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Avison A, Gelzer AR, Reef VB, Wulster Bills KB, de Solis CN, Kraus MS, Slack J, Stefanovski D, Deacon LJ, Underwood C. Twenty-four hour continuous transvenous temporary right ventricular pacing in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1751-1764. [PMID: 38514200 PMCID: PMC11099695 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to perform transvenous temporary cardiac pacing (TV-TP) is critical to stabilize horses with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Reports of successful TV-TP in horses are limited, and only briefly describe short-term pacing. OBJECTIVE To describe temporary, medium-term (24 h) transvenous right ventricular pacing in awake horses using a bipolar torque-directed pacing catheter. ANIMALS Six healthy adult institutional teaching horses. METHODS Prospective experimental study with 2 immediately successive TV-TP lead placements in each horse with a target location of the RV apex. One placement was performed primarily with echocardiographic guidance and 1 primarily with fluoroscopic guidance. In all placements, corresponding images were obtained with both imaging modalities. Horses were then paced for 24 h, unrestricted in a stall with continuous telemetric ECG monitoring. Echocardiographically determined lead position, episodes of pacing failure in the preceding 6 h, and pacing thresholds were recorded every 6 h. Pacing failure was defined as a period of loss of capture longer than 20 s. RESULTS Pacing leads were placed with both guidance methods and maintained for 24 h with no complications. Two horses with leads angled caudally in the right ventricular apex had no pacing failure, the remaining 4 horses had varying degrees of loss of capture. Leads located in the right ventricular apex had longer time to pacing failure and lower capture thresholds P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Medium-term TV-TP is feasible and has potential for stabilization of horses with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Lead position in the right ventricular apex appears optimal. Continuous ECG monitoring is recommended to detect pacing failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Avison
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Anna R. Gelzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Virginia B. Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn B. Wulster Bills
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cris Navas de Solis
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marc S. Kraus
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - JoAnn Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lindsay J. Deacon
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Claire Underwood
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
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Garcia Filho SG, de Andrade FSRM, Dos Santos RST, Gonçalves LA, Pereira MAA, de Souza AF, Ambrósio AM, Fantoni DT. Comparison of Hemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine and Ephedrine Infusions in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Horses. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040278. [PMID: 37104433 PMCID: PMC10146723 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and ephedrine during the management of anesthesia-related hypotension in healthy horses. Thirteen horses underwent general anesthesia with isoflurane and were randomly divided into two different groups, one of which received a dobutamine constant rate infusion (CRI) (1 µg/kg bwt/min) and the other received an ephedrine CRI (20 µg/kg bwt/min) when hypotension (<60 mmHg) was identified, following up to 15 min after the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg. All horses were equipped with a pulmonary artery catheter and a peripheral artery catheter, and multiparameter monitoring commenced as soon as they were under mechanical ventilation. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded, while tissue perfusion markers (peripheral oxygen saturation, arterial oxygen partial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial pH, arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration, arterial oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen saturation, mixed venous oxygen content, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, and oxygen extraction ratio), serum lactate concentration, and troponin I concentrations were analyzed before the start of infusions (T0), when the blood pressure reached 70 mmHg (T1), and 15 min after T1 (T2). The time to restore the arterial pressure was similar in both groups (p > 0.05); however, the heart rate was higher in the ephedrine group (p = 0.0098), and sinus bradyarrhythmia occurred in the dobutamine group. Furthermore, both experimental protocols increased cardiac output (p = 0.0012), cardiac index (p = 0.0013), systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.008), systemic vascular resistance index (p < 0.001), and ameliorated perfusion markers. In the dobutamine group, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (p < 0.001) and systolic index (p = 0.003) were elevated, while the arteriovenous oxygen difference was reduced in the ephedrine group (p = 0.02). Troponin I was used as a myocardial injury indicator, and did not differ between moments or between groups (p > 0.05). We concluded that both drugs were effective and safe to treat anesthetic hypotension under the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Grandisoli Garcia Filho
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Silveira Rego Monteiro de Andrade
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Souza Thurler Dos Santos
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alaião Gonçalves
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Amador Pereira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Fernando de Souza
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Magalhães Ambrósio
