanelli
- Centro Specialistico Veterinario, Milan, Italy
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4
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Chen P, Marconato L, Sabattini S, Kiupel M. Mutations in Exons 8 and 11 of c-kit Gene in Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors and Their Association with Cell Proliferation. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090493. [PMID: 36136708 PMCID: PMC9501132 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit has been well-described for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs), but c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate its association with histologic grade, KIT pattern, and proliferation markers. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, mitotic count, Ki67 index, AgNOR number, Ki67xAgNOR score, KIT pattern, and histologic grade (two-tier system) were retrospectively recorded for 216 dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit were detected in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. Exon 11 mutations were significantly associated with Kiupel high grade (p < 0.001) and increased mitotic count (p < 0.001) compared to subcutaneous MCTs with no mutations in exons 8 or 11 (p = 0.002) or subcutaneous MCTs with a mutation in exon 8 (p = 0.001). There was no significant association of either c-kit mutation with KIT patterns or proliferation activity. This study identified a higher prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in subcutaneous MCTs than previously reported. Like their cutaneous counterpart, subcutaneous MCTs with exon 11 mutations were more likely to be histologically high grade and have a higher mitotic count, whereas such associations were not observed in subcutaneous MCTs with exon 8 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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A bitesize introduction to canine hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4073-4084. [PMID: 35316831 PMCID: PMC9278293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are frequently diagnosed in dogs and result in a spectrum of clinical signs associated with specific disease types. The most frequently encountered hematologic tumors in dogs include lymphoma, lymphoid and myeloid leukemias, and mast cell, plasma cell, and histiocytic neoplasias. Coupled with the heterogeneous presentations of the different categories and subtypes of canine hematologic malignancies, outcomes for these tumors are also variable. Considering this, appropriate treatment options range from active surveillance to curative intent approaches harnessing surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation-based modalities. The underlying pathology of many of these diseases bears remarkable resemblance to that of the corresponding diagnosis made in human patients. We introduce some of the pathogenic drivers of canine hematologic cancers alongside their clinical presentations. An overview of standard-of-care therapies for each of these diseases is also provided. As comparative oncology gains recognition as a valuable setting in which to investigate the pathogenesis of neoplasia and provide powerful, clinically relevant, immunocompetent models for the evaluation of novel therapies, the number of clinicians and scientists participating in cancer research involving dogs is expected to increase. This review aims at providing an introductory overview of canine hematologic malignancies.
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Macedo TR, de Queiroz GF, Casagrande TAC, Alexandre PA, Brandão PE, Fukumasu H, Melo SR, Dagli MLZ, Pinto ACBCF, Matera JM. Imatinib Mesylate for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Assessment of the Response and Adverse Events in Comparison with the Conventional Therapy with Vinblastine and Prednisone. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030571. [PMID: 35159380 PMCID: PMC8834544 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs, and treatments for these diseases include surgery, polychemotherapy and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study aimed to evaluate the response and the adverse events of treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM) compared to conventional therapy using vinblastine and prednisolone (VP) in canine cutaneous MCTs. Twenty-four dogs were included in the study; 13 animals were treated with IM and 11 with VP. Tumor tissue samples were submitted for histological diagnosis, grading and KIT immunostaining. The response to treatment was assessed by tomographic measurements according to VCOG criteria. Adverse events were classified according to VCOG-CTCAE criteria. The IM and VP groups had dogs with similar breeds, gender, ages, MCT localization, WHO stages and lymph node metastasis profiles. Most MCTs were grade 2/low and had KIT- patterns 2 and 3. The objective response rate (ORR) was significantly higher (30.79%) in the IM group then in VP group (9.09%). Adverse events (AE) in IM group were all grade 1, significantly different from VP. In conclusion, IM presented better ORR and less severe adverse events when compared to VP, representing a suitable option for the treatment of low-grade canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Rodrigues Macedo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Genilson Fernandes de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró 59625-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1130917712
| | | | - Pâmela Almeida Alexandre
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (P.A.A.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (P.A.A.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Samanta Rios Melo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina B. C. Fonseca Pinto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (T.R.M.); (S.R.M.); (A.C.B.C.F.P.); (J.M.M.)
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7
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KIT Somatic Mutations and Immunohistochemical Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122370. [PMID: 33321993 PMCID: PMC7764140 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant melanomas arising from mucosal sites are very aggressive neoplastic entities which affect both humans and dogs. The family of tyrosine kinase receptors has been increasingly studied in humans for this type of neoplasm, especially the gene coding for the proto-oncogene KIT, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are actually available as treatment. However, KIT alteration status in canine oral melanoma still lacks characterization. In this study, we investigated the mutational status and the tissue expression of KIT through DNA sequencing and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. A homogeneous cohort of 14 canine oral melanomas has been collected, and while tissue expression of the protein was detected, no mutations were identifiable, most likely attributing the dysregulation of this oncogene to a more complex pattern of genomic aberration. Abstract Canine oral melanoma (COM) is an aggressive neoplasm with a low response to therapies, sharing similarities with human mucosal melanomas. In the latter, significant alterations of the proto-oncogene KIT have been shown, while in COMs only its exon 11 has been adequately investigated. In this study, 14 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded COMs were selected considering the following inclusion criteria: unequivocal diagnosis, presence of healthy tissue, and a known amplification status of the gene KIT (seven samples affected and seven non-affected by amplification). The DNA was extracted and KIT target exons 13, 17, and 18 were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for KIT and Ki67 was performed, and a quantitative index was calculated for each protein. PCR amplification and sequencing was successful in 97.62% of cases, and no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in any of the exons examined, similarly to exon 11 in other studies. The immunolabeling of KIT was positive in 84.6% of the samples with a mean value of 3.1 cells in positive cases, yet there was no correlation with aberration status. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that SNPs are not a frequent event in KIT activation in COMs, with the pathway activation relying mainly on amplification.
