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Shastak Y, Pelletier W. Pet Wellness and Vitamin A: A Narrative Overview. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1000. [PMID: 38612239 PMCID: PMC11010875 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The health of companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, is significantly influenced by nutrition, with vitamins playing a crucial role. Vitamin A, in particular, is indispensable, with diverse roles ranging from vision to immune modulation and reproduction. Despite its importance, the metabolism and dietary requirements of vitamin A in companion animals remain complex and not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical perspective, the digestion, the metabolism, the physiological roles, the deficiency, the excess, and the interactions with other micronutrients of vitamin A in companion animals. Additionally, it highlights future research directions and gaps in our understanding. Insights into the metabolism of vitamin A in companion animals, personalized nutrition strategies based on genetic variability, longitudinal studies tracking the status of vitamin A, and investigations into its immunomodulatory effects are crucial for optimizing pet health and wellness. Furthermore, understanding the stability and bioavailability of vitamin A in pet food formulations is essential for ensuring the provision of adequate micronutrients. Overall, this review underscores the importance of vitamin A in companion animal nutrition and the need for further research to enhance our understanding and to optimize dietary recommendations for pet health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauheni Shastak
- Nutrition & Health Division, BASF SE, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Yu L, Lacorcia L, Johnstone T. Hyperthyroid cats and their kidneys: a literature review. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:415-432. [PMID: 35711100 PMCID: PMC9543258 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common diseases of geriatric cats, and often occur concurrently. Thus, a thorough understanding of the influence of thyroid function on renal function is of significant value for all feline practitioners. Among other effects, hyperthyroidism causes protein catabolism and increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These effects render traditional renal markers insensitive for the detection of CKD in cats with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, the development of iatrogenic hypothyroidism with over treatment of hyperthyroidism can be detrimental to renal function and may negatively affect long-term survival. This review discusses important diagnostic considerations of feline hyperthyroidism, as well as key treatment modalities, with an emphasis on the use of radioiodine and the importance of post treatment monitoring of thyroid and renal parameters. In Australia, a common curative treatment for cats with benign hyperthyroidism (i.e. thyroid hyperplasia or adenoma) is a fixed dose of orally administered radioiodine, regardless of the serum total thyroxine concentration at the time of diagnosis. This review discusses the long term outcomes of this standard of care in comparison with current, relevant research literature from around the world. Finally, this review explores the use of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in assessing renal function before and after treatment in hyperthyroid cats. SDMA correlates well with GFR and creatinine in non-hyperthyroid cats, but our understanding of its performance in hyperthyroid cats remains in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yu
- Veterinary Referral HospitalDandenongVictoriaAustralia
| | - L Lacorcia
- Veterinary Referral HospitalDandenongVictoriaAustralia
| | - T Johnstone
- Animal Referral Hospital, Essendon Fields72 Hargrave AvenueEssendon FieldsVictoria3041Australia
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Kongtasai T, Meyer E, Paepe D, Marynissen S, Smets P, Mortier F, Demeyere K, Vandermeulen E, Stock E, Buresova E, Defauw P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cats with chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1376-1388. [PMID: 33723886 PMCID: PMC8162613 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are candidate biomarkers for the detection of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. OBJECTIVE To evaluate urinary and serum L-FABP and NGAL concentrations in CKD cats and in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine (131 I) treatment. ANIMALS Nine CKD cats, 45 healthy cats and hyperthyroid cats at 3 time points including before (T0, n = 49), 1 month (T1, n = 49), and 11 to 29 months after (T2, n = 26) 131 I treatment. METHODS Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Serum L-FABP (sL-FABP), serum NGAL (sNGAL), urinary L-FABP (uL-FABP), and urinary NGAL (uNGAL) were compared between the 3 groups and between hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment. Data are reported as median (min-max). RESULTS CKD cats had significantly higher sL-FABP (13.50 [3.40-75.60] ng/ml) and uL-FABP/Cr (4.90 [0.97-2139.44] µg/g) than