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques Paiva Ave., São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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Biondi V, Landi A, Pugliese M, Merola G, Passantino A. Inflammatory Response and Electrocardiographic Examination in Horses Vaccinated against Equine Herpesvirus (Ehv-1). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060778. [PMID: 35327175 PMCID: PMC8944655 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects horses, causing respiratory, neurologic, and abortion syndromes in pregnant mares. Vaccination induces an immune response that reduces the risk of infection, the severity of clinical signs, and viral excretion. This study aimed to evaluate and describe the clinical and electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) occurring after vaccination against herpesvirus in healthy horses. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate possible abnormalities in electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) after inactivated herpesvirus vaccine administration. Eighteen healthy horses were included. All animals were vaccinated with Pneumoequine® (Merial, France) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. They were evaluated 1 day before the first dose of vaccination (D0), and 7 days (D1) and 14 days (D2) afterwards. At D0, D1, and D2, a blood sample was taken for the evaluation of SAA, cTnI, and CRP. An electrocardiographic examination was also performed. The data obtained suggested the possible involvement of the myocardium following vaccination against herpesvirus 1, mostly related to an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-90-6766743
| | - Giordana Merola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
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Hellings IR, Skjerve E, Karlstam E, Valheim M, Ihler CF, Fintl C. Racing-associated fatalities in Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses: Incidence rates, risk factors, and principal postmortem findings. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:778-786. [PMID: 35060194 PMCID: PMC8965266 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses. Objectives The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized associated with racing between 2014 and 2019 were investigated. Animals Thirty‐eight Standardbreds and 10 Norwegian‐Swedish Coldblooded Trotters died or were euthanized associated with racing. A total of 816 085 race‐starts were recorded. Methods Incidence rates were calculated for both countries and horse breeds. Risk factors for sudden death were identified using a case‐control logistic model. Postmortem examinations were performed in 43 horses. Results The overall fatality IR was 0.059/1000 race‐starts. Traumatic injuries accounted for 14.5%, while sudden death for 85.5% of fatalities. Only minor differences between countries and breeds were recorded. The number of starts within the last 30 days increased the risk of sudden death (5 starts odds ratio (OR) 228.80, confidence interval (CI) 10.9‐4793). An opposite non‐linear effect was observed in number of starts the last 180 days (>10 starts OR 0.12, CI 0.02‐0.68). Seven horses were euthanized because of catastrophic injury. Acute circulatory collapse because of suspected cardiac or pulmonary failure or both was recorded in 30 horses, while major hemorrhage after vessel rupture was the primary cause of death in 10 cases. One horse collapsed and died but was not submitted for autopsy. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Comparatively low rates of catastrophic orthopedic fatalities were reported, while causes and IR of sudden death were similar to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erika Karlstam
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The Swedish National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mette Valheim
- Department of Pathology and High-Risk Pathogens, The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Carl Fredrik Ihler
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Constanze Fintl
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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5
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Rossi TM, Kavsak PA, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Pyle WG, Physick-Sheard PW. Effect of racing on cardiac troponin I concentration and associations with cardiac rhythm disturbances in Standardbred racehorses. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 35:14-24. [PMID: 33789181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence indicates intense exercise can be associated with myocardial damage. Investigating the impact of maximal effort on myocardium and exploring possible association of injury with rhythm disturbance requires a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assay. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effect of racing on serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in Standardbred horses using a high-sensitivity assay; (2) to determine the 99th percentile of cTnI in healthy horses and investigate the effect of demographic variables on cTnI prevailing pre-race in Standardbred horses using a validated high-sensitivity assay and a contemporary assay, and; (3) to explore associations between exercise-associated arrhythmia and cTnI concentration. ANIMALS Racehorses (n = 145). MATERIALS AND METHODS ≤ 2 h pre-race, cTnI concentrations were measured in 158 race starts. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring was applied during racing and race recovery and screened for complex ventricular arrhythmia. Associations between cTnI prevailing before racing concentration, age, sex, and gait were investigated. Demographic and performance variables were evaluated for associations with cTnI concentration post-race and rhythm disturbance. RESULTS Incidence of arrhythmia was 11.6% (16 horses). A significant increase in median (interquartile range) cTnI concentration of 1.36 (0.49-2.81) ng/L was found post-race (p < 0.0001). Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration prevailing pre-race was positively associated with increasing age, and gait. Serum cardiac troponin I prevailing post-race was positively associated with concentration prevailing pre-race. Interaction between arrhythmia and finishing distanced revealed horses finishing distanced and experiencing arrhythmia displayed higher cTnI release than with the presence of either alone. CONCLUSIONS Racing increased cTnI concentration. Horses finishing distanced and also exhibiting arrhythmia may be experiencing myocardial compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - P A Kavsak
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-2N16, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M G Maxie
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Laboratory Services Division, Building 89, 419 Gordon St., Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - W G Pyle
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P W Physick-Sheard
