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Bürki-Foschini A, Alario FX, Vasishth S. EXPRESS: When words collide: Bayesian meta-analyses of distractor and target properties in the picture-word interference paradigm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1410-1430. [PMID: 35818127 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the picture-word interference paradigm, participants name pictures while ignoring a written or spoken distractor word. Naming times to the pictures are slowed down by the presence of the distractor word. The present study investigates in detail the impact of distractor and target word properties on picture naming times, building on the seminal study by Miozzo and Caramazza (2003) "When more is less: A counterintuitive effect of distractor frequency in the picture-word interference paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General." We report the results of several Bayesian meta-analyses, based on 26 datasets. These analyses provide estimates of effect sizes and their precision for several variables and their interactions. They show the reliability of the distractor frequency effect on picture naming latencies (latencies decrease as the frequency of the distractor increases) and demonstrate for the first time the impact of distractor length, with longer naming latencies for trials with longer distractors. Moreover, distractor frequency interacts with target word frequency to predict picture naming latencies. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F-Xavier Alario
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, Marseille, France.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shravan Vasishth
- University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany 26583
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Pring L, Snowling M. Developmental Changes in Word Recognition: An Information-Processing Account. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14640748608401605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments examining developmental changes in the use of context in single word reading are reported. The first experiment investigated how effectively children can access conceptual knowledge and use this to help their word recognition. The results indicated that young readers can on demand direct their attention to semantic information, and this allows them to reap a relatively greater benefit from context than older more skilful readers. The second experiment attempted to clarify the way such use of contextual information might help in the specific case when a child attempts to decode a new word for the first time. Skilled and unskilled readers pronounced pseudohomophonic nonwords faster when they were primed by a semantic context, and the context effect was greater for unskilled readers. The nonword's graphemic similarity to a lexical item was also important. In general, the results were consistent with Stanovich's (1980) interactive-compensatory model of reading, and they suggest that in learning to read, several already existing stores of information (e.g. auditory, visual and conceptual) are integrated in order to achieve a solution to the word recognition problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Pring
- University of London Goldsmiths’ College, London, U.K
| | - Maggie Snowling
- National Hospitals College of Speech Sciences, London, and Department of Psychology, University College, London, U.K
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Zhu X, Zhang Q, Damian MF. Additivity of semantic and phonological effects: Evidence from speech production in Mandarin. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 69:2285-304. [PMID: 26730809 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1129427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of previous studies using picture-word interference (PWI) tasks conducted with speakers of Western languages have demonstrated non-additive effects of semantic and form overlap between pictures and words, which may indicate underlying non-discrete processing stages in lexical retrieval. The present study used Mandarin speakers and presented Chinese characters as distractors. In two experiments, we crossed semantic relatedness with "pure" phonological (i.e., orthographically unrelated) relatedness and found statistically additive effects. In a third experiment, semantic relatedness was crossed with orthographic overlap (phonological overlap was avoided), and once again we found an additive pattern. The results are discussed with regard to possible cross-linguistic differences between Western and non-Western languages in terms of phonological encoding, as well as concerning the locus of relatedness effects in PWI tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Zhu
- a Institute of Linguistic Studies, Shanghai International Studies University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- b Department of Psychology , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China.,c Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Markus F Damian
- d School of Experimental Psychology , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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Zhu X, Damian MF, Zhang Q. Seriality of semantic and phonological processes during overt speech in Mandarin as revealed by event-related brain potentials. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 144:16-25. [PMID: 25880902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
How is information transmitted across semantic and phonological levels in spoken word production? Recent evidence from speakers of Western languages such as English and Dutch suggests non-discrete transmission, but it is not clear whether this view can be generalized to other languages such as Mandarin, given potential differences in phonological encoding across languages. The present study used Mandarin speakers and combined a behavioral picture-word interference task with event-related potentials. The design factorially crossed semantic and phonological relatedness. Results showed semantic and phonological effects both in behavioral and electrophysiological measurements, with statistical additivity in latencies, and discrete time signatures (250-450 ms and 450-600 ms after picture onset for the semantic and phonological condition, respectively). Overall, results suggest that in Mandarin spoken production, information is transmitted from semantic to phonological levels in a sequential fashion. Hence, temporal signatures associated with spoken word production might differ depending on target language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Linguistic Studies, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Markus F Damian
