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Yan Y, Liu X, Chen Y, He M, Xie J, Xiao G. Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Combined with Physical Therapy on IL-1β, TGF-β1, and MMP-3 in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01177-8. [PMID: 38771422 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of osteoarthritis in the knee joint is regulated by a complex network, and there is currently no specific therapeutic drug available. Functional exercises and treatments targeting inflammatory factors have shown the potential to alleviate knee osteoarthritis to some extent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the intra-articular injection (IAI) of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combined with physical therapy (PT) in treating knee osteoarthritis. A total of 128 patients with knee osteoarthritis were included in the study, including 64 males and 64 females. A total of 128 patients were divided into sodium hyaluronate group (HA group), PRP group, PRP + PT group, and PT group, with 32 cases in each group. Visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) were employed to evaluate the recovery of patients from pain and osteoarthritis. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging technology was utilized to assess joint effusion, synovial membrane thickness, and articular cartilage thickness in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3) in the synovial fluid. Compared to the HA group, the PT group, PRP group, and PRP combined with PT (PRP + PT) group all showed reduced VAS and WOMAC scores, increased JOA scores, decreased joint effusion, synovial membrane thickness, and articular cartilage thickness in the knee joint. Additionally, levels of IL-1β and MMP-3 in the synovial fluid decreased, while TGF-β1 levels increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the PT group, the VAS and WOMAC scores of the knee joint in the PRP group decreased, JOA scores increased, joint effusion, synovial thickness, and articular cartilage thickness decreased, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05), and the PRP + PT group showed decreased VAS and WOMAC scores, increased JOA scores, reduced joint effusion, synovial membrane thickness, and articular cartilage thickness in the knee joint. Moreover, levels of IL-1β and MMP-3 in the synovial fluid decreased, while TGF-β1 levels increased (P < 0.05). No severe adverse reactions were observed in any of the four groups, but the pain rate in the PRP + TP group was significantly lower than PT group, PRP group, and PRP + PT group (P < 0.05). The efficacy of intra-articular injection of PRP combined with exercise therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis is superior to that of single interventions such as simple interventions of HA, PRP injection, and PT. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of PRP combined with exercise therapy demonstrates enhanced effectiveness in improving the inflammatory levels associated with knee osteoarthritis and facilitating the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Xuanze Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Mingliang He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China.
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Santschi EM. Equine subchondral lucencies: Knowledge from the medial femoral condyle. Vet Surg 2024; 53:426-436. [PMID: 38229531 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Equine subchondral lucencies (SCL) have been described since the first availability of suitable radiographic equipment. The initial clinical sign can be lameness, but SCLs are often first found on surveys of juvenile horses and are primarily a radiographic concern for public auctions. When lameness is present, it varies from subtle to obvious and can be intermittent. Some SCLs heal spontaneously, and some remain blemishes, but when the SCL and lameness are persistent, further damage to the joint and limitations to an athletic career are likely. SCLs were initially described in the distal limb followed by the stifle, and the medial femoral condyle (MFC) is now considered the most common location. The aim of this review is to highlight the initial pathology and discuss the clinical and experimental information available on equine SCLs. SCL treatment has evolved from rest alone and has progressed to debridement, grafting, intralesional injection, and most recently, transcondylar screw and absorbable implant placement. Comparison of success rates between techniques is difficult due to variations in follow-up and outcome measures, and no single technique is best for all SCLs. Treatment appears to increase success by 15%-20% over rest alone, but the method chosen depends on many factors. This review emphasizes the need for further work to fully understand SCL formation and all aspects of trabecular bone healing to optimize surgical therapy and improve treatment success.
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Ammann L, Ohlerth S, Fürst AE, Jackson MA. Differences of morphological attributes between 62 proximal and distal subchondral cystic lesions of the proximal phalanx as determined by radiography and computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.04.0071. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.04.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To determine morphological characteristics of subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) in the proximal phalanx (PP) of adult horses.
SAMPLE
Radiographs and/or CT scans of PP from 46 horses.
PROCEDURES
There were horses with a SCL in PP, which was diagnosed by radiography and/or computed tomography, included. Additional data (signalment, history, orthopedic examination) were collected retrospectively for each case.
RESULTS
Forty-six horses met the required inclusion criteria, with a total of 62 SCLs. Forty-three SCLs (70.5%) were located in the proximal PP (group A). Forty-four percent of these were associated with short, incomplete fractures, while 30 of the proximal PP SCLs (69.7%) were found mid sagittal. Proximal SCLs mostly showed a blurred, irregular shape (62.8%) and long, as well as wide, but shallow shapes in CT. Eighteen SCLs (29.5%) were found in the distal PP, near the proximal interphalangeal joint (group B). In contrast to the described proximal SCLs, the distal SCLs were of circular or oval shape, well delineated (77.8%), and distinctly larger. Horses of group A were significantly older (mean age, 11.47 years) than horses of group B (mean age, 6.72 years).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The distribution and morphological attributes of proximal PP SCLs as well as their association to subchondral bone lesions and short, incomplete proximal fractures indicate more recently developed lesions due to chronic stress factors, such as repetitive trauma to the cartilage and subchondral bone. In contrast, morphology and distribution of distal SCLs showed high accordance with developmental bone cysts originating from a failure of endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Ammann
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton E. Fürst
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle A. Jackson
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ravanetti P, Kühnle C, Lechartier A, Zucca E. An extra-articular surgical approach to subchondral bone cysts in the humeral head and talus in two horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Fortin-Trahan R, Lemirre T, Santschi EM, Janes JG, Richard H, Fogarty U, Beauchamp G, Girard CA, Laverty S. Osteoclast density is not increased in bone adjacent to radiolucencies (cysts) in juvenile equine medial femoral condyles. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:989-998. [PMID: 34716940 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a knowledge gap about how equine MFC subchondral radiolucencies (SR) arise and evolve. Osteoclasts are believed to have a role but have not been studied in situ. OBJECTIVES To measure and compare osteoclast density and the percentage of chondroclasts in healthy and MFC SR specimens from juvenile Thoroughbreds. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric study. METHODS Medial femoral condyles (MFC) from a tissue bank of equine stifles were studied. Inclusion criteria were MFCs (≤8 months old) with a computed tomography SR lesion and histological focal failure of endochondral ossification (L group). Contralateral, lesion-free, MFCs were a control group (CC). Osteochondral slabs were cut through the lesion (L), a healthy site immediately caudal to the lesion, (internal control; IC) and the contralateral, site-matched controls (CC). Histological sections were immunostained with Cathepsin K for osteoclast counting. Osteoclasts in contact with the growth cartilage (chondroclasts) were also counted. The sections were segmented into regions of interest (ROI) at different depths in the subchondral bone: ROI1 (0-1 mm), ROI2 (1-3 mm) and ROI3 (3-6 mm). Osteoclasts were counted and the bone area was measured in each ROI to calculate their density. Chondroclasts were counted in ROI1 . RESULTS Sections were studied from L and IC (n = 6) and CC sites (n = 5). Osteoclast density was significantly higher in ROI1 when compared with ROI3 in all groups. Although higher osteoclast density was measured in ROI1 in the L group, no significant differences were detected when compared with control ROIs. The proportion of chondroclasts in ROI1 was lower in the L sections when compared with controls but no significant differences were detected. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS Osteoclasts are important actors in MFC subchondral bone development, digesting both growth cartilage (chondroclasts) and bone, but the pathophysiology of early MFC SRs cannot be explained solely by an increased osteoclast presence in the subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Fortin-Trahan