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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6
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Hellings IR, Krontveit R, Øverlie M, Kallmyr A, Holm T, Fintl C. Pre- and post-race serum cardiac troponin T concentrations in Standardbred racehorses. Vet J 2020; 256:105433. [PMID: 32113587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentrations may provide evidence of myocardial injury but physiological post-exercise release also occurs. Reference intervals are not fully established in horses making interpretation difficult. The aims of this study were to establish an upper reference limit for serum cTnT, compare pre-and post-race serum cTnT concentrations, and to evaluate factors that may influence these in a population of healthy, race-fit Standardbred racehorses. Serum samples were collected pre- (n = 108) and 1-2 h post-racing (n = 101) and analysed using a high sensitivity-cTnT assay. Reference limits with 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by non-parametric methods using the bootstrap method. Effects of sex, age, racing speed, distance, placings and track surface were assessed by fitting generalized linear models with an identity link function and inverse Gaussian distribution. The upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentration was 27.4 ng/L (90% CI 13.1-32.0). The median serum cTnT concentration was significantly higher 1-2 h post-racing compared to pre-racing (P < 0.001). Age and sex did not significantly affect serum cTnT concentrations pre-racing (P = 0.5 and P = 0.11). Cardiac troponin T concentrations were significantly higher post-racing in females (P = 0.018). Racing speed and placings had no effect on serum cTnT concentrations post-race (P = 0.71 and P = 0.66). The study contributed towards establishing an upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentrations in a population of race-fit Standardbreds and evaluated factors that may have influenced the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Hellings
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - R Krontveit
- Norwegian Medicine Agency, Post Box 240 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Øverlie
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Kallmyr
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Holm
- Evidensia Lørenskog Dyreklinikk, Solheimveien 56, 1473 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - C Fintl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Rossi TM, Kavsak PA, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Pyle WG, Physick-Sheard PW. Post-exercise cardiac troponin I release and clearance in normal Standardbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - P. A. Kavsak
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - M. G. Maxie
- Animal Health Laboratory; Laboratory Services Division; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - D. L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - W. G. Pyle
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - P. W. Physick-Sheard
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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8
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Raftery AG. When should we measure cardiac troponin I? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Raftery
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow Scotland
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9
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Gunther-Harrington CT, Arthur R, Estell K, Martinez Lopez B, Sinnott A, Ontiveros E, Varga A, Stern JA. Prospective pre- and post-race evaluation of biochemical, electrophysiologic, and echocardiographic indices in 30 racing thoroughbred horses that received furosemide. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:18. [PMID: 29347921 PMCID: PMC5774161 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) and cardiac dysrhythmias are well described conditions identified in high-level human athletes that increase in frequency with intensity and duration of exercise. Identification of these conditions requires an understanding of normal pre- and post-race cardiac assessment values. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize selected indices of cardiac function, electrophysiologic parameters, and biochemical markers of heart dysfunction prior to and immediately after high level racing in Thoroughbred horses receiving furosemide; and (2) create pre- and post-race reference values in order to make recommendations on possible screening practices for this population in the future. Results Thirty Thoroughbred horses were enrolled in the study with an age range of 3–6 years. All horses received furosemide prior to racing. Physical exams, ECGs, and echocardiograms were performed prior to racing (T0) and within 30–60 min following the race (T1). Blood samples were obtained at T0, T1, 4 h post-race (T4) and 24 h after the race (T24). Electrolytes, hematocrit, cardiac troponin I, and partial pressure CO2 values were obtained at all time points. Heart rate was significantly increased post-race compared to baseline value with a median difference of 49 bpm, 95% CI [31,58],(P < 0.0001). No dysrhythmias were noted during ECG assessment. Following the race, an increase in number of horses demonstrating regurgitation through the aorta and AV valves was noted. Systolic function measured by fractional shortening increased significantly with a mean difference of 7.9%, 95% CI [4.8, 10.9], (P < 0.0001). Cardiac troponin I was not different at pre- and immediately post-race time points, but was significantly increased at T4 (P < 0.001). Troponin returned to baseline value by T24. Conclusions This study utilized a before and after study design where each horse served as its own control, as such the possible effect of regression to the mean cannot be ruled out. The reference intervals generated in this study may be used to identify selected echocardiographic and electrocardiographic abnormalities in racing horses receiving furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rick Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Krista Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - Beatriz Martinez Lopez
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling And Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Sinnott
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita Varga