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8
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The secondary KIT mutation p.Ala510Val in a cutaneous mast cell tumour carrying the activating mutation p.Asn508Ile confers resistance to masitinib in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:64. [PMID: 32075643 PMCID: PMC7029481 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gain-of-function mutations in KIT are driver events of oncogenesis in mast cell tumours (MCTs) affecting companion animals. Somatic mutations of KIT determine the constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor leading to a worse prognosis and a shorter survival time than MCTs harbouring wild-type KIT. However, canine MCTs carrying KIT somatic mutations generally respond well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors; hence their presence represents a predictor of treatment effectiveness, and its detection allows implementing a stratified medical approach. Despite this, veterinary oncologists experience treatment failures, even with targeted therapies whose cause cannot be elucidated. The first case of an MCT-affected dog caused by a secondary mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain responsible for resistance has recently been reported. The knowledge of this and all the other mutations responsible for resistance would allow the effective bedside implementation of a deeply stratified and more effective medical approach. Case presentation The second case of a canine MCT carrying a different resistance mutation is herein described. The case was characterised by aggressive behaviour and early metastasis unresponsive to both vinblastine- and masitinib-based treatments. Molecular profiling of the tumoural masses revealed two different mutations; other than the already known activating mutation p.Asn508Ile in KIT exon 9, which is tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitive, a nearly adjacent secondary missense mutation, p.Ala510Val, which had never before been described, was detected. In vitro transfection experiments showed that the secondary mutation did not cause the constitutive activation by itself but played a role in conferring resistance to masitinib. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of the accurate molecular profiling of an MCT in order to improve understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying tumourigenesis and reveal chemoresistance in MCTs for more effective therapies. The detection of the somatic mutations responsible for resistance should be included in the molecular screening of MCTs, and a systematic analysis of all the cases characterised by unexpected refractoriness to therapies should be investigated in depth at both the genetic and the phenotypic level.
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9
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Thamm DH, Gustafson DL. Drug dose and drug choice: Optimizing medical therapy for veterinary cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:143-151. [PMID: 31487110 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although novel agents hold great promise for the treatment of animal neoplasia, there may be room for significant improvement in the use of currently available agents. These improvements include altered dosing schemes, novel combinations, and patient-specific dosing or selection of agents. Previous studies have identified surrogates for "individualized dose intensity,", for example, patient size, development of adverse effects, and pharmacokinetic parameters, as potential indicators of treatment efficacy in canine lymphoma, and strategies for patient-specific dose escalation are discussed. Strategies for treatment selection in individual patients include conventional histopathology, protein-based target assessment (eg, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and mass spectrometry), and gene-based target assessment (gene expression profiling and targeted or global sequencing strategies). Currently available data in animal cancer evaluating these strategies are reviewed, as well as ongoing studies and suggestions for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
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10
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Thamm DH, Avery AC, Berlato D, Bulman-Fleming J, Clifford CA, Hershey AE, Intile JL, Jones PD, Kamstock DA, Liptak JM, Pavuk A, Peauroi J, Powell R, Rissetto K, Valli VEO, Webster JD. Prognostic and predictive significance of KIT protein expression and c-kit gene mutation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A consensus of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:451-455. [PMID: 31264352 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of the Oncology-Pathology Working Group (OPWG), a joint initiative of the Veterinary Cancer Society and the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, is for oncologists and pathologists to collaboratively generate consensus documents to standardize aspects of and provide guidelines for oncologic pathology. Consensus is established through critical review of peer-reviewed literature relevant to a subgroup's particular focus. Subsequent acceptance and approval of the document by the OPWG membership at large establishes consensus. The intent of this publication is to help educate practitioners and pathologists on the value of diagnostics related to the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and to provide a guide for the use of these tests in veterinary medicine. This document represents the opinions of the OPWG and the authors and does not constitute a formal endorsement by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists or the Veterinary Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne L Intile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Alana Pavuk
- Antech Diagnostics, Hillsborough, North Carolina
| | | | - Roger Powell
- Powell Torrance Diagnostic Services, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kerry Rissetto
- Charleston Veterinary Referral Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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Londhe P, Gutwillig M, London C. Targeted Therapies in Veterinary Oncology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:917-931. [PMID: 31186124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have permitted a much more detailed understanding of cellular dysfunction at the molecular and genetic levels in cancer cells. This has resulted in the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention, including proteins that regulate signal transduction, gene expression, and protein turnover. In many instances, small molecules are used to disrupt the function of these targets, often through competitive inhibition of ATP binding or the prevention of necessary protein-protein interactions. More than 40 small molecule inhibitors are now approved to treat a variety of human cancers, substantially impacting patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Londhe
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Megan Gutwillig
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Cheryl London
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, Tufts University, Jaharis Building, Room 814, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 0211, USA.
