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Microbial communities of ascocarps and soils in a natural habitat of Tuber indicum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:189. [PMID: 35194691 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Truffles are the fruiting bodies of hypogeous fungi in the genus Tuber. Some truffle species usually grow in an area devoid of vegetation, called brûlé, but limited knowledge is available on the microbial composition and structure of them. Here, we investigated the bacterial and fungal communities of Tuber indicum ascocarps and soils inside and outside a characteristic brûlé from a poplar plantation with no truffle production history in northeastern China using a high-throughput sequencing approach. A predominance of members of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria was observed in all samples. Members of Bacillus were the main genera in the ascocarps, while members of Lysobacter and unidentified Acidobacteria were more abundant in the soil. In addition, members of Gibberella, Fusarium, and Absidia were the dominant fungi in the ascocarps, while members of Tuber were enriched in the ascocarps and soils inside the brûlé. Some mycorrhization helper bacteria (Rhizobium) and ectomycorrhiza-associated bacteria (Lysobacter) were detected, indicating their potential roles in the complex development of underground fruiting bodies and brûlé formation. These findings may contribute to the protection and cultivation of truffles.
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2
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Mejbel HS, Dodsworth W, Baud A, Gregory-Eaves I, Pick FR. Comparing Quantitative Methods for Analyzing Sediment DNA Records of Cyanobacteria in Experimental and Reference Lakes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:669910. [PMID: 34220754 PMCID: PMC8250803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.669910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediment DNA (sedDNA) analyses are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for the reconstruction of environmental and evolutionary change. While there are an increasing number of studies using molecular genetic approaches to track changes over time, few studies have compared the coherence between quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and metabarcoding techniques. Primer specificity, bioinformatic analyses, and PCR inhibitors in sediments could affect the quantitative data obtained from these approaches. We compared the performance of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for the quantification of target genes of cyanobacteria in lake sediments and tested whether the two techniques similarly reveal expected patterns through time. Absolute concentrations of cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes were compared between ddPCR and HTS using dated sediment cores collected from two experimental (Lake 227, fertilized since 1969 and Lake 223, acidified from 1976 to 1983) and two reference lakes (Lakes 224 and 442) in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), Canada. Relative abundances of Microcystis 16S rRNA (MICR) genes were also compared between the two methods. Moderate to strong positive correlations were found between the molecular approaches among all four cores but results from ddPCR were more consistent with the known history of lake manipulations. A 100-fold increase in ddPCR estimates of cyanobacterial gene abundance beginning in ~1968 occurred in Lake 227, in keeping with experimental addition of nutrients and increase in planktonic cyanobacteria. In contrast, no significant rise in cyanobacterial abundance associated with lake fertilization was observed with HTS. Relative abundances of Microcystis between the two techniques showed moderate to strong levels of coherence in top intervals of the sediment cores. Both ddPCR and HTS approaches are suitable for sedDNA analysis, but studies aiming to quantify absolute abundances from complex environments should consider using ddPCR due to its high tolerance to PCR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah S Mejbel
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William Dodsworth
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Baud
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irene Gregory-Eaves
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frances R Pick
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Guerra V, Beule L, Lehtsaar E, Liao HL, Karlovsky P. Improved Protocol for DNA Extraction from Subsoils Using Phosphate Lysis Buffer. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040532. [PMID: 32272709 PMCID: PMC7232467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of soil biology deepens, there is a growing demand for investigations addressing microbial processes in the earth beneath the topsoil layer, called subsoil. High clay content in subsoils often hinders the recovery of sufficient quantities of DNA as clay particles bind nucleic acids. Here, an efficient and reproducible DNA extraction method for 200 mg dried soil based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) lysis in the presence of phosphate buffer has been developed. The extraction protocol was optimized by quantifying bacterial 16S and fungal 18S rRNA genes amplified from extracts obtained by different combinations of lysis methods and phosphate buffer washes. The combination of one minute of bead beating, followed by ten min incubation at 65°C in the presence of 1 M phosphate buffer with 0.5% SDS, was found to produce the best results. The optimized protocol was compared with a commonly used cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, using Phaeozem soil collected from 60 cm depth at a conventional agricultural field and validated on five subsoils. The reproducibility and robustness of the protocol was corroborated by an interlaboratory comparison. The DNA extraction protocol offers a reproducible and cost-effective tool for DNA-based studies of subsoil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Guerra
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; (V.G.); (H.-L.L.)
| | - Lukas Beule
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (E.L.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ena Lehtsaar
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (E.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; (V.G.); (H.-L.L.)