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Gold Coast Veterinary Service & Consulting, Esparto, CA, 95627, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Rossi TM, Kavsak PA, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Pyle WG, Physick-Sheard PW. Analytical validation of cardiac troponin I assays in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:226-232. [PMID: 29224512 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717747070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays have been used in equine medicine, often without prior analytical validation for equine use. In the absence of appropriate validation, the clinical significance of assay results is uncertain and can lead to misdiagnosis. We followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and investigated linearity, precision, limit of quantification (LoQ), and comparative recovery for 6 commercial cTnI assays developed for use in human medicine. Clinically acceptable linearity was observed in assays A-D, whereas assay E did not detect equine cTnI in any sample. Comparative recovery revealed 1-3-fold differences between assay results, and low analyte recoveries (2.2-3.4%) were observed in assay F. Precision was investigated in assays A and B, and found to be within acceptable limits. The LoQ was 1.53 ng/L for assay A, and 0.031 µg/L for assay B. Assays A and B performed within clinically acceptable limits and were deemed suitable for use in equine medicine. Assays C and D did not undergo full validation but had acceptable linearity, which demonstrates their potential for use in equine medicine. Assays E and F are unsuitable for use in horses given issues with detection of equine cTnI. The variability in results between assays indicates that reference intervals and cutoffs for diagnostic decision-making are assay specific and should be established prior to adoption by diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Rossi
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
| | - Peter A Kavsak
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
| | - M Grant Maxie
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
| | - David L Pearl
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
| | - Peter W Physick-Sheard
- Departments of Population Medicine (Rossi, Pearl, Physick-Sheard) and Biomedical Sciences (Pyle), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, Animal Health Laboratory (Maxie), Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Kavsak)
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Leguillette R. 24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a "High-Sensitivity" Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:433-440. [PMID: 29171090 PMCID: PMC5787185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A “high‐sensitivity” cardiac troponin‐T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses. Objectives To determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high‐intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre‐ and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise. Animals Samples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5–16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace. Methods Prospective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth‐generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time‐points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise‐induced dehydration. Results All horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3‐hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12–24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In racing Thoroughbreds completing short‐duration, high‐intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace and to decrease by 12–24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wijnberg I, Franklin S. The heart remains the core: cardiac causes of poor performance in horses compared to human athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which individuals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.D. Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S.H. Franklin
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Passante S, Leguillette R. Analytical validation and establishment of reference intervals for a 'high-sensitivity' cardiac troponin-T assay in horses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:104. [PMID: 27296016 PMCID: PMC4906598 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac troponin-I assays have been validated in horses.'High-sensitivity' cardiac troponin assays are now the standard in human cardiology. OBJECTIVE Appropriately validate the'high-sensitivity' cardiac Troponin-T (hscTnT) assay for clinical use in horses, establish reference intervals, determine the biological variation, and demonstrate assay utility in selected clinical cases. METHODS Analytical validation of the Roche hscTnT assay included within- and between-run precision, linear dose response, limit of quantitation (LoQ), stability, and comparison with cTn-I (iSTAT). Reference intervals and biological variation were determined using adult, healthy, Non-Competition Horses (N = 125) and Racing-Thoroughbreds (N = 178). HscTnT levels were measured in two horses with cardiac pathology. RESULTS The hscTnT demonstrates acceptable within-run (L1 = 6.5 ng/L, CV 14.9 %, L2 = 10.1 ng/L, CV 8.7 %, L3 = 15.3 ng/L, CV 5.4 %) and between-run precision (L1 = 12.2 ng/L, CV 8.4 %, L2 = 57.0 ng/L, CV 8.4 %, L3 = 256.0 ng/L, CV 9.0 %). The assay was linear from 3 to 391 ng/L. The LoQ was validated at 3 ng/L. Samples demonstrated insignificant decay over freeze-thaw cycle. Comparison with cTnI assay showed excellent correlation (range: 8.0-3535.0 ng/L, R(2) = 0.9996). Reference intervals: The upper 95(th) and 99(th) percentile of the hscTnT population distribution were 6.8 and 16.2 ng/L in Non-Competition Horses, and 14.0 and 23.2 ng/L in Racing-Thoroughbreds. Between-breed, diurnal effect, and between-day variation was below LoQ. Two clinical cases with presumed cardiac pathology had hscTnT levels of 220.9 ng/L and 5723.0 ng/L. CONCLUSIONS This benchmark study is the first to comply with CLSI guidelines, thus further establishing the performance characteristics of the hscTnT assay, and reference intervals in healthy horses. Two clinical cases demonstrated further the clinical utility of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), Room C618B, 1403-29th St. NW, Calgary, T2N 2 T9, AB, Canada
| | - S Massie
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - S Passante
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 4 N1, AB, Canada.