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12
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Abu-Helil B, van der Weyden L. Metastasis in the wild: investigating metastasis in non-laboratory animals. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:15-28. [PMID: 30739231 PMCID: PMC6394581 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans are not the only species to spontaneously develop metastatic cancer as cases of metastasis have been reported in a wide range of animals, including dinosaurs. Mouse models have been an invaluable tool in experimental and clinical metastasis research, with the use of genetically-engineered mouse models that spontaneously develop metastasis or ectopic/orthotopic transplantation of tumour cells to wildtype or immunodeficient mice being responsible for many key advances in our understanding of metastasis. However, are there other species that can also be relevant models? Similarities to humans in terms of environmental exposures, life-span, genetics, histopathology and available therapeutics are all factors that can be considered when looking at species other than the laboratory mouse. This review will explore the occurrence of metastasis in multiple species from a variety of domestic, captive and free-living veterinary cases to assist in identifying potential alternative experimental and clinical research models relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Abu-Helil
- Experimental Cancer Genetics (T113), Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics (T113), Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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13
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Willmann M, Hadzijusufovic E, Hermine O, Dacasto M, Marconato L, Bauer K, Peter B, Gamperl S, Eisenwort G, Jensen-Jarolim E, Müller M, Arock M, Vail DM, Valent P. Comparative oncology: The paradigmatic example of canine and human mast cell neoplasms. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 17:1-10. [PMID: 30136349 PMCID: PMC6378619 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, advanced mast cell (MC) neoplasms are rare malignancies with a poor prognosis. Only a few preclinical models are available, and current treatment options are limited. In dogs, MC neoplasms are the most frequent malignant skin tumours. Unlike low‐grade MC neoplasms, high‐grade MC disorders usually have a poor prognosis with short survival. In both species, neoplastic MCs display activating KIT mutations, which are considered to contribute to disease evolution. Therefore, tyrosine kinase inhibitors against KIT have been developed. Unfortunately, clinical responses are unpredictable and often transient, which remains a clinical challenge in both species. Therefore, current efforts focus on the development of new improved treatment strategies. The field of comparative oncology may assist in these efforts and accelerate human and canine research regarding diagnosis, prognostication, and novel therapies. In this article, we review the current status of comparative oncology approaches and perspectives in the field of MC neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willmann
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emir Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, Imagine Institute Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Karin Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Peter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Gamperl
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Biomodels Austria and Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Arock
- LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David M Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Horta RDS, Giuliano A, Lavalle GE, Costa MDP, de Araújo RB, Constantino-Casas F, Dobson JM. Clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and genetic factors associated with measurable response of high-risk canine mast cell tumours to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:129-136. [PMID: 29387214 PMCID: PMC5768098 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present prospective-retrospective study was to evaluate the response of high-risk canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and to correlate this with prognostic factors. A total of 24 dogs presented with macroscopic cutaneous MCTs at disease stage II or III, and therefore, at high-risk of associated mortality, were included in the study and treated with masitinib (n=20) or toceranib (n=4). A total of 12/24 dogs achieved an objective response and the overall survival (OS) for all subjects was 113 days. Dogs responding to treatment had a significant increase in OS compared to non-responders (146.5 days vs. 47 days, P=0.02). Internal tandem duplications in exon 11 of the c-kit gene were identified in 6/24 cases. Ki67, KIT immunolabelling and c-kit mutation did not provide information regarding prognosis or prediction of response to TKIs in this population. Initial response to TKIs appears to be the most reliable prognostic factor for survival duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES 29120-920, Brazil
| | - Antonio Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gleidice Eunice Lavalle
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Pádua Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto Baracat de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando Constantino-Casas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jane Margaret Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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15
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Reversal effects of low-dose imatinib compared with sunitinib on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary and right ventricular remodeling in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 100:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Nakano Y, Kobayashi M, Bonkobara M, Takanosu M. Identification of a secondary mutation in the KIT kinase domain correlated with imatinib-resistance in a canine mast cell tumor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:84-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Bauer K, Hadzijusufovic E, Cerny-Reiterer S, Hoermann G, Reifinger M, Pirker A, Valent P, Willmann M. IL-4 downregulates expression of the target receptor CD30 in neoplastic canine mast cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1240-1256. [PMID: 27507155 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD30 is a novel therapeutic target in human mast cell (MC) neoplasms. In this 'comparative oncology' study, we examined CD30 expression and regulation in neoplastic canine MC using a panel of immunomodulatory cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and stem cell factor (SCF)] and the canine mastocytoma cell lines NI-1 and C2. Of all cytokines tested IL-4 was found to downregulate expression of CD30 in NI-1 and C2 cells. We also found that the CD30-targeting antibody-conjugate brentuximab vedotin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in both MC lines. Next, we asked whether IL-4-induced downregulation of CD30 interferes with brentuximab vedotin-effects. Indeed, pre-incubation of NI-1 cells with IL-4 decreased responsiveness towards brentuximab vedotin. To overcome IL-4-mediated resistance, we applied drug combinations and found that brentuximab vedotin synergizes with the Kit-targeting drugs masitinib and PKC412 in inhibiting growth of NI-1 and C2 cells. In summary, CD30 is a new marker and IL-4-regulated target in neoplastic canine MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Hadzijusufovic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Hoermann
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Pirker
- Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Willmann
- Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Merrick CH, Pierro J, Schleis SE, Sones EA, Wright ZM, Regan RC, Siedlecki CT, Bergman PJ. Retrospective evaluation of toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) toxicity in cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:710-717. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Merrick