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Q, Damian MF. Effects of orthography on speech production in Chinese. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2012; 41:267-283. [PMID: 22089522 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-011-9193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of orthographic representations on spoken word production was investigated with speakers of Chinese, a non-alphabetic and orthographically non-transparent language. Using the response generation procedure, we obtained the well-known facilitation from word-initial phonological overlap, but this effect was unaffected by whether or not responses shared the initial character. In a study which manipulated the visual similarity of the word-initial character, a significant inhibitory effect of orthography was found. However, this effect disappeared when prompt stimuli were presented auditorily, suggesting that the orthographic effect might be attributable to the memorization stage of the response generation task, rather than reflecting processes genuine to speaking. By contrast, a reliable orthographic effect was found in an oral reading task, suggesting that orthography plays a role only when it is relevant to the word production task. Furthermore, the present findings show that the orthographic effect is tied to the correspondence between orthography and phonology of a language when orthography is relevant to the task used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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Paolieri D, Lotto L, Leoncini D, Cubelli R, Job R. Differential effects of grammatical gender and gender inflection in bare noun production. Br J Psychol 2011; 102:19-36. [DOI: 10.1348/000712610x496536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang Q, Weekes BS. Orthographic facilitation effects on spoken word production: Evidence from Chinese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01690960802042133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Damian MF, Bowers JS. Assessing the role of orthography in speech perception and production: Evidence from picture–word interference tasks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440801896007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The time course of semantic and orthographic encoding in Chinese word production: an event-related potential study. Brain Res 2009; 1273:92-105. [PMID: 19344700 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that access to conceptual/semantic information precedes phonological access in alphabetic language production such as English or Dutch. The present study investigated the time course of semantic and orthographic encoding in Chinese (a non-alphabetic language) spoken word production. Participants were shown pictures and carried out a dual-choice go/nogo task based on semantic information and orthographic information. The results of the N200 (related to response inhibition) and LRP (related to response preparation) indicated that semantic access preceded orthographic encoding by 176-202 ms. The different patterns of the two N200 effects suggest that they may tap into different processes. The N200 and LRP analyses also indicate that accessing the orthographic representation in speaking is likely optional and depends on specific task requirement.
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Zhang Q, Chen HC, Weekes BS, Yang Y. Independent effects of orthographic and phonological facilitation on spoken word production in Mandarin. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2009; 52:113-126. [PMID: 19334418 DOI: 10.1177/0023830908099885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A picture-word interference paradigm with visually presented distractors was used to investigate the independent effects of orthographic and phonological facilitation on Mandarin monosyllabic word production. Both the stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) and the picture-word relationship along different lexical dimensions were varied. We observed a pure orthographic facilitation effect and a pure phonological facilitation effect, and found that the patterns of orthographic and phonological facilitation were different. Of most interest, the additive effects of orthographic and phonological facilitation at -150-ms and 0-ms SOAs indicated that the orthographic effect was largely independent of the phonological effect on spoken picture naming. We argue that the present findings are useful for constraining theoretical models of language production and contend that theoretical models of word production need to consider independent effects of orthography and phonology on picture naming, at least in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Alario FX, De Cara B, Ziegler JC. Automatic activation of phonology in silent reading is parallel: evidence from beginning and skilled readers. J Exp Child Psychol 2007; 97:205-19. [PMID: 17399735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The picture-word interference paradigm was used to shed new light on the debate concerning slow serial versus fast parallel activation of phonology in silent reading. Prereaders, beginning readers (Grades 1-4), and adults named pictures that had words printed on them. Words and pictures shared phonology either at the beginnings of words (e.g., DOLL-DOG) or at the ends of words (e.g., FOG-DOG). The results showed that phonological overlap between primes and targets facilitated picture naming. This facilitatory effect was present even in beginning readers. More important, from Grade 1 onward, end-related facilitation always was as strong as beginning-related facilitation. This result suggests that, from the beginning of reading, the implicit and automatic activation of phonological codes during silent reading is not serial but rather parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-Xavier Alario