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thibaut Lemirre
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Santschi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jennifer G Janes
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guy Beauchamp
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christiane A Girard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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SIRT1 + Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) Suspended in Alginate Hydrogel for the Treatment of Subchondral Bone Cyst in Medial Femoral Condyle in the Horse. Clinical Report. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:1328-1334. [PMID: 32803696 PMCID: PMC7667135 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell based therapy are now commonly applied in human and veterinary medical practice especially in orthopaedics. Mesenchymal stromal stem cells isolated from adipose tissue (ASC) are first choice option due to relatively non-invasive and safe procedure of tissue harvesting. However, ASC therapeutic potential strongly rely on patients general health condition, age and life-style. For that reason, to enhance therapeutic potential of cells, they are modified in vitro using different approaches. Previous studies have shown, that ASC treated with resveratrol, herein called SIRT+, are characterised by decreased senescence, increased proliferation rate and improved clinical outcome in autologous therapies. Herein, SIRT + cells in alginate hydrogel were applied to 5 years old warm breed mare was clinically evaluated due to the left hind lameness due to subchondral bone cyst. The therapeutic effect was assessed by the analysis of lameness score and radiological evaluation. This case report demonstrates the therapeutic potential of SIRT + cells in the treatment of orthopaedics disorders in horses as complete bone remodelling occurred after therapy and horse came back to training.
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Gao L, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Cyst formation in the subchondral bone following cartilage repair. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e248. [PMID: 33377663 PMCID: PMC7733665 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchondral bone cysts represent an early postoperative sign associated with many articular cartilage repair procedures. They may be defined as an abnormal cavity within the subchondral bone in close proximity of a treated cartilage defect with a possible communication to the joint cavity in the absence of osteoarthritis. Two synergistic mechanisms of subchondral cyst formation, the theory of internal upregulation of local proinflammatory factors, and the external hydraulic theory, are proposed to explain their occurrence. This review describes subchondral bone cysts in the context of articular cartilage repair to improve investigations of these pathological changes. It summarizes their epidemiology in both preclinical and clinical settings with a focus on individual cartilage repair procedures, examines an algorithm for subchondral bone analysis, elaborates on the underlying mechanism of subchondral cyst formation, and condenses the clinical implications and perspectives on subchondral bone cyst formation in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland University Medical Center and Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
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Mostafavi E, Esmaeilnejad B, Meysam Abtahi Foroushani S. Evaluation of cytokines and sialic acids contents in horses naturally infected with Theileria equi. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 70:101453. [PMID: 32163745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the effects of T. equi infection on serum concentrations of some important cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, IL-12β, IL-18, as well as total, protein and lipid binding sialic acids (TSA, PBSA and LBSA). Furthermore, any probable relation among the parasitemia, cytokines and sialic acids (SAs) were calculated using Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. Almost 300 draft horses (Kurdish-breed) with age of 3-4 years old from north-west of Iran were examined and an infected group comprised of 28 mares, naturally infected with T. equi, was identified and divided into 3 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (low <1 %, moderate 1-3 % and high 3-5 %). Twenty healthy horses were considered as a control. Characterization and differentiation of piroplasmosis were conducted using routine hematological procedures and specific PCR assay. The results revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in all of the cytokines and SAs in a parasitic burden-dependent fashion. Additionally, a strong and positive relation was detected among the parasitemia, cytokines and SAs. Conclusively, T. equi infection is associated with induction of severe inflammatory processes in horses and SA plays a pivotal role in pathophysiology of the disease as it is tightly correlated with the parasitemia rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mostafavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Frazer LL, Santschi EM, Fischer KJ. The impact of subchondral bone cysts on local bone stresses in the medial femoral condyle of the equine stifle joint. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:158-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ghasemi S, Mirshokraei P, Hassanpour H, Sardari K. Identification of Reliable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Equine Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Treated by Doxycycline. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bonilla AG, Bertone AL, Brokken MT, Santschi EM. Concurrent or sequential tibial subchondral cystic lesions in 4 horses with medial femoral condyle subchondral cystic lesions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1313-1318. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.11.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beck A, Murphy DJ, Carey-Smith R, Wood DJ, Zheng MH. Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects With Microfracture and Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis Leads to Extensive Subchondral Bone Cyst Formation in a Sheep Model. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2629-2643. [PMID: 27436718 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516652619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture and the autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) technique are popular for the treatment of articular cartilage defects. However, breaching of the subchondral bone plate could compromise the subchondral bone structure. HYPOTHESIS Microfracture and AMIC will cause deleterious effects on the subchondral bone structure. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 36 sheep received an 8-mm-diameter cartilage defect in the left medial femoral condyle. Control animals (n = 12) received no further treatment, and the rest received 5 microfracture holes either with a type I/III collagen scaffold implanted (n = 12; AMIC group) or without the collagen scaffold (n = 12; microfracture group). Macroscopic infill of defects, histology, and histomorphometry of the subchondral bone were performed at 13 and 26 weeks postoperatively, and micro-computed tomography (CT) was also performed at 26 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS Microfracture and AMIC resulted in subchondral bone cyst formation in 5 of 12 (42%) and 11 of 12 (92%) specimens at 13 and 26 weeks, respectively. Subchondral bone changes induced by microfracture and AMIC were characterized by an increased percentage of bone volume, increased trabecular thickness, and a decreased trabecular separation, and extended beyond the area below the defect. High numbers of osteoclasts were observed at the cyst periphery, and all cysts communicated with the microfracture holes. Cartilage repair tissue was of poor quality and quantity at both time points and rarely reached the tidemark at 13 weeks. CONCLUSION Microfracture technique caused bone cyst formation and induced severe pathology of the subchondral bone in a sheep model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The potential of microfracture technique to induce subchondral bone pathology should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Beck
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research (M508), School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J Murphy
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Carey-Smith
- Perth Orthopaedic Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J Wood