- VCA Bay Area Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Hospital; San Leandro CA USA
| | - J. Pierro
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - S. E. Schleis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - E. A. Sones
- Animal Cancer Care Clinic; Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | | | - R. C. Regan
- Blue Pearl Georgia Veterinary Specialists; Sandy Springs GA USA
| | - C. T. Siedlecki
- VCA Bay Area Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Hospital; San Leandro CA USA
| | - P. J. Bergman
- Department of VCA Clinical Studies, VCA Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center; Bedford Hills NY USA
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19
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Kato Y, Kashiwagi E, Masuno K, Fujisawa K, Tsuchiya N, Matsushima S, Torii M, Takasu N. Cutaneous mastocytosis with a mutation in the juxtamembrane domain of c-kit in a young laboratory beagle dog. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:49-52. [PMID: 26989302 PMCID: PMC4766521 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mastocytosis, which resembles a subset of urticaria pigmentosa in humans, is rare in dogs. We herein report unrepresentative neoplastic proliferation of mast cells in ventral skin removed routinely from a nine-month-old female laboratory beagle dog at necropsy. A histological examination revealed diffuse extensive cellular infiltration from the superficial to deep dermis in most parts of the skin around the fourth and fifth mammary papilla without nodule formation. Tumor cells were fairly monomorphic, well-differentiated mast cells with round nuclei of small distinct nucleoli and moderate to abundant, slightly eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm. A perivascular arrangement of mast cells was noted at the margin of the lesions. Infiltration of eosinophils and degeneration of collagen were not observed in the dermis. Cutaneous mastocytosis was diagnosed based on these features. A sequence analysis of lesions revealed the deletion of Gln555 to Ile570 within the juxtamembrane domain of c-kit (exon 11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuu Ourai Kita 1-58, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Emi Kashiwagi
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Koichi Masuno
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kae Fujisawa
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Noriko Tsuchiya
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Matsushima
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mikinori Torii
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Nobuo Takasu
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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20
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Bonkobara M. Dysregulation of tyrosine kinases and use of imatinib in small animal practice. Vet J 2015; 205:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Personalised medicine in veterinary oncology: One to cure just one. Vet J 2015; 205:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Irie M, Takeuchi Y, Ohtake Y, Suzuki H, Nagata N, Miyoshi T, Kagawa Y, Yamagami T. Imatinib mesylate treatment in a dog with gastrointestinal stromal tumors with a c-kit mutation. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1535-9. [PMID: 26074249 PMCID: PMC4667679 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13-year-old spayed mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a gastrointestinal
stromal tumor (GIST) after histopathological examination of an abdominal mass. Five months
after surgical resection of the tumor, we detected the recurrence of GIST with multiple
disseminated abdominal lesions. A sequence analysis of cDNA obtained from a biopsy of the
recurrent tumors revealed a mutation within exon 9 of the c-kit gene
(1523A>T, Asn508Ile), which has been shown to cause ligand-independent
phosphorylation of the KIT protein in GISTs and canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Upon
detection of the recurrent tumors, we initiated treatment with imatinib mesylate (10
mg/kg, q 24 hr). After 2 months, the dog achieved complete remission. Our findings
indicate that canine GIST, and possibly MCT, may be responsive to molecular-targeted
therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Irie
- Shikoku Veterinary Medical Center, 3308-5 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan
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23
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Gil da Costa RM. C-kit as a prognostic and therapeutic marker in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: From laboratory to clinic. Vet J 2015; 205:5-10. [PMID: 26021891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are some of the most common canine neoplasms and their variable and often aggressive biological behaviour makes them particularly challenging for the veterinary practitioner. Over the years, scientists have accumulated a wealth of knowledge on these tumours and developed better prognostic markers and targeted therapies, mostly focused on inhibiting c-kit, a protein that plays a major role in the biopathology of MCTs. Masitinib and toceranib, targeted inhibitors of c-kit and other receptor tyrosine-kinases (RTKs), offer the promise of improving the outcome of patients with aggressive MCTs. Much of the available knowledge on MCTs is dispersed, making it difficult for practitioners to benefit when consulting a pathologist or making therapeutic decisions. This article seeks to bring together current knowledge on the biopathology of MCTs, reviewing prognostic markers and their applications, and the development of c-kit inhibitors in the context of the basic cellular, molecular and pathological features of MCTs. Future perspectives following recent biopathological data and experimental therapeutic approaches are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal.
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24
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van Lelyveld S, Warland J, Miller R, Maw H, Foale R, Goodfellow M, Dobson J. Comparison between Ki-67 index and mitotic index for predicting outcome in canine mast cell tumours. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:312-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. van Lelyveld
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital; 5 Delven Lane, Derby Castle Donington Derby DE74 2LJ
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion, Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | - J. Warland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
| | - R. Miller
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm; Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - H. Maw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
| | - R. Foale
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm; Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - M. Goodfellow
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion, Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | - J. Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
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25
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Abstract
Recent advances in molecular biology have permitted the identification and characterization of specific abnormalities regarding cell signaling and function in cancer cells. Proteins that are found to be dysregulated in cancer cells can serve as relevant targets for therapeutic intervention. Although there are several approaches to block proteins that contribute to cellular dysfunction, the one most commonly used involves a class of therapeutics called small molecule inhibitors. Such inhibitors work by disrupting critical pathways/processes in cancer cells, thereby preventing their ability to grow and survive.