healthy cats (4.25 [1.34-23.25] ng/ml; P = .01 and 0.46 [0.18-9.13] µg/g; P < .001, respectively). Hyperthyroid cats at T0 had significantly higher uL-FABP/Cr (0.94 [0.15-896.00] µg/g) than healthy cats (P < .001), thereafter uL-FABP/Cr significantly decreased at T2 (0.54 [0.10-76.41] µg/g, P = .002). For the detection of CKD, uL-FABP/Cr had 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.4-100.0) sensitivity and 93.2% (95% CI, 81.3-98.6) specificity. There were no significant differences in sNGAL and uNGAL/Cr between the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE L-FABP, but not NGAL, is a potential biomarker for the detection of early CKD in cats. Utility of uL-FABP to predict azotemia after treatment in hyperthyroid cats remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Buresova
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Defauw
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vargas F, Wangesteen R, Rodríguez-Gómez I, García-Estañ J. Aminopeptidases in Cardiovascular and Renal Function. Role as Predictive Renal Injury Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5615. [PMID: 32764495 PMCID: PMC7460675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases (APs) are metalloenzymes that hydrolyze peptides and polypeptides by scission of the N-terminus amino acid and that also participate in the intracellular final digestion of proteins. APs play an important role in protein maturation, signal transduction, and cell-cycle control, among other processes. These enzymes are especially relevant in the control of cardiovascular and renal functions. APs participate in the regulation of the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system and also modulate the activity of neuropeptides, kinins, immunomodulatory peptides, and cytokines, even contributing to cholesterol uptake and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the role of four key APs, aspartyl-, alanyl-, glutamyl-, and leucyl-cystinyl-aminopeptidases, in the control of blood pressure (BP) and renal function and on their association with different cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this context, the effects of AP inhibitors are analyzed as therapeutic tools for BP control and renal diseases. Their role as urinary biomarkers of renal injury is also explored. The enzymatic activities of urinary APs, which act as hydrolyzing peptides on the luminal surface of the renal tubule, have emerged as early predictive renal injury biomarkers in both acute and chronic renal nephropathies, including those induced by nephrotoxic agents, obesity, hypertension, or diabetes. Hence, the analysis of urinary AP appears to be a promising diagnostic and prognostic approach to renal disease in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Vargas
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquín García-Estañ
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Urinary proteome and metabolome in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): The effect of chronic kidney disease. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103795. [PMID: 32335294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible disease. Although urine is an ideal biological sample for proteomics and metabolomics studies, sensitive and specific biomarkers are currently lacking in dogs. This study characterised dog urine proteome and metabolome aiming to identify and possibly quantify putative biomarkers of CKD in dogs. Twenty-two healthy dogs and 28 dogs with spontaneous CKD were selected and urine samples were collected. Urinary proteome was separated by SDS-PAGE and analysed by mass spectrometry, while urinary metabolome was analysed in protein-depleted samples by 1D 1H NMR spectra. The most abundant proteins in urine samples from healthy dogs were uromodulin, albumin and, in entire male dogs, arginine esterase. In urine samples from CKD dogs, the concentrations of uromodulin and albumin were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than in healthy dogs. In addition, these samples were characterised by a more complex protein pattern indicating mixed glomerular (protein bands ≥65 kDa) and tubular (protein bands <65 kDa) proteinuria. Urine spectra acquired by NMR allowed the identification of 86 metabolites in healthy dogs, belonging to 49 different pathways mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, purine and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Seventeen metabolites showed significantly different concentrations when comparing healthy and CKD dogs. In particular, carnosine, trigonelline, and cis-aconitate, might be suggested as putative biomarkers of CKD in dogs. SIGNIFICANCE: Urine is an ideal biological sample, however few proteomics and metabolomics studies investigated this fluid in dogs and in the context of CKD (chronic kidney disease). In this research, applying a multi-omics approach, new insights were gained regarding the molecular changes triggered by this disease in canine urinary proteome and metabolome. In particular, the involvement of the tubular component was highlighted, suggesting uromodulin, trigonelline and carnosine as possible biomarkers of CKD in dogs.