- Perth Orthopaedic Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research (M508), School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Green CJ, Beck A, Wood D, Zheng MH. The biology and clinical evidence of microfracture in hip preservation surgery. J Hip Preserv Surg 2016; 3:108-23. [PMID: 27583147 PMCID: PMC5005050 DOI: 10.1093/jhps/hnw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of microfracture in hip arthroscopy is increasing dramatically. However, recent reports raise concerns not only about the lack of evidence to support the clinical use of microfracture, but also about the potential harm caused by violation of the subchondral bone plate. The biology and pathology of the microfracture technique were described based on observations in translational models and the clinical evidence for hip microfracture was reviewed systematically. The clinical outcomes in patients undergoing microfracture were the same as those not undergoing microfracture. However, the overall clinical evidence quality is poor in hips. This review identified only one study with Level III evidence, while most studies were Level IV. There were no randomized trials available for review. Repair tissue is primarily of fibrocartilaginous nature. Reconstitution of the subchondral bone is often incomplete and associated with poor quality repair tissue and faster degeneration. Subchondral bone cyst formation is associated with microfracture, likely secondary to subchondral bone plate disruption and a combination of pressurized synovial fluid and inflammatory mediators moving from the joint into the bone. There is a lack of clinical efficacy evidence for patients undergoing microfracture. There is evidence of bone cyst formation following microfracture in animal studies, which may accelerate joint degeneration. Bone cyst formation following microfracture has not been studied adequately in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick John Green
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth 6000, Australia and
| | - Aswin Beck
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - David Wood
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
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Burnett WD, Kontulainen SA, McLennan CE, Hazel D, Talmo C, Hunter DJ, Wilson DR, Johnston JD. Knee osteoarthritis patients with severe nocturnal pain have altered proximal tibial subchondral bone mineral density. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1483-90. [PMID: 25907860 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate relationships between proximal tibial subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) and nocturnal pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS The preoperative knee of 42 patients booked for knee arthroplasty was scanned using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Pain was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and participants were categorized into three groups: 'no pain', 'moderate pain', and 'severe pain' while lying down at night. We used depth-specific image processing to assess tibial subchondral BMD at normalized depths of 0-2.5 mm, 2.5-5.0 mm and 5-10 mm relative to the subchondral surface. Regional analyses of each medial and lateral plateau included total BMD and maximum BMD within a 10 mm diameter core or 'focal spot'. The association between WOMAC pain scores and BMD measurements was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. Regional BMD was compared pairwise between pain and no pain groups using multivariate analysis of covariance using age, sex, and BMI as covariates and Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Lateral focal BMD at the 2.5-5 mm depth was related to nocturnal pain (ρ = 0.388, P = 0.011). The lateral focal BMD was 33% higher in participants with 'severe pain' than participants with 'no pain' at 2.5-5 mm depth (P = 0.028) and 32% higher at 5-10 mm depth (P = 0.049). There were no BMD differences at 0-2.5 mm from the subchondral surface. CONCLUSION This study suggests that local subchondral bone density may have a role in elucidating OA-related pain pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Burnett
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - S A Kontulainen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - C E McLennan
- Division of Research, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Hazel
- Division of Research, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Talmo
- Division of Research, New England Baptist Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Hunter
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D R Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J D Johnston
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada.
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15
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Williams JM, Santschi EM. Pathological fracture through a subchondral bone cyst in the proximal phalanx of a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens USA
| | - E. M. Santschi
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan USA
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Stübinger S, Drechsler A, Bürki A, Klein K, Kronen P, von Rechenberg B. Titanium and hydroxyapatite coating of polyetheretherketone and carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone: A pilot study in sheep. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1182-91. [PMID: 26097161 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone formation capability of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) implants coated with different titanium and hydroxyapatite plasma-sprayed layers after 2 and 12 weeks. METHODS In six sheep 108 implants were placed in the pelvis. Altogether six different surface modifications were tested. After 2 and 12 weeks, n = 3 implants per group were examined histologically and n = 6 implants per group were tested by a pull-out test. RESULTS Biomechanically (p = 0.001) as well as histologically (p > 0.05) surface coating of PEEK/CFR-PEEK led to an increase of osseointegration from 2 to 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, coated implants demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) higher pull-out values in comparison to uncoated implants. Overall, the double coating (titanium bond layer and hydroxyapatite top layer) showed the most favorable results after 2 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Plasma-sprayed titanium and hydroxyapatite coatings on PEEK or CFR-PEEK demonstrated a significant improvement of osseointegration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1182-1191, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anika Drechsler
- Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bürki
- Institute for Surgical Biotechnology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, CH-3014, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kronen
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Veterinary Anaesthesia Services Int (VAS), CH-8400, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stübinger S, Nuss K, Bürki A, Mosch I, le Sidler M, Meikle ST, von Rechenberg B, Santin M. Osseointegration of titanium implants functionalised with phosphoserine-tethered poly(epsilon-lysine) dendrons: a comparative study with traditional surface treatments in sheep. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:87. [PMID: 25644101 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the osseointegrative potential of phosphoserine-tethered dendrons when applied as surface functionalisation molecules on titanium implants in a sheep model after 2 and 8 weeks of implantation. Uncoated and dendron-coated implants were implanted in six sheep. Sandblasted and etched (SE) or porous additive manufactured (AM) implants with and without additional dendron functionalisation (SE-PSD; AM-PSD) were placed in the pelvic bone. Three implants per group were examined histologically and six implants were tested biomechanically. After 2 and 8 weeks the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) total values of SE implants (43.7±12.2; 53.3±9.0%) and SE-PSD (46.7±4.5; 61.7±4.9%) as well as AM implants (20.49±5.1; 43.9±9.7%) and AM-PSD implants (19.7±3.5; 48.3±15.6%) showed no statistically significant differences. For SE-PSD and AM-PSD a separate analysis of only the cancellous BIC demonstrated a statistically significant difference after 2 and 8 weeks. Biomechanical findings proved the overall increased stability of the porous implants after 8 weeks. Overall, the great effect of implant macro design on osseointegration was further supported by additional phosphoserine-tethered dendrons for SE and AM implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland,