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26
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Ito K, Kobayashi M, Kuroki S, Sasaki Y, Iwata T, Mori K, Kuroki T, Ozawa Y, Tetsuka M, Nakagawa T, Hiroi T, Yamamoto H, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibits the growth of canine malignant melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Vet J 2013; 198:577-82. [PMID: 24035468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine malignant melanomas are highly aggressive and fatal neoplasms. In the present report, 21 drugs that target specific signalling pathways were screened for their growth inhibitory activity on three canine malignant melanoma cell lines. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibited the growth of these cell lines. The growth inhibitory properties of bortezomib were then examined using nine canine malignant melanoma cell lines. Bortezomib demonstrated potent growth inhibitory activity in all cell lines with calculated IC50 values of 3.5-5.6 nM. Because suppression of the NF-κB pathway by preventing proteasomic degradation of I κB is an important mechanism of the anti-tumour activity of bortezomib, the activation status of and the effect of bortezomib on the NF-κB pathway were examined using a canine malignant melanoma cell line, CMM-1. The NF-κB pathway was constitutively activated in CMM-1 cells and bortezomib efficiently suppressed this activated pathway. Using a CMM-1 xenograft mouse model, bortezomib also significantly inhibited tumour growth via suppression of tumour cell proliferation. Collectively, these findings suggest that bortezomib has growth inhibitory activity against canine malignant melanomas potentially through suppression of the constitutively activated NF-κB pathway. Targeted therapy using bortezomib could therefore be beneficial in the management of canine malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Ito
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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27
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Nakano Y, Kobayashi T, Oshima F, Fukazawa E, Yamagami T, Shiraishi Y, Takanosu M. Imatinib responsiveness in canine mast cell tumors carrying novel mutations of c-KIT exon 11. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:545-8. [PMID: 24292246 PMCID: PMC4064139 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2 individual cases of
canine mast cell tumors, we identified 2 novel c-KIT mutations in exon
11: a 9-base pair (bp) deletion (c.1663-1671del) and a point mutation (c.1676T>A). The
9-bp deletion mutation caused a loss of 3 amino acids, corresponding to
p.Gln555_Lys557del, and the point mutation resulted in the substitution of valine by
aspartic acid (p.Val559Asp) in the juxtamembrane domain of the protein. Imatinib mesylate,
a therapeutic agent for canine mast cell tumors, was used to treat both tumors. Complete
remission was achieved at 33 and 14 days after administration, respectively. However, in
both cases, the therapeutic response subsequently tapered with the duration of remission
lasting 66 and 255 days, respectively. Although these 2 novel c-KIT
mutations in exon 11 were not confirmed to be gain-of-function mutations, a further study
may help clarify relevance between mutations identified in this report and
responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakano
- Japan Small Animal Cancer Center, 2-27-4 Nakatomi-minami, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-0003, Japan
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28
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Iida G, Asano K, Seki M, Sakai M, Kutara K, Ishigaki K, Kagawa Y, Yoshida O, Teshima K, Edamura K, Watari T. Gene expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors for potential targeted therapy of canine hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:301-6. [PMID: 24189579 PMCID: PMC3982818 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of growth factors and
growth factor receptors of primary hepatic masses, including hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) and nodular hyperplasia (NH), in dogs. Quantitative real-time reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure the expression of 18
genes in 18 HCCs, 10 NHs, 11 surrounding non-cancerous liver tissues and 4 healthy control
liver tissues. Platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), transforming growth factor-α,
epidermal growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor
were found to be differentially expressed in HCC compared with NH and the surrounding
non-cancerous and healthy control liver tissues. PDGF-B is suggested to have the potential
to become a valuable ancillary target for the treatment of canine HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentoku Iida
- Laboratories of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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29
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Maes RK, Langohr IM, Wise AG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M. Beyond H&E: integration of nucleic acid-based analyses into diagnostic pathology. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:238-56. [PMID: 24129897 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Maes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA. and
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30
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Imatinib-associated tumour response in a dog with a non-resectable gastrointestinal stromal tumour harbouring a c-kit exon 11 deletion mutation. Vet J 2013; 198:271-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Analysis of activated platelet-derived growth factor β receptor and Ras-MAP kinase pathway in equine sarcoid fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:283985. [PMID: 23936786 PMCID: PMC3726019 DOI: 10.1155/2013/283985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are skin tumours of fibroblastic origin affecting equids worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1) and, less commonly, type-2 are recognized as etiological factors of sarcoids. The transforming activity of BPV is related to the functions of its major oncoprotein E5 which binds to the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) causing its phosphorylation and activation. In this study, we demonstrate, by coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, that in equine sarcoid derived cell lines PDGFβR is phosphorylated and binds downstream molecules related to Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK pathway thus resulting in Ras activation. Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase receptors inhibitor which selectively inhibits the activation of PDGFβR in the treatment of several human and animal cancers. Here we show that imatinib inhibits receptor phosphorylation, and cell viability assays demonstrate that this drug decreases sarcoid fibroblasts viability in a dose-dependent manner. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of sarcoids and paves the way to a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of this common equine skin neoplasm.