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (E.L.); (P.K.)
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Chen J, Li JM, Tang YJ, Xing YM, Qiao P, Li Y, Liu PG, Guo SX. Chinese Black Truffle-Associated Bacterial Communities of Tuber indicum From Different Geographical Regions With Nitrogen Fixing Bioactivity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2515. [PMID: 31749786 PMCID: PMC6848067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the microbes associated with truffle fruiting bodies play a very important role during the truffle lifecycle. Tuber indicum, commonly called Chinese black truffle, is a species endemic to Eastern Asia and in the genus of Tuber. Here, we reported the bacterial communities of T. indicum from different geographical regions and described the bacterial diversity from three compartments (soil, ectomycorrhizae and ascocarps) of T. indicum using high-throughput sequencing combined tissue culture. The results revealed that Bradyrhizobium was the dominant genus in fruiting bodies of T. indicum from nine geographical sites in China, and the microbes in T. indicum ascocarps were influenced by geological locations and soil characteristics. More specific bacterial taxa were enriched in the fruiting bodies than in the ectomycorrhizae and soil. In addition, 60 cultural bacteria were isolated from T. indicum fruiting bodies (4 families, 24 genera), and Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes faecalis, Microbacterium, and Arthrobacter were dominant. One of 13 strains that have potential nitrogen-fixation activities was further verified by an acetylene reduction assay (ARA). Together, this research provides new and important data for better understanding of the interaction between truffle and associated microbe and the biology of truffle itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Qiao
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Gui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Splivallo R, Vahdatzadeh M, Maciá-Vicente JG, Molinier V, Peter M, Egli S, Uroz S, Paolocci F, Deveau A. Orchard Conditions and Fruiting Body Characteristics Drive the Microbiome of the Black Truffle Tuber aestivum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31316485 PMCID: PMC6611097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are well known for their enticing aromas partially emitted by microbes colonizing truffle fruiting bodies. The identity and diversity of these microbes remain poorly investigated, because few studies have determined truffle-associated bacterial communities while considering only a small number of fruiting bodies. Hence, the factors driving the assembly of truffle microbiomes are yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the bacterial community structure of more than 50 fruiting bodies of the black truffle Tuber aestivum in one French and one Swiss orchard using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial communities from truffles collected in both orchards shared their main dominant taxa: while 60% of fruiting bodies were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, in some cases the β-Proteobacteria or the Sphingobacteriia classes were the most abundant, suggesting that specific factors (i.e., truffle maturation and soil properties) shape differently truffle-associated microbiomes. We further attempted to assess the influence in truffle microbiome variation of factors related to collection season, truffle mating type, degree of maturation, and location within the truffle orchards. These factors had differential effects between the two truffle orchards, with season being the strongest predictor of community variation in the French orchard, and spatial location in the Swiss one. Surprisingly, genotype and fruiting body maturation did not have a significant effect on microbial community composition. In summary, our results show, regardless of the geographical location considered, the existence of heterogeneous bacterial communities within T. aestivum fruiting bodies that are dominated by three bacterial classes. They also indicate that factors shaping microbial communities within truffle fruiting bodies differ across local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,UMR 5175 CEFE - CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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Wang L, Nie H, Wang Q, Zhang G, Li G, Bai L, Hua T, Wei S. Use of magnetic resonance imaging combined with gene analysis for the diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease. BMC Med Imaging 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30683072 PMCID: PMC6347844 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-019-0314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal deformity is a disease caused by abnormal chromosome structure, which may be influenced by genetic factors as well as the maternal and external environment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to effectively diagnose fetus deformities. However it has been reported that gene analysis is a more accurate diagnostic method. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of MRI in combination with gene analysis for the diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease, a form of fetus deformity. METHODS MRI, array comparative genome hybridization analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to analyze the effectiveness of the two methods in a total of 78 pregnant women with suspected fetal congenital heart disease. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that the combination of MRI and gene analysis resulted in significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for fetal congenital heart disease compared with either method alone. MRI combined with gene analysis confirmed 42 fetuses with pulmonary stenosis, 24 with aortic stenosis and 12 healthy fetuses, which was significantly improved compared with MRI or gene analysis alone. It was also observed that gene analysis was a more efficient method of diagnosis compared with MRI; however, the combination of the two methods was the most effective. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that MRI combined with gene analysis may be a more effective diagnostic method for fetal congenital heart disease compared with the current protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Nie