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Olstad K, Østevik L, Carlson CS, Ekman S. Osteochondrosis Can Lead to Formation of Pseudocysts and True Cysts in the Subchondral Bone of Horses. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:862-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis arises as a result of focal failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage. The current aim was to examine the pathogenesis of pseudocysts and true cysts in subchondral bone following failure of the blood supply to the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in horses. Cases were recruited based on identification of lesions ( n = 17) that were considered likely to progress to or to represent pseudocysts or true cysts in epiphyseal bone in histological sections and included 10 horses ranging in age from 48 days to 5 years old. Cases comprised 3 warmbloods, 3 Standardbreds, 1 Quarter horse and 1 Arabian with spontaneous lesions and 2 Fjord ponies with experimentally induced lesions. Seven lesions consisted of areas of ischemic chondronecrosis and were compatible with pseudocysts. Two lesions were located at intermediate depth in epiphyseal growth cartilage, 2 lesions were located in the ossification front, 2 lesions were located in epiphyseal bone and 1 lesion was located in the metaphyseal growth plate (physis). Ten lesions contained dilated blood vessels and were compatible with true cysts. In 2 lesions the dilated blood vessels were located within the lumina of failed cartilage canals. In the 8 remaining lesions areas of ischemic chondronecrosis were associated with granulation tissue in the subjacent bone and dilated vessels were located within this granulation tissue. Failure of the blood supply and ischemic chondronecrosis can lead to formation of pseudocysts or dilatation of blood vessels and formation of true cysts in the epiphyseal bone of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - L. Østevik
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bonilla AG, Williams JM, Litsky AS, Santschi EM. Ex VivoEquine Medial Tibial Plateau Contact Pressure With an Intact Medial Femoral Condyle, With a Medial Femoral Condylar Defect, and After Placement of a Transcondylar Screw Through the Condylar Defect. Vet Surg 2014; 44:289-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro G. Bonilla
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Jarred M. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
- Departments of Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering; Colleges of Medicine and Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Alan S. Litsky
- Departments of Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering; Colleges of Medicine and Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Elizabeth M. Santschi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
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Ernst S, Stübinger S, Schüpbach P, Sidler M, Klein K, Ferguson SJ, von Rechenberg B. Comparison of two dental implant surface modifications on implants with same macrodesign: an experimental study in the pelvic sheep model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:898-908. [PMID: 24954017 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare two different surfaces of one uniform macro-implant design in order to focus exclusively on the osseointegration properties after 2, 4 and 8 weeks and to discuss the animal model chosen. MATERIAL AND METHODS In six mature sheep, n = 36 implants with a highly crystalline and phosphate-enriched anodized titanium oxide surface (TiU) and n = 36 implants with a hydrophilic, sandblasted, large grit and acid-etched surface (SLA) were placed in the pelvic bone. TiU implants were custom-made to match the SLA implant design. The implant stability and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) were assessed by resonance frequency (ISQ), backscatter scanning electron microscopy (B-SEM), light microscopy (LM), micro-CT and intravital fluorochrome staining. Biomechanical removal torque testing was performed. RESULTS Overall, no statistically significant differences in BIC total (trabecular + cortical) between TiU and SLA were found via LM and B-SEM. BIC values (B-SEM; LM) in both groups revealed a steady rise in trabecular bone attachment to the implant surface after 2, 4 and 8 weeks. In the 2- to 4-week time interval in the TiU group (P = 0.005) as well as in the SLA group (P = 0.01), a statistically significant increase in BIC trabecular could be observed via LM. B-SEM values confirmed the statistically significant increase for TiU (P = 0.001). In both groups, BIC trabecular values after 8 weeks were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than after 2 weeks (B-SEM; LM). Biomechanical data confirmed the histological data. CONCLUSION The two surfaces proved comparable osseointegration in this sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ernst
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MRSU), Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Stübinger
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MRSU), Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schüpbach
- Research Laboratory for Microscopy and Histology, Horgen, Switzerland
| | - Michéle Sidler
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MRSU), Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MRSU), Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MRSU), Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Santschi EM, Williams JM, Morgan JW, Johnson CR, Bertone AL, Juzwiak JS. Preliminary Investigation of the Treatment of Equine Medial Femoral Condylar Subchondral Cystic Lesions With a Transcondylar Screw. Vet Surg 2014; 44:281-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarred M. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | | | | | - Alicia L. Bertone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
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Cai WX, Ma L, Zheng LW, Kruse-Gujer A, Stübinger S, Lang NP, Zwahlen RA. Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on osseointegration of dental implants in rabbit calvaria. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:478-483. [PMID: 24684486 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Until recently, adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on osseointegration of dental implants were unknown. Hence, this study investigated the short- and long-term effects of a 7-day regimen of parecoxib and diclofenac sodium on osseointegration of dental implants in calvarial bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups (each n = 6): Control group with no postoperative pain killers (Group A), diclofenac group (Group B) and parecoxib group (Group C). In each animal, one dental implant was placed into the calvarial bone (total n = 18). Three rabbits from each group were sacrificed in Week 4. The other three rabbits from each group were sacrificed in Week 12 postoperatively. The implant together with the calvarial bone and dura mater was harvested and subjected to micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS Quantitative analysis of micro-CT data and histomorphometric data neither revealed any statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between the three different groups related to osseointegration nor between different time points of observation. CONCLUSION In rabbits, a 7-day regimen of appropriate doses of diclofenac sodium and parecoxib did not adversely affect osseointegration of dental implants and bone healing in calvaria, neither short nor long term (12 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin Cai
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Discipline of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wu Zheng
- Discipline of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Astrid Kruse-Gujer
- Division of Craniomaxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Stübinger
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus P Lang
- The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger A Zwahlen
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Plecko M, Lagerpusch N, Andermatt D, Frigg R, Koch R, Sidler M, Kronen P, Klein K, Nuss K, Bürki A, Ferguson SJ, Stoeckle U, Auer JA, von Rechenberg B. The dynamisation of locking plate osteosynthesis by means of dynamic locking screws (DLS)-an experimental study in sheep. Injury 2013. [PMID: 23182750 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this in vivo study a new generation of locking screws was tested. The design of the dynamic locking screw (DLS) enables the dynamisation of the cortex underneath the plate (cis-cortex) and, therefore, allows almost parallel interfragmentary closure of the fracture gap. A 45° angle osteotomy was performed unilaterally on the tibia of 37 sheep. Groups of 12 sheep were formed and in each group a different osteotomy gap (0, 1 and 3mm) was fixed using a locking compression plate (LCP) in combination with the DLS. The healing process was monitored radiographically every 3 weeks for 6, respectively 12 weeks. After this time the sheep were sacrificed, the bones harvested and the implants removed. The isolated bones were evaluated in the micro-computed tomography unit, tested biomechanically and evaluated histologically. The best results of interfragmentary movement (IFM) were shown in the 0mm configuration. The bones of this group demonstrated histomorphometrically the most distinct callus formation on the cis-cortex and the highest torsional stiffness relative to the untreated limb at 12 weeks after surgery. This animal study showed that IFM stimulated the synthesis of new bone matrix, especially underneath the plate and thus, could solve a current limitation in normal human bone healing. The DLS will be a valuable addition to the locking screw technology and improve fracture healing.