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Bradley VR, Whelchel DD, Clay SE, Johnson PJ, Leach SB. Treatment of sustained monomorphic narrow-complex ventricular tachycardia in a 16-year-old Arab mare with a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine and oral propranolol. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. R. Bradley
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - D. D. Whelchel
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - S. E. Clay
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - P. J. Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
| | - S. B. Leach
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri USA
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Van Der Vekens N, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac troponin I as compared to troponin T for the detection of myocardial damage in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:348-54. [PMID: 25619522 PMCID: PMC4858065 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays give different results. Only 1 manufacturer has marketed troponin T (cTnT) assays. Therefore, cTnT often is preferred for detection of myocardial infarction in human patients. Studies of cTnT in horses are limited. OBJECTIVES To compare a cTnI and a high-sensitive cTnT assay (hs-cTnT) in horses. ANIMALS Cardiac troponin I and cTnT were determined in 35 healthy horses (group 1), 23 horses suspected to have primary myocardial damage (group 2a), and 41 horses with secondary myocardial damage caused by structural heart disease (group 2b). METHODS All cTnI samples were analyzed at laboratory A (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.03 ng/mL), whereas cTnT samples were analyzed at 2 laboratories with the same hs-cTnT assay (laboratory B, LOD: 10.0 pg/mL; laboratory C, LOD: 4.0 pg/mL). RESULTS The median cTnI concentration in group 2a (0.90 ng/mL; range, 0.03-58.27 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .001) than in group 1 (0.03 ng/mL; range, 0.03-0.09 ng/mL) or group 2b (0.05 ng/mL; range, 0.03-30.92 ng/mL), and the optimal cut-off for detection of primary myocardial damage was 0.095 ng/mL (sensitivity: 90.5%, specificity: 100%). Using an LOD of 10.0 pg/mL for all cTnT samples, a cut-off value of 10.5 pg/mL was found, but sensitivity was low (42.9%). When only samples analyzed at laboratory C (n = 58) were included, a cut-off of 6.6 pg/mL was found (sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 100%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite large quantitative differences, cTnI and cTnT are both useful for detection of myocardial damage in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lester SJ, Mollat WH, Bryant JE. Overview of Clinical Pathology and the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Van Der Vekens N, van Dievoet MA, De Puydt H, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Deprez P, van Loon G. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:504-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715593601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assays have been used to detect myocardial damage in horses, a cTnT assay has not been analytically validated, to our knowledge. The aims of this study were to estimate the precision of a high-sensitivity cTnT assay in horses and determine the effect of hemolysis on the measured cTnT concentration. Serum samples from horses were mixed in 3 different pools. Pool 1 consisted of samples from 3 healthy horses, pool 2 from 6 horses with heart failure or atypical myopathy, and pool 3 from 10 horses with atypical myopathy. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation were determined for each pool. Pools 2 and 3 were diluted to estimate linearity. To study the influence of sample hemolysis, serum was collected from 4 horses with a high cTnT concentration, in which hemolysis was mechanically induced. In addition, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood tubes were collected from 3 other horses, from which hemolysate was prepared and added to plasma at different concentrations. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation of all pools were <10%, and a good linearity was found. Three out of 4 hemolyzed serum samples had a decreased serum cTnT concentration. Plasma samples with a high hemolysis index showed a negative interference, resulting in a lower cTnT concentration. Results of the high-sensitivity cTnT assay were highly reproducible. Because samples from horses with musculoskeletal damage were included, further studies should test the possible cross-reactivity between troponin T of musculoskeletal and cardiac origin before the assay can be used in equine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Marie-Astrid van Dievoet
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Hendrik De Puydt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Sofie Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