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32
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Abstract
With recent advances in molecular biology, abnormalities in cancer cells that contribute to dysregulation of cell survival and proliferation are being characterized with greater precision. Through this process, key abnormalities in cancer cells involving proteins that regulate signal transduction, migration, mitosis and other critical processes have been identified. Such abnormalities often involve a class of proteins called kinases that act to phosphorylate other proteins in the cell, resulting in activation of these proteins in the absence of appropriate stimulation/regulation. Given their role in tumour biology, substantial effort has been directed at blocking the function of these proteins. Several approaches have been used, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. While antibodies are primarily directed at cell surface proteins, small molecule inhibitors, also known as kinase inhibitors, target proteins throughout the cell. A variety of kinase inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of human cancers. In some instances, these inhibitors have exhibited significant clinical efficacy, and it is likely that their biological activity will be further enhanced as combination regimens with standard treatment modalities are explored. The use of kinase inhibitors in dogs and cats is relatively recent, although two inhibitors, toceranib (Palladia; Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA) and masitinib (Kinavet; Catalent Pharma Solutions, Somerset, NJ, USA) have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (USA) for use in dogs. This article reviews the biology of protein kinase dysfunction in human and animal cancers, and the application of specific kinase inhibitors to veterinary cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA.
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in human and pet tumours with special reference to breast cancer: a comparative review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:293-308. [PMID: 23768779 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) play a key role in tumour cell proliferation and survival since they are involved in endothelial cell activation leading to tumour neoangiogenesis. In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), stem cell factor receptor (c-KitR), and colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) are overexpressed or constitutively activated in human and pet malignancies. A variety of small molecule inhibitors targeting specific tyrosine kinases (known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or TKIs) have recently been approved, or are under investigation, for the treatment of human cancer. TKI application in animal cancer is however relatively recent. This review aims to illustrate the major aspects of tyrosine kinase dysfunctions, with special regard to human and animal cancer of the mammary gland, providing an update on the background of the anti-angiogenic and anti-neoplastic properties of TKIs in human and veterinary cancer.
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34
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Validation of the prognostic value of histopathological grading or c-kit mutation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A retrospective cohort study. Vet J 2013; 196:492-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Giantin M, Aresu L, Aricò A, Gelain ME, Riondato F, Comazzi S, Dacasto M. Evaluation of tyrosine-kinase receptor c-kit mutations, mRNA and protein expression in canine lymphoma: might c-kit represent a therapeutic target? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:153-9. [PMID: 23791075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
c-kit plays an important role in proliferation, survival and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. In human hematopoietic malignancies, c-kit is mostly expressed by progenitor cell neoplasms and seldom by mature cell neoplasms. Aim of this study was to evaluate c-kit expression in canine lymphoma. Twenty-five B-cell lymphomas and 21 T-cell lymphomas were enrolled in the study. c-kit mRNA and protein expression was measured in lymph node fine needle aspirates by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, while the occurrence of KIT mutations on exons 8-11 and 17 was investigated by direct cDNA sequencing. KIT mRNA was amplifiable but below the limit of quantification in 76% of B-cell lymphomas and 33% of T-cell lymphomas. Remaining samples showed a very low expression of KIT, except for some high grade (HG) T-cell lymphomas where a comparatively higher mRNA amount was observed. Transcriptional data were confirmed at the protein level. No gain-of-function mutations were observed. Among canine lymphomas, T-cell lymphoma typically shows an aggressive biological behavior, partly being attributable to the lack of efficacious treatment options, and the evidence of c-kit expression in HG T-cell lymphomas might represent the rationale for its routinely diagnostic evaluation and the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale Università 16, 35020 Agripolis-Legnaro Padova, Italy.
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Gentilini F, Mantovani V, Turba ME. The use of COLD-PCR, DHPLC and GeneScanning for the highly sensitive detection of c-KIT somatic mutations in canine mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:218-28. [PMID: 23654224 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing methods may be poorly suited for the detection of somatic mutations in canine mast cell tumour (MCT) samples owing to limited sensitivity. This study was aimed at establishing novel and more sensitive methods, assessing their limit of detection and comparing their sensitivity with conventional methods.Two different 'driver' somatic mutations of c-KIT, together with the wild-type counterparts, were cloned in plasmids to prepare standard samples with known concentrations of mutated alleles in a background of wild-type alleles; the plasmids standards were assayed using either conventional or novel, highly sensitive technique. Conventional PCR/sequencing showed a sensitivity of 50-20%. Conversely, all the novel methods obtained higher sensitivities allowed reaching as low as 2.5-1.2% of the mutated DNA.The study demonstrates that early conventional methods could likely have underestimated the prevalence of KIT mutations of MCTs, therefore affecting the assessment of their relevance in prognosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Mantovani
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M E Turba
- Genefast Srl, Genefast Lab, Bazzano, Bologna, Italy
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37
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Imatinib and Dasatinib Inhibit Hemangiosarcoma and Implicate PDGFR-β and Src in Tumor Growth. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:158-68. [PMID: 23544168 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangiosarcoma, a natural model of human angiosarcoma, is an aggressive vascular tumor diagnosed commonly in dogs. The documented expression of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by these tumors makes them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, we possess limited knowledge of the effects of TKIs on hemangiosarcoma as well as other soft tissue sarcomas. We report here on the use of the TKIs imatinib and dasatinib in canine hemangiosarcoma and their effects on platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β) and Src inhibition. Both TKIs reduced cell viability, but dasatinib was markedly more potent in this regard, mediating cytotoxic effects orders of magnitude greater than imatinib. Dasatinib also inhibited the phosphorylation of the shared PDGFR-β target at a concentration approximately 1000 times less than that needed by imatinib and effectively blocked Src phosphorylation. Both inhibitors augmented the response to doxorubicin, suggesting that clinical responses likely will be improved using both drugs in combination; however, dasatinib was significantly (P < .05) more effective in this context. Despite the higher concentrations needed in cell-based assays, imatinib significantly inhibited tumor growth (P < .05) in a tumor xenograft model, highlighting that disruption of PDGFR-β/PDGF signaling may be important in targeting the angiogenic nature of these tumors. Treatment of a dog with spontaneously occurring hemangiosarcoma established that clinically achievable doses of dasatinib may be realized in dogs and provides a means to investigate the effect of TKIs on soft tissue sarcomas in a large animal model.