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Berger JM, Spier SJ, Davies R, Gardner IA, Leutenegger CM, Bain M. Behavioral and physiological responses of weaned foals treated with equine appeasing pheromone: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stübinger S, Mosch I, Robotti P, Sidler M, Klein K, Ferguson SJ, von Rechenberg B. Histological and biomechanical analysis of porous additive manufactured implants made by direct metal laser sintering: a pilot study in sheep. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1154-63. [PMID: 23564723 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It was the aim of this study to analyze osseointegrative properties of porous additive manufactured titanium implants made by direct metal laser sintering in a sheep model after an implantation period of 2 and 8 weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three different types of implants were placed in the pelvis of six sheep. In each sheep were placed three standard machined (M), three sandblasted and etched (SE), and three porous additive manufactured (AM) implants. Of these three implants (one per type) were examined histologically and six implants were tested biomechanically. Additionally a semiquantitative histomorphometrical and qualitative fluorescent microscopic analysis were performed. RESULTS After 2 and 8 weeks bone-to-implant-contact (BIC) values of the AM surface (2w: 20.49% ± 5.18%; 8w: 43.91% ± 9.69%) revealed no statistical significant differences in comparison to the M (2w: 20.33% ± 11.50%; 8w: 25.33% ± 4.61%) and SE (2w: 43.67 ± 12.22%; 8w: 53.33 ± 8.96%) surfaces. AM surface showed the highest increase of the BIC between the two observation time points. Considering the same implantation period histomorphometry and fluorescent labelling disclosed no significant differences in the bone surrounding the three implants groups. In contrast Removal-torque-test showed a significant improve in fixation strength (P ≤ 0.001) for the AM (1891.82 ± 308, 44 Nmm) surface after eight weeks in comparison to the M (198.93±88,04 Nmm) and SE (730.08 ± 151,89 Nmm) surfaces. CONCLUSION All three surfaces (M, SE, and AM) showed sound osseointegration. AM implants may offer a possible treatment option in clinics for patients with compromised bone situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stübinger
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Development of an Increased Signal Intensity in Fat-Suppressed Images into a Navicular Cyst of an 11-Year-Old Warmblood Horse Evidenced by Six Follow-Up Standing Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examinations Over 2 Years. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Inui A, Nakano S, Yoshioka S, Goto T, Hamada D, Kawasaki Y, Egawa H, Yasui N. Subchondral cysts in dysplastic osteoarthritic hips communicate with the joint space: analysis using three-dimensional computed tomography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2012; 23:791-5. [PMID: 23412214 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-012-1082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone cyst formation in hips increases as osteoarthritis worsens. Although bone cysts in hips have been described in many studies, their etiology remains unclear and under debate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the communication between a bone cyst and the joint space, as well as the relationship between the severity of osteoarthritis and the formation of subchondral bone cysts in dysplastic hips. METHOD We studied bone cysts from 150 dysplastic hips in 97 patients by computed tomography (CT) and plain radiography. We investigated the distribution of the bone cysts and the presence or absence of a communication path between the cysts and the joint space by three-dimensional (3D) CT. RESULT Of the 150 hips, 94 acetabula and 55 femoral heads were found to contain cysts. Of the 94 hips containing acetabular cysts, 89 and 5 hips showed black lines and gray lines connecting the cyst and the joint space, respectively, on 3D-CT. The rate of cyst presentation in the hip increased as the joint space became narrower. The number of hips that possessed cysts in the anterior and/or middle portion was significantly higher than that in the posterior portions. CONCLUSION Bone cysts in dysplastic osteoarthritic hips were found to communicate with the joint space in all cases. This suggests that the formation and enlargement of the cysts in dysplastic hips may be greatly influenced by the joint fluid. Cyst formation was initially observed in the anterior acetabulum, gradually progressing to involve the entire joint, including the posterior acetabulum and the femoral head, with worsening of the osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Inui
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Plecko M, Lagerpusch N, Pegel B, Andermatt D, Frigg R, Koch R, Sidler M, Kronen P, Klein K, Nuss K, Gedet P, Bürki A, Ferguson SJ, Stoeckle U, Auer JA, von Rechenberg B. The influence of different osteosynthesis configurations with locking compression plates (LCP) on stability and fracture healing after an oblique 45° angle osteotomy. Injury 2012; 43:1041-51. [PMID: 22284334 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locking compression plates are used in various configurations with lack of detailed information on consequent bone healing. STUDY DESIGN In this in vivo study in sheep 5 different applications of locking compression plate (LCP) were tested using a 45° oblique osteotomy simulating simple fracture pattern. 60 Swiss Alpine sheep where assigned to 5 different groups with 12 sheep each (Group 1: interfragmentary lag screw and an LCP fixed with standard cortex screws as neutralisation plate; Group 2: interfragmentary lag screw and LCP with locking head screws; Group 3: compression plate technique (hybrid construct); Group 4: internal fixator without fracture gap; Group 5: internal fixator with 3mm gap at the osteotomy site). One half of each group (6 sheep) was monitored for 6 weeks, and the other half (6 sheep) where followed for 12 weeks. METHODS X-rays at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks were performed to monitor the healing process. After sacrifice operated tibiae were tested biomechanically for nondestructive torsion and compared to the tibia of the healthy opposite side. After testing specimens were processed for microradiography, histology, histomorphometry and assessment of calcium deposition by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In all groups bone healing occurred without complications. Stiffness in biomechanical testing showed a tendency for higher values in G2 but results were not statistically significant. Values for G5 were significantly lower after 6 weeks, but after 12 weeks values had improved to comparable results. For all groups, except G3, stiffness values improved between 6 and 12 weeks. Histomorphometrical data demonstrate endosteal callus to be more marked in G2 at 6 weeks. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION All five configurations resulted in undisturbed bone healing and are considered safe for clinical application.