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Wolff EDS, Bilbrough G, Moore G, Guptill L, Scott-Moncrieff JC. Comparison of 2 assays for measuring serum total thyroxine concentration in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:607-615. [PMID: 32017235 PMCID: PMC7096613 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No gold standard assay for serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration in small animals exists. The Microgenics DRI TT4 (MTT4) assay is used by most reference laboratories. Hypothesis/Objectives IDEXX Catalyst Total T4 (CTT4) and Immulite 2000 TT4 (ITT4) results will agree with MTT4 results. Animals Residual small animal sera were randomized before reanalysis (dogs, CTT4 versus MTT4: n = 176, ITT4 versus MTT4: n = 74; cats, CTT4 versus MTT4: n = 319, ITT4 versus MTT4: n = 79). Methods Validation and method comparison study. Serum TT4 concentration was measured on all analyzers. Pairwise Pearson correlation, cumulative sum linearity test, regression, and Bland‐Altman method were performed. Results CTT4 versus MTT4 in dogs: constant bias (y‐intercept) was 0.10 μg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05‐0.15), proportional bias (slope) was 0.86 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.83‐0.89); in cats, constant bias was 0.13 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.08‐0.20) and proportional bias was 1.01 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.98‐1.03), but the test for linearity failed. Bland‐Altman plots identified increasing disagreement with increasing serum TT4 concentrations. ITT4 versus MTT4 in dogs, constant bias was 0.14 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.04‐0.22) and 0.22 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.09‐0.33) for cats; proportional bias was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72‐0.80) for dogs and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.69‐0.74) for cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Differences in CTT4 and MTT4 results affect interpretation at higher serum TT4 concentrations. The ITT4 proportional bias will underestimate serum TT4 concentrations in dogs and cats, compared to MTT4. Serial TT4 measurements should be done using the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan D S Wolff
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - George Moore
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Lynn Guptill
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
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DeMonaco SM, Panciera DL, Morre WA, Conway T, Werre S. Symmetric dimethylarginine in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioactive iodine. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:531-538. [PMID: 31290362 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19859947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioactive iodine and to determine how pretreatment SDMA relates to the development of post-treatment azotemia. METHODS Eighty-four non-azotemic hyperthyroid cats had serum SDMA and creatinine evaluated before and 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment with radioiodine therapy. RESULTS Baseline SDMA was increased in 7% (n = 6/84) of cats, whereas SDMA was increased in 19% (n = 15/81), 20% (n = 16/80) and 32% (n = 26/81) at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment, respectively. Creatinine was not elevated in any of the cats at baseline because of the study design, and was elevated in 6% (n = 5/81), 15% (n = 12/80) and 15% (n = 12/81) of cats at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment, respectively. SDMA (median 11 μg/dl, range 1-22 μg/dl) was significantly higher at 3 (12 μg/dl, range 6-45 μg/dl; P = 0.005) and 6 months (11 μg/dl, 6-25 μg/dl; P <0.001) compared with baseline (11 μg /dl, range 1-21 μg/dl). The median baseline SDMA was significantly higher in the azotemic group (13 μg/dl, range 11-22 μg/dl) compared with the non-azotemic group (10 μg/dl, range 1-21 μg/dl, P = 0.002). The sensitivity of SDMA for detecting azotemia after treatment was 15.4%, with a specificity of 94.4%. Baseline serum SDMA concentration had a moderately positive association with baseline creatinine concentration (P <0.001, r = 0.437). At 6 months, there was a strong positive correlation between SDMA and creatinine concentrations (P <0.001, r = 0.721). There was no significant correlation with SDMA and thyroxine at baseline (P = 0.772, r = -0.034) or 6 months (P = 0.492, r = -0.078). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE SDMA increases in cats treated for hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine and likely reflects associated changes in glomerular filtration rate. An increased SDMA concentration above the reference interval prior to treatment has a high specificity but poor sensitivity for the prediction of post-treatment azotemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M DeMonaco
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Wendy A Morre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tina Conway