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Navas de Solis C, Dallap Schaer BL, Boston R, Slack J. Myocardial insult and arrhythmias after acute hemorrhage in horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:248-55. [PMID: 25752472 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) Determine if acute hemorrhage is associated with increased plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration or cardiac arrhythmias, (2) to describe the types of arrhythmias and their clinical course in horses following acute hemorrhage, (3) to determine the ability of clinical or clinicopathological variables to predict an increase in cTnI concentration and the presence of arrhythmias, and (4) to determine the associations of cTnI and cardiac arrhythmias with outcome. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Large animal veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eleven client-owned adult horses admitted for treatment of acute hemorrhage (HG) and 4 adult horses undergoing controlled blood collection (BDG). METHODS Serial cTnI concentrations were measured and continuous ECGs were obtained from the HG and BDG groups. Statistical tests were used to determine associations among acute hemorrhage and plasma cTnI concentrations, the presence of cardiac arrhythmias, clinicopathologic data (heart rate [HR], packed cell volume [PCV], total plasma protein [TPP], plasma lactate, and plasma creatinine concentrations), and outcome. RESULTS Plasma cTnI concentration and ECG were within reference intervals at all time points in the BDG. All horses in the HG had increased cTnI (ranging from 0.1-29.9 ng/mL). Arrhythmias were detected in 8 of these horses. There was an association between acute hemorrhage and increased cTnI (P = 0.004, ρ = 0.77), and the presence of arrhythmias (P = 0.026, ρ = 0.64). There were associations among plasma cTnI concentration and the presence of arrhythmias (P = 0.005), arrhythmias requiring treatment (P = 0.036), and poor outcome (P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Acute hemorrhage results in myocardial injury that can be detected by measuring cTnI concentration. Arrhythmias were frequent in hospitalized horses following acute hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Sections of Sports Medicine and Imaging, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348; Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Evaluation of assays for troponin I in healthy horses and horses with cardiac disease. Vet J 2015; 203:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dembek KA, Hurcombe SDA, Schober KE, Toribio RE. Sudden death of a horse with supraventricular tachycardia following oral administration of flecainide acetate. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:759-63. [PMID: 25388866 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of supraventricular tachycardia and sudden death in a horse following administration of flecainide acetate. CASE SUMMARY An 8-year-old Hanoverian warmblood gelding was treated for chronic, naturally occurring, supraventricular tachycardia with digoxin, procainamide hydrochloride, quinidine sulfate, and flecainide acetate. After oral administration of flecainide, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes) and ventricular fibrillation developed, leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed dysrhythmia associated with poor performance in horses, while atrial tachycardia is rarely documented. Here, we describe a case of sudden death in a horse with atrial tachycardia following the oral administration of flecainide acetate, after the lack of response to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Information provided in this case report is new and will make clinicians aware of the potential complications of flecainide alone or in combination with other drugs, in horses with cardiac dysrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Dembek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Díaz OMS, Durando MM, Birks EK, Reef VB. Cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:118-25. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rossi TM, Pyle WG, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Physick-Sheard PW. Troponin assays in the assessment of the equine myocardium. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:270-5. [PMID: 24215569 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, troponin assays were adopted as the test of choice for detection of myocardial injury in man. This decision was made after extensive testing and followed a 60 year search for a biomarker of myocardial damage with sufficient analytical sensitivity and specificity. This has led to proliferation of assays for use in human medicine, each requiring extensive testing and validation before it could be made available on the open market for human use. The search for ever-more analytically sensitive assays and for a standard reference material continues. The adoption of troponin testing in veterinary medicine followed shortly after its development for use in man, providing a much-needed means of detecting and monitoring myocardial damage in horses. However, application of these tests in veterinary medicine has exclusively involved use of assays designed for and clinically validated in human patients. There is no mandated requirement for test validation in veterinary medicine and, while many of these assays have been shown to be capable of detecting equine troponin, the wide diversity of available tests, lack of validation, absence of protocols for their use and lack of standardisation make their application problematic. The objective of this review article is to address this issue, offering guidance where data are available and encouraging caution where there are none. Ultimately, the overall goal of this review is to examine critically the use of troponin assays in the horse and to promote the accurate and appropriate interpretation of valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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