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Plecko M, Sievert C, Andermatt D, Frigg R, Kronen P, Klein K, Stübinger S, Nuss K, Bürki A, Ferguson S, Stoeckle U, von Rechenberg B. Osseointegration and biocompatibility of different metal implants--a comparative experimental investigation in sheep. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:32. [PMID: 22400715 PMCID: PMC3315746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, 4 different metallic implant materials, either partly coated or polished, were tested for their osseointegration and biocompatibility in a pelvic implantation model in sheep. Methods Materials to be evaluated were: Cobalt-Chrome (CC), Cobalt-Chrome/Titanium coating (CCTC), Cobalt-Chrome/Zirconium/Titanium coating (CCZTC), Pure Titanium Standard (PTST), Steel, TAN Standard (TANST) and TAN new finish (TANNEW). Surgery was performed on 7 sheep, with 18 implants per sheep, for a total of 63 implants. After 8 weeks, the specimens were harvested and evaluated macroscopically, radiologically, biomechanically (removal torque), histomorphometrically and histologically. Results Cobalt-Chrome screws showed significantly (p = 0.031) lower removal torque values than pure titanium screws and also a tendency towards lower values compared to the other materials, except for steel. Steel screws showed no significant differences, in comparison to cobalt-chrome and TANST, however also a trend towards lower torque values than the remaining materials. The results of the fluorescence sections agreed with those of the biomechanical test. Histomorphometrically, there were no significant differences of bone area between the groups. The BIC (bone-to-implant-contact), used for the assessment of the osseointegration, was significantly lower for cobalt-chrome, compared to steel (p = 0.001). Steel again showed a lower ratio (p = 0.0001) compared to the other materials. Conclusion This study demonstrated that cobalt-chrome and steel show less osseointegration than the other metals and metal-alloys. However, osseointegration of cobalt-chrome was improved by zirconium and/or titanium based coatings (CCTC, TANST, TAN, TANNEW) being similar as pure titanium in their osseointegrative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Plecko
- Trauma Hospital, Goestingerstr. 24, Graz A-8021, Austria
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Platelet-rich Plasma as a Biological Adjunct to the Surgical Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. TECHNIQUES IN FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/btf.0b013e3182463ca1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Haerdi-Landerer MC, Steiner A, Suter MM. Primary bovine synoviocyte cultures: A useful tool for in vitro drug testing? Vet J 2011; 188:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beekman L, Tohver T, Dardari R, Léguillette R. Evaluation of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with inflammatory airway disease. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21272375 PMCID: PMC3039571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The stability of reference genes has a tremendous effect on the results of relative quantification of genes expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Equine Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) is a common condition often treated with corticosteroids. The diagnosis of IAD is based on clinical signs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology. The aim of this study was to identify reference genes with the most stable mRNA expression in the BAL cells of horses with IAD irrespective of corticosteroids treatment. Results The expression stability of seven candidate reference genes (B2M, HPRT, GAPDH, ACTB, UBB, RPL32, SDHA) was determined by qRT-PCR in BAL samples taken pre- and post- treatment with dexamethasone and fluticasone propionate for two weeks in 7 horses with IAD. Primers' efficiencies were calculated using LinRegPCR. NormFinder, GeNorm and qBasePlus softwares were used to rank the genes according to their stability. GeNorm was also used to determine both the ideal number and the best combination of reference genes. GAPDH was found to be the most stably expressed gene with the three softwares. GeNorm ranked B2M as the least stable gene. Based on the pair-wise variation cut-off value determined with GeNorm, the number of genes required for optimal normalization was four and included GAPDH, SDHA, HPRT and RPL32. Conclusion The geometric mean of GAPDH, HPRT, SDHA and RPL32 is recommended for accurate normalization of quantitative PCR data in BAL cells of horses with IAD treated with corticosteroids. If only one reference gene can be used, then GAPDH is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beekman
- Departement of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Ley C, Svala E, Nilton A, Lindahl A, Eloranta ML, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand E. Effects of high mobility group box protein-1, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 on cartilage matrix metabolism in three-dimensional equine chondrocyte cultures. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 52:290-300. [PMID: 21117899 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.523803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of high mobility group box protein (HMGB)-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 on equine articular chondrocytes were investigated, with emphasis on detecting differences between anatomical sites exposed to different loading in vivo, using three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures established with chondrocytes from dorsal radial facet (DRF, highly loaded) and palmar condyle (PC, less loaded) of the third carpal bone (C3). Expression of important genes involved in cartilage metabolism, presence of glycosaminoglycans and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in pellets, and concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and aggrecan epitope CS 846 were evaluated. Compared to controls, IL-1β treatment increased gene expression of versican, matrix-degrading enzymes, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and decreased aggrecan and collagen type I and type II expression. In addition, IL-1β-treated pellets showed decreased safranin O staining and increased COMP immunostaining and MMP-13 concentrations in culture supernatants. Effects of IL-6 and HMGB-1 on gene expression were variable, although upregulation of Sry-related high-mobility group box 9 (Sox9) was often present and statistically increased in HMGB-1-treated pellets. Response to cytokines rarely differed between DRF and PC pellets. Thus, site-associated cartilage deterioration in equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA) is not explained by topographically different responses to inflammatory mediators. Differences in gene expressions of structural matrix proteins in untreated DRF and PC pellets were noted in the youngest horses, which may indicate differences in the chondrocytes potential to produce matrix in vivo. Overall, a strong catabolic response was induced by IL-1β, whereas slight anabolic effects were induced by IL-6 and HMGB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ley
- Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ley C, Ekman S, Ronéus B, Eloranta ML. Interleukin-6 and high mobility group box protein-1 in synovial membranes and osteochondral fragments in equine osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:490-7. [PMID: 19041991 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine production in synovial membranes (SM) and osteochondral fragments (OCF) may influence the development of equine osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, the presence of interleukin (IL)-6 and cytoplasmic and extracellular high mobility group box protein (HMGB)-1 in SM and osteochondral tissue from healthy and diseased equine joints was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, microscopic synovitis was graded. IL-6 was commonly found in SM cells and in chondrocytes in uncalcified cartilage of OCF, whereas little staining was detected in healthy cartilage. Cytoplasmic and/or extracellular HMGB-1 was widespread only in SM from diseased joints, and also detected in OCF in areas of cartilage damage, fibrous repair tissue, and tidemark reduplication. Joints with OCF and cartilage lesions (without OCF) showed significantly higher median synovitis scores than healthy joints (p=0.013 and p=0.042, respectively). The study identifies OCF as a source of inflammatory mediators in equine OA, as shown by the presence of IL-6 and extracellular HMGB-1 in the fragment. Based upon HMGB-1 release in SM and OCF, further studies to investigate possible involvement of HMGB-1 in the pathogenesis of OA are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ley C, Ekman S, Elmén A, Nilsson G, Eloranta ML. Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor in synovial fluid from horses with carpal joint pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:346-51. [PMID: 17718806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The carpal joints are common sites of traumatic arthritis and osteoarthritis (OA) in athletic horses. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) may be of great importance in the development of intra-articular lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations between synovial fluid levels of bioactive IL-6 and TNF and different types of joint lesions seen in traumatic arthritis and OA. Synovial fluid was collected from horses with carpal lameness immediately before arthroscopic surgery. Articular cartilage, synovial membranes and intra-articular ligaments were assessed macroscopically at arthroscopy. Synovial fluid levels of IL-6 and TNF were determined by bioassays, and the cytokine levels between different grades of morphologic changes in each type of assessed tissue were compared. The highest levels of IL-6 were detected in joints with chip fractures. All joints with chip fractures also showed some degree of synovitis. Tumour necrosis factor bioactivity was low and not associated with any joint lesion. Hence, TNF is not useful as a biomarker indicating a specific joint lesion in equine traumatic arthritis or OA. We conclude that a dramatic increase of IL-6 in synovial fluid indicates the presence of osteochondral fragmentation, although low or undetectable levels of IL-6 do not exclude chip fractures. The role of IL-6 in the disease process of osteochondral fragmentation needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Peled E, Bejar J, Zinman C, Boss JH. Vasculature deprivation-induced osteonecrosis of rats' femoral heads associated with the formation of deep surface depressions. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2007; 127:369-74. [PMID: 17165036 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-006-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shallow or deep bowl-shaped depressions often develop after drilling an intraosseous conduit in the necrotic, avascular femoral head of rats. The etiopathogenesis of tissue loss at the articulation surface after a drilling procedure was elaborated in the authors' previous reports. GOALS To scrutinize a large collection of femoral heads of rats in order to search for similar changes in cases in which no drilling procedure was carried out. STUDY This retrospective study comprised the specimens of 386 rats with vessels-deprived osteonecrosis of the femoral heads, none of the animals having undergone a drilling procedure. RESULTS Shallow or deep bowl-shaped depressions were encountered at an incidence as low as 2.8% of the femoral heads of the above mentioned 386 rats. It is not feasible to distinguish histologically the "spontaneously" arising from and drilling-related depressions. CONCLUSIONS No assured explanation can be offered for the evolving depressions of the surface of femoral heads of rats, which have not undergone a drilling procedure. It is hypothesized that the synovial fluid forces its way via slits in the articulation surface and bores cavities in the substance of femoral heads, which display a postosteonecrotic osteoarthritis-like disorder. The rising pressure in the arthritic joints results, firstly, in an enlargement of these cavities and, secondly, loss of fibro-cartilaginous tissue such that the cavities come to communicate with the articular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Peled
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery B, Rambam Health Care Campus and The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 9602, Haifa, Israel 31096.
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David F, Farley J, Huang H, Lavoie JP, Laverty S. Cytokine and chemokine gene expression of IL-1beta stimulated equine articular chondrocytes. Vet Surg 2007; 36:221-7. [PMID: 17461946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate mRNA expression of several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in equine unstimulated and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-stimulated chondrocytes. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiment using equine chondrocyte cultures. SAMPLE POPULATION Whole articular cartilage from metacarpophalangeal joints (n=5 horses; 10 fetlocks). METHODS Chondrocyte monolayer cultures were established from digested adult equine articular cartilage and stimulated with 5 ng/mL of recombinant human IL-1beta. RNA was extracted from the cells 24 hours after stimulation. IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and ubiquitin (house keeping gene) mRNA expression were investigated by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA were expressed in unstimulated chondrocytes from macroscopically normal joints and were significantly up-regulated after stimulation (5/5 horses). IL-4 mRNA was not detected in any samples (0/5 horses). TNF-alpha mRNA, by comparison, was expressed in 2/5 unstimulated samples and in all stimulated samples but a considerable sample variation in response to IL-1beta stimulation was observed. CONCLUSIONS Equine chondrocytes express mRNA for several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and IL-1beta modulates their expression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Chondrocytes express proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines capable of modulating a local inflammatory cascade in articular cartilage, which could potentially lead to focal degradation and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent David
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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Fuerst A, Derungs S, von Rechenberg B, Auer JA, Schense J, Watson J. Use of a parathyroid hormone peptide (PTH(1-34))-enriched fibrin hydrogel for the treatment of a subchondral cystic lesion in the proximal interphalangeal joint of a warmblood filly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:107-12. [PMID: 17305975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To describe the treatment of a subchondral bone cyst in the proximal phalanx with parathyroid hormone peptide-enriched fibrin hydrogel in a warmblood filly. The cyst was localized with computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery, then curetted and finally filled with parathyroid hormone fragment peptide 1-34 (PTH(1-34)) covalently attached to a fibrin hydrogel. The cyst healed quickly without any complications. This result supports the hypothesis that PTH(1-34) delivered locally in a fibrin hydrogel may improve the postoperative prognosis of surgical management of subchondral bone cysts in horses. Subchondral bone cysts are fairly common in horses. Especially in older horses, the prognosis is poor, even after surgical curettage. Therefore, different management protocols have been investigated in conjunction with surgical curettage to improve prognosis. Locally delivered PTH(1-34) seems to be a new method in the treatment of subchondral bone cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fuerst
- Vetsuisse Fakulty, Equine Clinic, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bogaert L, Van Poucke M, De Baere C, Peelman L, Gasthuys F, Martens A. Selection of a set of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in normal equine skin and in equine sarcoids. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:24. [PMID: 16643647 PMCID: PMC1484482 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time quantitative PCR can be a very powerful and accurate technique to examine gene transcription patterns in different biological conditions. One of the critical steps in comparing transcription profiles is accurate normalisation. In most of the studies published on real-time PCR in horses, normalisation occurred against only one reference gene, usually GAPDH or ACTB, without validation of its expression stability. This might result in unreliable conclusions, because it has been demonstrated that the expression levels of so called "housekeeping genes" may vary considerably in different tissues, cell types or disease stages, particularly in clinical samples associated with malignant disease. The goal of this study was to establish a reliable set of reference genes for studies concerning normal equine skin and equine sarcoids, which are the most common skin tumour in horses. RESULTS In the present study the gene transcription levels of 6 commonly used reference genes (ACTB, B2M, HPRT1, UBB, TUBA1 and RPL32) were determined in normal equine skin and in equine sarcoids. After applying the geNorm applet to this set of genes, TUBA1, ACTB and UBB were found to be most stable in normal skin and B2M, ACTB and UBB in equine sarcoids. CONCLUSION Based on these results, TUBA1, ACTB and UBB, respectively B2M, ACTB and UBB can be proposed as reference gene panels for accurate normalisation of quantitative data for normal equine skin, respectively equine sarcoids. When normal skin and equine sarcoids are compared, the use of the geometric mean of UBB, ACTB and B2M can be recommended as a reliable and accurate normalisation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Bogaert
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cindy De Baere