- Department of Ultrasound, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Bai
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Hua
- Department of Epigenetics, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhang Wei
- Department of Radiology, Maternity and Child Care Center of Liuzhou, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 545000, People's Republic of China
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Deveau A, Antony-Babu S, Le Tacon F, Robin C, Frey-Klett P, Uroz S. Temporal changes of bacterial communities in the Tuber melanosporum ectomycorrhizosphere during ascocarp development. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:389-399. [PMID: 26781750 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizae create a multitrophic ecosystem formed by the association between tree roots, mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus, and a complex microbiome. Despite their importance in the host tree's physiology and in the functioning of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, detailed studies on ectomycorrhiza-associated bacterial community composition and their temporal dynamics are rare. Our objective was to investigate the composition and dynamics of Tuber melanosporum ectomycorrhiza-associated bacterial communities from summer to winter seasons in a Corylus avellana tree plantation. We used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based pyrosequencing to compare the bacterial community structure and the richness in T. melanosporum's ectomycorrhizae with those of the bulk soil. The T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae harbored distinct bacterial communities from those of the bulk soil, with an enrichment in Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria. In contrast to the bacterial communities of truffle ascocarps that vastly varies in composition and richness during the maturation of the fruiting body and to those from the bulk soil, T. melanosporum ectomycorrhiza-associated bacterial community composition stayed rather stable from September to January. Our results fit with a recent finding from the same experimental site at the same period that a continuous supply of carbohydrates and nitrogen occurs from ectomycorrhizae to the fruiting bodies during the maturation of the ascocarps. We propose that this creates a stable niche in the ectomycorrhizosphere although the phenology of the tree changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- UMR1136 INRA Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France.
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sanjay Antony-Babu
- UMR1136 INRA Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - François Le Tacon
- UMR1136 INRA Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement, Nancy-Colmar, 54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement, Nancy-Colmar, Centre INRA de Nancy-Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pascale Frey-Klett
- UMR1136 INRA Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- UMR1136 INRA Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UR1138, Biogéochimie des écosystèmes forestiers, F-54280, Champenoux, France
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Microbial communities associated with human decomposition and their potential use as postmortem clocks. Int J Legal Med 2014; 129:623-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Antony-Babu S, Deveau A, Van Nostrand JD, Zhou J, Le Tacon F, Robin C, Frey-Klett P, Uroz S. Black truffle-associated bacterial communities during the development and maturation ofTuber melanosporumascocarps and putative functional roles. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:2831-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Antony-Babu
- INRA; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; UMR1136 F-54280 Champenoux France
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; UMR1136 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- INRA; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; UMR1136 F-54280 Champenoux France
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; UMR1136 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Joy D. Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK 73072 USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK 73072 USA
- Earth Sciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control; School of Environment; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - François Le Tacon
- INRA; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; UMR1136 F-54280 Champenoux France
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; UMR1136 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Christophe Robin
- Agronomie & Environnement; Université de Lorraine; Nancy-Colmar UMR 1121 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- INRA; Agronomie & Environnement; Centre INRA de Nancy-Lorraine; Nancy-Colmar UMR 1121 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Pascale Frey-Klett
- INRA; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; UMR1136 F-54280 Champenoux France
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; UMR1136 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- INRA; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; UMR1136 F-54280 Champenoux France
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes; Université de Lorraine; UMR1136 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
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