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Veterinary Referral Associates, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Investigation of the association between serum protein concentrations and concurrent chronic kidney disease in hyperthyroid cats. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:412-417. [PMID: 28753515 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to identify if changes in serum protein concentrations occur in hyperthyroidism and to assess their association with the development of azotaemia following treatment. Initially non-azotaemic hyperthyroid cats and healthy older cats were included. Serum concentrations of protein fractions were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and compared between; hyperthyroid and control cats, initially non-azotaemic hyperthyroid cats which developed azotaemia in a 4month follow up period (masked-azotaemic) and those which remained non-azotaemic, and hyperthyroid cats before and at the time of restoration of euthyroidism. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentiles]. Hyperthyroid cats (n=56) had higher serum α2 globulin concentrations (12.5 [10.9, 13.1] g/L vs. 9.8 [3.0, 11.4] g/L; P<0.001) and lower serum γ globulin concentrations (11.4 [9.1, 13.3] g/L vs. 14.0 [12.4, 16.8] g/L; P=0.001) than control cats (n=26). Following treatment, serum total globulin concentration increased (from 38.6 [35.4, 42.8] g/L to 42.3 [39.0, 45.7] g/L; P<0.001), serum α2 globulin concentration decreased (from 12.5 [10.9, 13.9] g/L to 11.5 [10.1, 12.6] g/L; P<0.001) and serum γ globulin concentration increased (from 11.4 [9.0, 13.3] g/L to 14.0 [12.4, 16.8] g/L; P<0.001). Serum concentrations of total globulin or globulin fractions were not significantly different between masked-azotaemic and non azotaemic groups. In conclusion, hyperthyroidism is associated with altered serum concentrations of the α2 and γ globulin fractions, however these changes were not associated with the development of azotaemic chronic kidney disease following treatment.
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Williams TL, Dillon H, Elliott J, Syme HM, Archer J. Serum Cystatin C Concentrations in Cats with Hyperthyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1083-9. [PMID: 27155206 PMCID: PMC5084826 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, no test can accurately predict the development of azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroidism. Serum cystatin C concentrations (sCysC) might be less influenced by changes in body muscle mass and so better indicate the presence of concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hyperthyroidism. Hypotheses sCysC will be higher in hyperthyroid cats that develop azotemia compared with hyperthyroid cats that remain nonazotemic after treatment; sCysC will be higher in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD than healthy older cats and, sCysC will decrease after treatment of hyperthyroidism. Animals Ninety‐one cats treated in first opinion practice. Methods Case–control study. sCysC were compared between hyperthyroid cats which developed azotemia within 4 months of successful treatment of hyperthyroidism (pre‐azotemic group) and hyperthyroid cats which remained nonazotemic after treatment (nonazotemic group), and between nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats. sCysC were also compared between hyperthyroid cats before treatment and at time of establishment of euthyroidism. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile]. Results Baseline sCysC were not different between the pre‐azotemic and nonazotemic groups (1.9 [1.4, 2.3] mg/L versus 1.5 [1.1, 2.2] mg/L, respectively; P = .22). sCysC in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats were not significantly different (1.5 [1.0, 1.9] mg/L versus 1.2 [0.8, 1.4] mg/L, respectively; P = .16). sCysC did not change significantly after treatment of hyperthyroidism (pretreatment 1.8 [1.2, 2.3] mg/L, after treatment 1.6 [1.1, 2.4] mg/L; P = .82). Conclusions and Clinical Importance sCysC do not appear to be a reliable marker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Dillon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - H M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - J Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Taffin ERL, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Smets PMY, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Serum and urinary cystatin C in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection and cats with hyperthyroidism. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:658-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15592343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) in cats with hyperthyroidism and cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Methods Thirty cats with FIV, 26 hyperthyroid cats and 28 healthy cats were included. sCysC and uCysC:creatinine (uCysC/uCr) ratio were measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, previously validated for feline CysC measurement. Routine renal variables (serum creatinine [sCr], urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]) were also measured in the three groups. Results Cats with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher sCysC and higher uCysC/uCr ratio, lower sCr and a higher UPC than healthy cats. Cats with FIV infection did not show a significantly higher sCysC concentration but had a significantly higher sCr and UPC than healthy cats. uCysC could be detected in only four of them. Conclusions and relevance This study demonstrated that sCysC is increased in cats with hyperthyroidism, in contrast with sCr, but not in cats with FIV. Many hyperthyroid cats, but only four cats with FIV, had an elevated uCysC/uCr ratio. Further studies may reveal if uCysC might be a valuable marker for tubular dysfunction in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth FE Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien RL Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke