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Peelman
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University - UGent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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García-López JM, Kirker-Head CA. Occult Subchondral Osseous Cyst-like Lesions of the Equine Tarsocrural Joint. Vet Surg 2004; 33:557-64. [PMID: 15362996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical signs, diagnosis, management, and outcome of horses with occult sub-chondral osseous cyst-like lesions of the tarsocrural joint. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Twelve horses with subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions (SOCLs) in the tarsocrural joint. METHODS Information about history, examination findings, diagnostic techniques, and surgical procedures as obtained from medical records. Outcome was determined by patient re-evaluation and telephone communication with the referring veterinarian, owner, or trainer. RESULTS Horses were aged from 3 to 29 years. Lameness (2 weeks to 1 year) varied from moderate to severe. Synovial fluid analyses (9 horses) yielded changes consistent with suppurative inflammation and positive bacterial culture was obtained in 4 horses. Eight of 9 horses that had intra-articular analgesia had a dramatic reduction in lameness. No abnormalities were detected on tarsal radiographs in 10 horses. Scintigraphy identified foci of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the distal tibia or talus of all horses, and the lesion was further characterized by computed tomography in 7 horses. SOCLs were identified in the medial malleolus (5), intertrochlear groove of the talus (4), lateral malleolus (2), and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (1). One horse was euthanatized, 6 horses had surgical debridement, and 5 horses were managed conservatively. Four horses treated surgically (67%) returned to soundness. Conservatively treated horses continued to exhibit lameness but 2 were sufficiently sound for light pleasure riding. CONCLUSIONS Occult lesions of the tarsus not visible on radiographs can be detected by computed tomography and scintigraphy and may be a source of lameness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE SOCL, possibly of septic origin, should be a differential diagnosis for persistent lameness localized to the tarsocrural joint without radiographic abnormalities. Surgical debridement of the lesions may offer the best prognosis for a return to athletic soundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M García-López
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Apelt D, Theiss F, El-Warrak AO, Zlinszky K, Bettschart-Wolfisberger R, Bohner M, Matter S, Auer JA, von Rechenberg B. In vivo behavior of three different injectable hydraulic calcium phosphate cements. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1439-51. [PMID: 14643619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) hydraulic cements and one apatite hydraulic cement were implanted in epiphyseal and metaphyseal, cylindrical bone defects of sheep. The in vivo study was performed to assess the biocompatibility of the DCPD cements, using the apatite cement as control. After time periods of 2, 4 and 6 months the cement samples were clinically and histologically evaluated. Histomorphometrically the amount of new bone formation, fibrous tissue and the area of remaining cement were measured over time. In all specimens, no signs of inflammation were detectable either macroscopically or microscopically. All cements were replaced by different amounts of new bone. The two DCPD-cements showed the highest new bone formation and least cement remnants at 6 months, whereas the apatite was almost unchanged over all time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Apelt
- MSRU, Equine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Changes in subchondral bone in cartilage resurfacing--an experimental study in sheep using different types of osteochondral grafts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:265-77. [PMID: 12681953 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article addresses the subchondral bone integrity in cartilage resurfacing by comparing fresh, untreated auto-, xeno-, and photooxidized osteochondral allo- and xenografts. Photooxidation was expected to improve mechanical stability of the osteochondral grafts through an improved linkage of the collagen fibers within the bone matrix. DESIGN Untreated auto- and xenografts and with photooxidation pretreated allo- and xenografts were surgically implanted in femoral condyles of sheep (n=40). After 2, 6, 12 and 18 months results were evaluated histologically using non-decalcified bone embedded in acrylic resin. Qualitative evaluation was performed with emphasis on bone matrix, biomechanical stability of graft anchorage, formation of cystic lesions, and bone resorption and formation. Quantitative evaluation of the total subchondral bone area was conducted histomorphometrically. Statistical analysis (factorial ANOVA test) was used to compare differences between groups with respect to the percentage of bone matrix and fibrous tissue per section. RESULTS Subchondral bone resorption was fastest in untreated, fresh autografts, followed by photooxidized allografts, untreated, fresh xenografts and last pretreated photooxidized xenografts. Cystic lesions were seen in all types of grafts, but were most pronounced at 6 months in autografts and least in photooxidized grafts. Cyst-like lesions had subsided substantially in the untreated auto- and photooxidized xenografts, if no graft dislocation occurred during the healing period. Mononuclear cell infiltration and an increase in the presence of multinuclear cells were observed at 2 months, mostly in untreated autografts, followed by photooxidized allo- and untreated xenografts. They were much higher in numbers compared to photooxidized grafts, at least in the early specimens at 2 months. Graft stability was linked to the rate of bone resorption. CONCLUSION Substantial resorption of the subchondral bone, involving the development of cyst-like lesions, lead to dislocation and finally to cartilage matrix degradation of the grafts. The process of photooxidation decreased the speed of bone resorption in osteochondral grafts and, thus, improved graft stability and cartilage survival. These results suggest that the remodeling of the subchondral bone of the host and the graft within the first 6 months is an important factor in graft stability and overall results of cartilage resurfacing.
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Akens MK, von Rechenberg B, Bittmann P, Nadler D, Zlinszky K, Auer JA. Long term in-vivo studies of a photo-oxidized bovine osteochondral transplant in sheep. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2001; 2:9. [PMID: 11747477 PMCID: PMC61033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2001] [Accepted: 11/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage has limited capacity to repair. Defects greater than 3 mm heal with formation of inferior fibrous cartilage. Therefore, many attempts have been made to find the ideal graft for larger cartilage lesions. Different grafts, such as untreated or cryopreserved osteochondral transplants, have been used with variable success. METHODS Photo-oxidized osteochondral grafts were implanted in both femoral condyles of one ovine knee. Untreated xenogeneic and autogeneic grafts served as controls. Three groups of 8 sheep each were formed and they were sacrificed 6, 12 or 18 months after surgery. RESULTS The macroscopic evaluation of the condyle and graft showed a well-maintained cartilage surface in most grafts at all time points. However, the host cartilage matrix deteriorated considerably in all xenogeneic, most autogeneic and fewer of the photo-oxidized grafts at 12 and 18 months, respectively. The blue colour of the photo-oxidized grafts resulting from the process of photo-oxidation was visible in all grafts at 6 months, had diminished at 12 months and had completely disappeared at 18 months after surgery. Histologically a loss of matrix staining was almost never noticed in untreated xenografts, transiently at 6 months in photo-oxidized grafts and increased at 12 and 18 months. Fusion between graft and host cartilage could be seen in photo-oxidized grafts at 12 and 18 months, but was never seen in autografts and xenografts. CONCLUSIONS The photo-oxidation of osteochondral grafts and its use as transplant appears to have a beneficial effect on cartilage and bone remodelling. Osteochondral grafts pre-treated with photo-oxidation may be considered for articular cartilage replacement and therefore may delay artificial joint replacements in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete K Akens
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Nadler
- Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Kati Zlinszky
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg A Auer
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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