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Giantin M, Aresu L, Aricò A, Gelain ME, Riondato F, Martini V, Comazzi S, Dacasto M. Evaluation of tyrosine-kinase receptor c-KIT (c-KIT) mutations, mRNA and protein expression in canine leukemia: might c-KIT represent a therapeutic target? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:325-32. [PMID: 23375718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine-kinase receptor c-KIT (c-KIT) plays an important role in proliferation, survival and differentiation of progenitor cells in normal hematopoietic cells. In human hematological malignancies, c-KIT is mostly expressed by progenitor cell neoplasia and seldom by those involving mature cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are actually licensed for the first- and second-line treatment of human hematologic disorders. Aim of the present study was to evaluate c-KIT mRNA and protein expression and complementary DNA (cDNA) mutations in canine leukemia. Eleven acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) and 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were enrolled in this study. The amounts of c-KIT mRNA and protein were determined, in peripheral blood samples, by using quantitative real time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, respectively. The presence of mutations on c-KIT exons 8-11 and 17 were investigated by cDNA sequencing. Higher amounts of c-KIT mRNA were found in ALL/AUL compared to CLL, and this latter showed a lower pattern of gene expression. Transcriptional data were confirmed at the protein level. No significant gain-of-function mutations were ever observed in both ALL/AUL and CLL. Among canine hematological malignancies, ALL/AUL typically show a very aggressive biological behavior, partly being attributable to the lack of efficacious therapeutic options. The high level of c-KIT expression found in canine ALL/AUL might represent the rationale for using TKIs in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, viale Università 16, Agripolis-Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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39
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Rossi G, Bertani C, Mari S, Marini C, Renzoni G, Ogilvie G, Magi GE. Ex vivo evaluation of imatinib mesylate for induction of cell death on canine neoplastic mast cells with mutations in c-Kit exon 11 via apoptosis. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:101-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Costa Casagrande TA, de Oliveira Barros LM, Fukumasu H, Cogliati B, Chaible LM, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. The value of molecular expression of KIT and KIT ligand analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry as a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:1-10. [PMID: 23294979 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between KIT gene expression determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the rate of tumour recurrence and tumour-related deaths in dogs affected with mast cell tumour (MCT). Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare tumour recurrence and tumour-related death between patients. The log-rank test was used to check for significant differences between curves. KIT-I, KIT-II and KIT-III staining patterns were observed in 9 (11.11%), 50 (61.73%) and 22 (27.16%) tumours, respectively. Tumour recurrence rates and tumour-related deaths were not associated with KIT staining patterns (P = 0278, P > 0.05), KIT (P = 0.289, P > 0.05) or KIT ligand (P = 0.106, P > 0.05) gene expression. Despite the lack of association between KIT staining pattern and patient survival time, the results suggest a correlation between aberrant KIT localization and increased proliferative activity of MCTs. RT-PCR seems to be a sensible method for quantitative detection of KIT gene expression in canine MCT, although expressions levels are not correlated with prognosis.