| | - Pascale MY Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Waddell RE, Marino DJ, Loughin CA, Tumulty JW, Dewey CW, Sackman J. Medical infrared thermal imaging of cats with hyperthyroidism. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:53-9. [PMID: 25535661 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) as a screening tool for hyperthyroidism in cats, evaluate the need for hair clipping over the ventral aspect of the neck to achieve optimal images, and determine whether there is a change in thermal patterns at 1 and 3 months after radioactive sodium iodide I 131 treatment. ANIMALS 17 cats with and 12 control cats without hyperthyroidism. PROCEDURES All cats underwent MITI first with the hair present and then after the hair was clipped. Each cat with hyperthyroidism was subsequently appropriately treated SC with radioiodide; reevaluations, including MITI before and after hair clipping and measurement of serum thyroxine concentration, were performed 1 and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS The MITI had 80.5% and 87.5% accuracy in differentiating hyperthyroid cats from clinically normal cats before and after the hair over the ventral aspect of the neck was clipped. Among cats with an initial serum thyroxine concentration > 4.0 μg/dL, the success rate for MITI-detected response to radioiodide treatment at the 1-month reevaluation was 92.86% in unshaved cats and 85.71% in shaved cats. The success rate for MITI-detected response to radioiodide treatment at the 3-month reevaluation was 100% in unshaved and shaved cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that MITI was successful in differentiating between hyperthyroid cats and clinically normal cats and identifying patients with thyroxine concentration within reference interval after radioactive sodium iodide I 131 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Waddell
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 S Service Rd, Plainview, NY 11803
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14
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Vaske HH, Schermerhorn T, Grauer GF. Effects of feline hyperthyroidism on kidney function: a review. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:55-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15575385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism are two commonly diagnosed conditions in the geriatric feline population, and are often seen concurrently. Management of both diseases is recommended; however, the physiologic implications of both diseases must be understood to ensure the most favorable outcome for each patient. This report reviews the complex interplay between hyperthyroidism and kidney function, as well as the effects of hyperthyroid therapy on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Vaske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, 106 Moiser Hall, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA
| | - Thomas Schermerhorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, 106 Moiser Hall, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA
| | - Gregory F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, 106 Moiser Hall, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA
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15
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Paepe D, Ghys LFE, Smets P, Lefebvre HP, Croubels S, Daminet S. Routine kidney variables, glomerular filtration rate and urinary cystatin C in cats with diabetes mellitus, cats with chronic kidney disease and healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:880-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14559788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a frequent and serious complication in human diabetic patients, but data are limited in cats. This study was undertaken to assess whether diabetic cats are susceptible to DKD. Methods Kidney function was compared between 36 cats with diabetes mellitus (DM), 10 cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 10 age-matched healthy cats by measuring routine kidney variables (serum creatinine [sCreat], serum urea [sUrea], urine specific gravity [USG], urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]), urinary cystatin C:creatinine ratio and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Urinary cystatin C (uCysC) was measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, validated to measure feline cystatin C, in all but two diabetic cats. GFR was evaluated by exo-iohexol clearance in 17 diabetic cats, all cats with CKD and all healthy cats. Results Diabetic cats had significantly (mean ± SD) lower sCreat (123 ± 38 vs 243 ± 80 µmol/l), sUrea (11 ± 3 vs 18 ± 7 mmol/l) and urinary cystatin C:creatinine ratio (6 ± 31 vs 173 ± 242 mg/mol), and a significantly higher USG (1.033 ± 0.012 vs 1.018 ± 0.006) and GFR (2.0 ± 0.7 vs 0.8 ± 0.3 ml/min/kg) compared with cats with CKD. Compared with healthy cats, diabetic cats only had significantly lower USG (1.033 ± 0.012 vs 1.046 ± 0.008). Proteinuria (UPC >0.4) was present in 39% of diabetic cats, in 30% of cats with CKD and in none of the healthy cats. However, the UPC did not differ statistically between the three groups. Conclusions and relevance Based on evaluation of routine kidney variables, GFR and uCysC as a tubular marker at a single time point, a major impact of feline DM on kidney function could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth FE Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pascale Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- University of Toulouse, INP, National Toulouse Veterinary School, Clinical Research Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Ghys LFE, Meyer E, Paepe D, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Analytical validation of a human particle-enhanced nephelometric assay for cystatin C measurement in feline serum and urine. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:226-34. [PMID: 24773065 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people and dogs, Cystatin C (CysC), a renal glomerular and tubular marker, seems superior to serum creatinine to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay is available to measure human CysC, but there are no reports in cats. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was the validation of the human CysC nephelometric assay with feline serum and urine, and to perform a pilot study comparing serum and urine CysC between healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Western blot analysis was used to assess cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC. Imprecision and linearity were determined for feline serum and urine CysC. Serum and urine CysC were measured in 10 healthy and 10 CKD cats. RESULTS Cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC was demonstrated. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation in feline serum and urine were 1.3% and 0.4%, and 12.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher serum CysC concentration (1.24 [0.63-2.99] vs 0.79 [0.43-1.05] mg/L; P = .02) and urine CysC/urinary Creatinine (uCr) ratio (565.6 [0-1311] vs < 0.049/uCr mg/mol; P = .005) compared with healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS The human nephelometric assay showed satisfactory validation results for feline CysC. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher sCysC concentration and uCysC/uCr ratio compared with healthy cats. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate CysC as an early marker of renal damage in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Paepe D, Daminet S. Feline CKD: Diagnosis, staging and screening - what is recommended? J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15 Suppl 1:15-27. [PMID: 23999183 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13495235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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18
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Cobrin AR, Blois SL, Kruth SA, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dewey C. Biomarkers in the assessment of acute and chronic kidney diseases in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:647-55. [PMID: 24152019 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In both human and veterinary medicine, diagnosing and staging renal disease can be difficult. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard for assessing renal function but methods for its assessment can be technically challenging and impractical. The main parameters used to diagnose acute and chronic kidney disease include circulating creatinine and urea concentrations, and urine-specific gravity. However, these parameters can be insensitive. Therefore, there is a need for better methods to diagnose and monitor patients with renal disease. The use of renal biomarkers is increasing in human and veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney diseases. An ideal biomarker would identify site and severity of injury, and correlate with renal function, among other qualities. This article will review the advantages and limitations of renal biomarkers that have been used in dogs and cats, as well as some markers used in humans that may be adapted for veterinary use. In the future, measuring a combination of biomarkers will likely be a useful approach in the diagnosis of kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cobrin
- Ontario Veterinary College Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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19
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Pressler BM. Clinical approach to advanced renal function testing in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:1193-208, v. [PMID: 24144085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration is insensitive for detecting kidney injury and does not assist in differentiation between glomerular versus tubular damage. Advanced renal function tests, including glomerular filtration rate testing, determining fractional excretion of electrolytes, and assay of urine biomarkers, may allow earlier detection of reduced renal function mass, differentiation of renal from non-renal causes of azotemia, and assist with localization of damage. This article reviews the principles, indications, and limitations of these tests and describes their use in sample clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrak M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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20
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Sasaki N, Ishibashi M, Soeta S. Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of feline retinol-binding protein 4. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1383-7. [PMID: 23719693 PMCID: PMC3942945 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a specific transporter of retinol and was recently
identified as an adipokine potentially involved in type 2 diabetes in humans and rodents.