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS UMR 6146, Université de Provence, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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Melinger A, Abdel Rahman R. Investigating the interplay between semantic and phonological distractor effects in picture naming. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2004; 90:213-220. [PMID: 15172539 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the interplay between phonological facilitation and semantic interference effects in picture naming. We use a double distractor variant of the classic picture-word interference paradigm to investigate whether the reported interaction between these effects is dependent on the two types of related information being presented by the same distractor word or not. While prior studies using single mixed distractors such as pigeon for the target PIG have reported an interaction between phonological facilitation and semantic interference, we find additivity when the two types of related information come from two different distractor words. Possible implications of this result for how activation is transmitted within the speech production system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Melinger
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Morsella E, Miozzo M. Evidence for a cascade model of lexical access in speech production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jescheniak JD, Schriefers H. Priming effects from phonologically related distractors in picture-word interference. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. A, HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 54:371-82. [PMID: 11394052 DOI: 10.1080/713755981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the cross-modal picture-word interference task, distractors phonologically related to a to-be-named picture facilitate the naming response as compared to unrelated distractors. Our experiment shows that this phonological priming effect can be obtained with as early an SOA as -300 ms. The experiment also demonstrates that this priming effect cannot be attributed to strategic behaviour of the participants as opposed to automatic preactivation processes in the lexical-conceptual system. The implications for studies using the picture-word interference task as a tool for investigating lexicalization processes in speech production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Jescheniak
- University of Leipzig and Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Leipzig, Germany.
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Underwood G, Everatt J. Chapter 6 Automatic and controlled information processing: The role of attention in the processing of novelty. HANDBOOK OF PERCEPTION AND ACTION 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5822(96)80023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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La Heij W, van den Hof E. Picture-word interference increases with target-set size. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00571100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Previous research has shown that the naming of the picture of, for example, a guitar is substantially delayed when it is accompanied by the name of an object from the same semantic category (e.g., piano) as compared to a nonword control (e.g., xxxxx). La Heij (1988a) has shown that a large part of this Stroop-like interference effect can be attributed to two semantic characteristics of the distractor word: its semantic similarity to the target picture and its semantic relevance in the task at hand. Furthermore, it was argued that the locus of these two interference effects is the process of target-name retrieval. If this is true, semantic interference effects should diminish or disappear when, instead of a picture-naming task, a word-reading task is used. In the present study this prediction is tested. The effects of four distractor characteristics are examined: semantic relatedness, semantic relevance, response set membership and wordness. In contrast to the original picture-naming task only the effect of wordness reached significance. The results of experiments 2 and 3 show that the absence of significant semantic context effects in experiment 1 is not simply due to the fact that a distractor word has less time to affect a word-reading response. The results are taken to support a name-retrieval account of semantic interference in color and picture naming.
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Affiliation(s)
- W La Heij
- University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The processing of pictures was investigated in three experiments which eliminated the response effects involved in naming. When a categorization task was used, clear advantages in response latency and accuracy were observed for left visual-field (LVF) presentations. This was in contrast to previous investigations which have used a naming task and which have reported right visual-field (RVF) advantages. When a distracting word was added to the display, the pattern of influence also changed from that reported previously. The use of naming tasks has indicated predominantly left-hemisphere effects, with demonstrations of interactions between pictures and words in the RVF. With a categorization task in Experiment 2, however, the only effective words were those related in meaning to the picture, and only when they were projected to the right hemisphere. The third experiment confirmed the LVF advantage for picture processing with masked displays, but found no reliable asymmetry with unmasked presentations. The pattern of semantic facilitation was also confirmed with the masked displays, but when the mask was removed an inhibition effect replaced the facilitation effect. These effects are interpreted as indicating that picture recognition is localized within the right cerebral hemisphere. It is suggested that the facilitating effect of related words is restricted to the left hemisphere because it is an effect upon recognition processes, whereas the inhibition effect reflects response competition. It is also suggested that previous reports of left-hemisphere interference effects are due to effects of response competition in naming tasks.
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