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41
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Shiomitsu K, Bauer RW, Grasperge BJ, Suter SE, Waite KJ. Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma with dual CD3 and c-kit expression in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:594-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Shiomitsu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
| | - Rudy W. Bauer
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
| | - Britton J. Grasperge
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
| | - Steven E. Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC; USA
| | - Kyle J. Waite
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
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42
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Chu PY, Pan SL, Liu CH, Lee J, Yeh LS, Liao AT. KIT gene exon 11 mutations in canine malignant melanoma. Vet J 2012; 196:226-30. [PMID: 23069279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene KIT encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase which has been shown to be upregulated in canine melanomas. KIT mutations lead to constitutive phosphorylation and activation of KIT in the absence of ligand binding. The presence of KIT mutations and KIT protein expression was examined in a cohort of 49 dogs with canine malignant melanoma. An exon 11 synonymous nucleotide 1743C→T mutation was identified in five cases in which one also harbored a L579P mutation. Tumors that harbored the KIT exon 11 mutation(s) correlated significantly with disease recurrence (P = 0.05). All 36 melanomas available for immunohistochemical analysis showed either weak (16 cases, 44.4%) or strong (20 cases, 55.6%) expression of the KIT protein. The five KIT mutation carriers were all strongly positive for KIT by immunohistochemical staining. These findings suggest that a subset of canine malignant melanomas harbors a KIT exon 11 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi 60069, Taiwan
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43
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Takanosu M, Sato M, Kagawa Y. Sensitive detection of the c-KIT c.1430G>T mutation by mutant-specific polymerase chain reaction in feline mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:138-42. [PMID: 22891713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the establishment of mutant-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of a c-KIT c.1430G>T mutation in feline mast cell tumours. Several mutations in feline c-KIT have been identified, with the c.1430G>T mutation accounting for a significant portion of feline mast cell tumour mutations. The c.1430G>T mutation in c-KIT exon 9 was detected in 15.7% (11 of 70) of samples by mutant-specific PCR but in only 7.1% (5 of 70) by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the genomic DNA isolated from 70 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections or cells collected by fine needle aspiration. Mutant-specific PCR showed remarkably higher detection rate than did PCR-RFLP. DNA sequence analysis did not always yield identical results to those of mutant-specific PCR, suggesting heterogeneity of tumour cells. Mutant-specific PCR is a valid and efficient screening tool for detection of the c-KIT c.1430G>T point mutation in feline mast cell tumours compared with PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takanosu
- Nasunogahara Animal Clinic, Ohtawara, Tochigi, Japan
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44
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Kobayashi M, Sugisaki O, Ishii N, Yamada O, Ito K, Kuroki S, Sasaki Y, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Canine intestinal mast cell tumor with c-kit exon 8 mutation responsive to imatinib therapy. Vet J 2012; 193:264-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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45
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Klopfleisch R, Meyer A, Schlieben P, Bondzio A, Weise C, Lenze D, Hummel M, Einspanier R, Gruber AD. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treated canine mast cell tumour cells identifies potentially kit signaling-dependent genes. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:96. [PMID: 22747577 PMCID: PMC3489685 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine mast cell tumour proliferation depends to a large extent on the activity of KIT, a tyrosine kinase receptor. Inhibitors of the KIT tyrosine kinase have recently been introduced and successfully applied as a therapeutic agent for this tumour type. However, little is known on the downstream target genes of this signaling pathway and molecular changes after inhibition. Results Transcriptome analysis of the canine mast cell tumour cell line C2 treated for up to 72 hours with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib identified significant changes in the expression levels of approximately 3500 genes or 16% of the canine genome. Approximately 40% of these genes had increased mRNA expression levels including genes associated with the pro-proliferative pathways of B- and T-cell receptors, chemokine receptors, steroid hormone receptors and EPO-, RAS and MAP kinase signaling. Proteome analysis of C2 cells treated for 72 hours identified 24 proteins with changed expression levels, most of which being involved in gene transcription, e.g. EIA3, EIA4, TARDBP, protein folding, e.g. HSP90, UCHL3, PDIA3 and protection from oxidative stress, GSTT3, SELENBP1. Conclusions Transcriptome and proteome analysis of neoplastic canine mast cells treated with masitinib confirmed the strong important and complex role of KIT in these cells. Approximately 16% of the total canine genome and thus the majority of the active genes were significantly transcriptionally regulated. Most of these changes were associated with reduced proliferation and metabolism of treated cells. Interestingly, several pro-proliferative pathways were up-regulated, which may represent attempts of masitinib treated cells to activate alternative pro-proliferative pathways. These pathways may contain hypothetical targets for a combination therapy with masitinib to further improve its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 15, Berlin, 14163, Germany.
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46
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Imatinib elicited a favorable response in a dog with a mast cell tumor carrying a c-kit c.1523A>T mutation via suppression of constitutive KIT activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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TAKEUCHI Y, FUJINO Y, FUKUSHIMA K, WATANABE M, NAKAGAWA T, OHNO K, SASAKI N, SUGANO S, TSUJIMOTO H. Biological effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on three canine mast cell tumor cell lines with various KIT statuses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:97-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Murakami A, Mori T, Sakai H, Murakami M, Yanai T, Hoshino Y, Maruo K. Analysis of KIT expression and KIT exon 11 mutations in canine oral malignant melanomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 9:219-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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TAKEUCHI Y, FUJINO Y, WATANABE M, NAKAGAWA T, OHNO K, SASAKI N, SUGANO S, TSUJIMOTO H. Screening of Therapeutic Targets for Canine Mast Cell Tumors from a Variety of Kinase Molecules. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1295-302. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori TAKEUCHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuhito FUJINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Manabu WATANABE
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takayuki NAKAGAWA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi OHNO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Nobuo SASAKI
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sumio SUGANO
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hajime TSUJIMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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50
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Kennedy KC, Qurollo BA, Rose BJ, Thamm DH. Epidermal growth factor enhances the malignant phenotype in canine mammary carcinoma cell lines. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 9:196-206. [PMID: 21848622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumours (CMTs) are the most common malignancies in female dogs. The receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR (erbb1), a receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and related factors, mediates multiple oncogenic functions in human epithelial neoplasms. While previous studies have demonstrated EGFR expression in canine tumours, its function has not been studied in canine cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of EGF and vandetanib (ZD6474), a small molecule inhibitor of VEGFR-2, EGFR and RET tyrosine kinases, on proliferation, invasion, survival and chemosensitivity in CMT cells. In low serum, EGF enhanced proliferation and chemotaxis, attenuated apoptosis, and stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Vandetanib dose-dependently inhibited EGFR phosphorylation as well as PI3K/Akt activation, and inhibited all EGF-induced phenotypic effects. In conclusion, EGF stimulates multiple features promoting the malignant phenotype in CMT. Thus, CMT may be an important translational model for the investigation of novel EGFR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Kennedy
- The Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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