However, the function and structure of feline RBP4 have not been reported. In this study,
we describe the molecular cloning and expression analysis of feline RBP4. The complete
feline RBP4 cDNA encodes a precursor protein comprising an 18 amino acid
signal peptide and a 183 amino acid mature protein. Feline RBP4 was
mapped to chromosome D2. Mature feline RBP4 is 83–94% homologous to the RBPs of humans,
cows and rodents. RT-PCR analysis revealed feline RBP4 expression in liver and adipose
tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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21
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Branter E, Drescher N, Padilla M, Trepanier LA. Antioxidant status in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:582-8. [PMID: 22428726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversible antioxidant depletion is found in hyperthyroid humans, and antioxidant depletion increases the risk of methimazole toxicosis in rats. OBJECTIVES To determine whether abnormalities in concentrations of blood antioxidants or urinary isoprostanes were present in hyperthyroid cats, and were reversible after radioiodine treatment. To determine whether or not antioxidant abnormalities were associated with idiosyncratic methimazole toxicosis. ANIMALS Hyperthyroid cats presented for radioiodine treatment (n = 44) and healthy mature adult control cats (n = 37). METHODS Prospective, controlled, observational study. Red blood cell glutathione (GSH), plasma ascorbate (AA), plasma free retinol (vitamin A), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), and urinary free 8-isoprostanes in hyperthyroid cats were compared to healthy cats and to hyperthyroid cats 2 months after treatment. RESULTS Blood antioxidants were not significantly different in hyperthyroid cats (mean GSH 1.6 ± 0.3 mM; AA 12.8 ± 4.9 μM, and vitamin E, 25 ± 14 μg/mL) compared to controls (GSH 1.4 ± 0.4 mM; AA 15.0 ± 6.6 μM, and vitamin E, 25 ± 17 μg/mL). Urinary isoprostanes were increased in hyperthyroid cats (292 ± 211 pg/mg creatinine) compared to controls (169 ± 82 pg/mg; P = .006), particularly in hyperthyroid cats with a USG < 1.035. Plasma free vitamin A was higher in hyperthyroid cats (0.54 ± 0.28 μg/mL versus 0.38 ± 0.21 in controls; P = .007). Both abnormalities normalized after radioiodine treatment. No association was found between oxidative status and prior idiosyncratic methimazole toxicosis. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Increased urinary isoprostane could reflect reversible renal oxidative stress induced by hyperthyroidism, and this requires additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Branter
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA
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Perez-Abud R, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Villarejo AB, Moreno JM, Wangensteen R, Tassi M, O'Valle F, Osuna A, Vargas F. Salt sensitivity in experimental thyroid disorders in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E281-7. [PMID: 21521719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00690.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed salt sensitivity, analyzing the effects of an increased saline intake on hemodynamic, morphological, and oxidative stress and renal variables in experimental thyroid disorders. Six groups of male Wistar rats were used: control, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and the same groups treated with salt (8% via food intake). Body weight, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded weekly for 6 wk. Finally, BP and HR were recorded directly, and morphological, metabolic, plasma, and renal variables were measured. High-salt intake increased BP in thyroxine-treated rats but not in control or hypothyroid rats. High-salt intake increased cardiac mass in all groups, with a greater increase in hyperthyroid rats. Urinary isoprostanes and H(2)O(2) were higher in hyperthyroid rats and were augmented by high-salt intake in all groups, especially in hyperthyroid rats. High-salt intake reduced plasma thyroid hormone levels in hyperthyroid rats. Proteinuria was increased in hyperthyroid rats and aggravated by high-salt intake. Urinary levels of aminopeptidases (glutamyl-, alanyl-, aspartyl-, and cystinylaminopeptidase) were increased in hyperthyroid rats. All aminopeptidases were increased by salt intake in hyperthyroid rats but not in hypothyroid rats. In summary, hyperthyroid rats have enhanced salt sensitivity, and high-salt intake produces increased BP, cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and signs of renal injury. In contrast, hypothyroid rats are resistant to salt-induced BP elevation and renal injury signs. Urinary aminopeptidases are suitable biomarkers of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Perez-Abud
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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